199 A. 119 | Md. | 1938
Lead Opinion
A majority of the judges of this court having agreed in that decision, but for different reasons, the order in this case is affirmed, necessarily without an opinion for the court as a body.
Order affirmed, with costs.
Concurrence Opinion
This appeal submits but one question, whether national *407 bank stock, while owned and held by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, may be taxed by the State. The Baltimore National Bank issued 50,000 shares of preferred stock, having a par value of $20 each, which on August 20th, 1933, it sold to the Reconstruction Finance Company, which still owns and holds the entire issue.
On April 20th, 1936, the State Tax Commission of Maryland notified the Baltimore National Bank that it had assessed that stock for purposes of taxation at $1,000,000. On May 4th, 1936, the bank filed a protest against the assessment and proposed taxation, and asked to be heard on the protest. A hearing was granted, evidence was submitted on behalf of the protestant and the commission, and on December 8th, 1937, the commission overruled the protest and made the assessment final. From that order the bank, by its petition of December 14th, 1937, appealed to Circuit Court No. 2 of Baltimore City. That court on January 12th, 1938, for the reasons assigned in a very able opinion, reversed the order of the State Tax Commission, and annulled and set aside the assessment. From that order the commission took this appeal.
The identical stock involved in this appeal was also assessed for taxation by the commission in 1934, while owned and held by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, (State Tax Commission v.Baltimore National Bank,
Following that decision, Congress, by its Act of March 20th, 1936, U.S. Code Ann., title 12, sec. 51d, provided that "Notwithstanding any other provision of law or any privilege or consent to tax expressly or impliedly granted thereby, the shares of preferred stock of national banking associations, and the shares of preferred stock, capital notes, and debentures of State banks and trust companies, acquired before or after March 20, 1936 by Reconstruction Finance Corporation, and the dividends or interest derived therefrom by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, shall not, so long as Reconstruction Finance Corporation shall continue to own the same, be subject to any taxation by the United States, by any Territory, dependency or possession there of, or the District of Columbia, or by any State, county, municipality, or local taxing authority, whether imposed, levied, or assessed on, before or after March 20, 1936, and whether for a past, present, or future taxing period."
That act effected a withdrawal of the consent to state taxation of any of the preferred capital stock of national banks (given by R.S. sec. 5219) owned by the Reconstruction Finance Company, so long as it continued to own the same.
The question presented by this appeal is not whether the consent given by R.S. sec. 5219, affects such stock while owned by the Finance Corporation, as in the former appeals, but whether the Act of March 20th, 1936, which withdraws that consent as to such stock when owned by the Finance Corporation, and specifically prohibits the imposition of any tax by any taxing authority upon such *409 stock when so owned, is valid. If it is not valid, the assessment stands; if it is, it falls.
In approaching that question such general rules as that an Act of Congress cannot be declared void as in conflict with some provision of the Constitution unless the violation is too clear for reasonable doubt (Legal Tender Cases, 12 Wall. 457, 531, 20 L. Ed. 287), help little, for the question is too important for either compromise or border line construction.
In support of the assessment it is asserted: (1) That the stock is taxable under the tax statutes of the State, that no exemption can be implied from the nature of the Finance Corporation, because (a) it exercises no power delegated to the national government by the Federal Constitution, (b) performs no governmental function, and (c) intergovernmental immunity from taxation is reciprocal, and only extends to agencies exercising strictly governmental functions in the exercise of lawfully delegated powers, and that if the activities of the Finance Corporation are ultra vires, the shares are taxable; and (2) that the Act of March 20th, 1936, is invalid, because (a) it violates the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment of the Federal Constitution, (b) violates the Tenth Amendment because it derogates from the "State's sovereign right to tax," (c) disturbs the balance of "Federal-State relations, required by the Constitution as a whole"; and (3) that the act is not severable, and that if any part thereof is invalid, the whole falls.
The bank and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, which was permitted to intervene, in answer say that the Act of March 20th, 1936, is a valid constitutional enactment, and incidentally that the Finance Corporation is an agency of the United States lawfully created, exercising functions exclusively governmental in their nature, and no other, that as such it is exempt both under State and Federal statutes from taxation, that the capital stock of national banks is not taxable except with the consent of the national government, that by the Act of *410 March 20th, 1936, that government not only withdrew its consent to the taxation of such stock while owned by the Finance Corporation, but strictly prohibited the taxation thereof while so held.
