293 S.W. 944 | Ky. Ct. App. | 1927
Reversing.
The two above styled appeals involve the same question and were heard together below, and, a motion having been sustained to hear them together in this court, they will be disposed of in one opinion. *433
The question involved is the validity of chapter 165 of the 1926 Acts of the General Assembly, which is an act imposing an excise or license tax of 50c on each pint sold at retail in this state of all distilled spirits known as whiskey, brandy, gin, rum and other species of double stamped spirits, and requiring each individual, association, partnership, joint-stock company and corporation selling such distilled spirits at retail to pay such tax for the privilege of engaging in such business.
The appellee, Hughes Drug Company, is a corporation engaged in the drug business, and it filed this suit in the Franklin circuit court seeking to have the act declared unconstitutional and void. The petition alleges that the act is violative of the Constitution and is void either as a revenue raising act or as a regulatory act. Appropriate pleadings were filed, and, the case having been submitted, the lower court entered a judgment declaring the act in question unconstitutional and void.
It is earnestly argued that the tax was imposed for the purpose of raising revenue and is void, being violative of the uniformity provisions of the Constitution; that it is not regulatory in its nature and cannot be sustained as an exercise of the police power of the state.
It may be conceded at the outset that the act was plainly intended to be, and is, one for the purpose of raising revenue and not to regulate the business of selling the articles therein named; and as an act to raise revenue if the tax is a property tax, as contended by appellee, then it is invalid, being in violation of section 171 of the Constitution, which provides that taxes shall be uniform upon all property of the same class subject to taxation within the territorial limits of the authority levying the tax. However, the tax is clearly not a property tax but is an excise tax such as is authorized by section 181 of the Constitution, which provides in part:
"The General Assembly may, by general laws only, provide for the payment of license fees on franchises, stock used for breeding purposes, the various trades, occupations and professions, or a special or excise tax."
An excise tax is defined by Black's Law Dictionary as, "An inland imposition paid sometimes upon the consumption of a commodity and frequently upon a retail sale," and "excise law" is defined by the same authority as, "A law imposing excise duties on specified commodities *434
and providing for the collection of revenue therefrom. In a more restricted and more popular sense, a law regulating, restricting or taxing the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors." In Baldwin's edition of Bouvier's Law Dictionary "Excise" is defined as, "An inland imposition paid sometimes upon the consumption of a commodity and frequently upon the retail sale. Storey's Const., sec. 950; Cooley on Taxation 4. A tax laid upon the manufacture, sale or consumption of commodities within the country; upon licenses to pursue certain occupations and upon corporate privileges.
Appellee insists, however, that there is no authority for the legislature to impose a special or excise tax upon a part or a fragment of a trade, and that medicinal whiskey being only one of the many articles sold by druggists, its sale only constitutes part of the business of the druggist, and it relies on the case of Commonwealth v. Fowler,
In the case of Craig, Auditor v. E. H. Taylor Sons,
We have been cited no authorities holding that an excise tax might not be imposed on the sale of a particular commodity although its sale constitutes only a part of a trade or business except a statement in Fowler v. Commonwealth,supra, which was unnecessary in the decision of that case. To hold that an excise tax must apply to the whole of a trade or business is to confuse such a tax with an occupation tax. The Constitution contains no limitation upon the power of the legislature to impose excise taxes except they must be uniform and equal as to the commodities and persons affected, it being within the power of the legislature to select the objects upon which an excise shall be laid. A long list of objects, including the sale of distilled spirits, might be enumerated which have been deemed properly subject to an excise. In Patton v. Brady,
"The tax on manufactured tobacco is a tax on an article manufactured for consumption, and imposed at a period intermediate the commencement of manufacture and the final consumption of the article.
"It is practically conceded by one counsel for plaintiff in error that this is an excise tax. After discussing the question at some length he says:
" 'To determine then what excise means we have for our guidance, first, an enumeration of the articles that it fell on in Great Britain in 1787. We have, second, the nature of the tax as judicially determined; *437 and we have, third, the definition of it, or the common understanding of men about it, as given by the Encyclopedia Britannica and the Century Dictionary. Taking these three sources of information and combining them, it would seem that the leading idea of excise is that it is a tax, laid without rule or principle, upon consumable articles, upon the process of their manufacture and upon licenses to sell them. . . . Since tobacco was supposed to be one of the subjects to which excise was applied in England when the Constitution was framed, I shall assume that the court will hold that the tax in this case is an excise.'
"It is true other counsel in their brief have advanced a very elaborate and ingenious argument to show that this is a direct tax upon property which must be apportioned according to population within the rule laid down in the income tax cases, but, as we have seen, it is not a tax upon property as such but upon certain kinds of property, having reference to their origin and their intended use. It may be, as Dr. Johnson said, 'a hateful tax levied upon commodities;' an opinion evidently shared by Blackstone, who says, after mentioning a number of articles that had been added to the list of those excised, 'a list which no friend to his country would wish to see further increased.' But these are simply considerations of policy and to be determined by the legislative branch, and not of power, to be determined by the judiciary. We conclude, therefore, that the tax which is levied by this act is an excise, properly so called."
Also see McCray v. U.S.
We conclude that the act in question is a valid exercise of legislative power and not in contravention of any provision of the Constitution.
Judgment reversed, with directions to dismiss the petition.
The whole court sitting. *438