The suggestion that the stock is taxable under the laws of the State of Maryland is merely a conclusion drawn from the assumed predicate that the Act of 1936 is invalid, because Code, art. 81, sec. 7, as amended by Laws 1929, ch. 226, provides that "any property exempted from taxation by this State by the constitution of the United States or by any Act of Congress passed pursuant to and in conformity with" that Constitution, "shall be exempt from assessment and from State, county and city" taxation. If therefore the act is valid, the stock is under that provision of the Maryland Code exempt from taxation.
In McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316, 427, 4 L. Ed. 579, the State of Maryland undertook to impose a tax upon a branch of the Bank of the United States. In holding the statute imposing that tax void, the Supreme Court held that such a bank as that was a convenient, useful, and essential instrument of government. In the course of the historic opinion filed by the Chief Justice in that case it is said:
"The power of Congress to create, and of course to continue, the bank, was the subject of the preceding part of this opinion; and is no longer to be considered as questionable.
"That the power of taxing it by the States may be exercised so as to destroy it, is too obvious to be denied. But taxation is said to be an absolute power, which acknowledges no other limits than those expressly prescribed in the constitution, and like sovereign power of every other description, is trusted to the discretion of those who use it. But the very terms of this argument admit that the sovereignty of the State, in the article of taxation itself, is subordinate to, and may be controlled by the constitution of the United States. How far it has been controlled by that instrument must be a *411 question of construction. In making this construction, no principle not declared, can be admissable, which would defeat the legitimate operations of a supreme government. It is of the very essence of supremacy to remove all obstacles to its action within its own sphere, and so to modify every power vested in subordinate governments, as to exempt its own operations from their own influence. This effect need not be stated in terms. It is so involved in the declaration of supremacy, so necessarily implied in it, that the expression of it could not make it more certain. We must, therefore, keep it in view while construing the constitution. * * *
"The people of all the States have created the general government, and have conferred upon it the general power of taxation. The people of all the States, and the States themselves, are represented in Congress, and, by their representatives, exercise this power. When they tax the chartered institutions of the States, they tax their constituents; and these taxes must be uniform. But, when a State taxes the operations of the government of the United States, it acts upon institutions created, not by their own constituents, but by people over whom they claim no control. It acts upon the measures of a government created by others as well as themselves, for the benefit of others in common with themselves. The difference is that which always exists, and always must exist, between the action of the whole on a part, and the action of a part on the whole — between the laws of a government declared to be supreme, and those of a government which, when in opposition to those laws, is not supreme."
The tax in that case was on the bank itself and not on its stock, and the opinion is consistent with the power of the state to tax the stock. 4 Wheat. 316, at page 436, 4 L. Ed. 579. Following that expression the South Carolina court held in two cases (Bulow v. Charleston, 1 Nott McC. 527; State ex relBerney v. Tax Collector, 2 Bailey 654), that stock of the Bank of the United States was taxable. There was no federal review of those decisions, *412
and shortly after that the bank went out of existence. But in 1864 the present system of national banks was organized (Act June 3rd, 1864), following an Act of 1863, to render to the national government services essential to the adequate administration of its powers and functions. Davis v. Elmira Sav. Bank,
Because of the consent given by that statute, there was neither opportunity nor occasion for the courts to deal directly with the right of the states to tax the shares of a national bank, but in applying the restrictions which were imposed as essential conditions of the consent, they were called upon to decide, and did decide, that such shares could not be taxed by the states; for if the right to tax existed apart from the statute, the federal government had no power to burden the right with the restrictions, and in affirming the validity of the restrictions, the courts necessarily decided that, apart from the statute, the states had no right to tax the shares of a national bank. InFarmers' Mechanics' Nat. Bank v. Dearing, supra, it was said:
"The constitutionality of the act of 1864 is not questioned. It rests on the same principle as the act creating the second bank of the United States. The reasoning of Secretary Hamilton and of this court in McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316, 4 L. Ed. 579, and in Osborn v. Bank, 9 Wheat. 738. 6 L. Ed. 204, therefore applies. The national banks organized under the act are instruments designed to be used to aid the government in the administration of an important branch of the public service. *413 They are means appropriate to that end. Of the degree of the necessity which existed for creating them, Congress is the sole judge.
"Being such means, brought into existence for this purpose, and intended to be so employed, the States can exercise no control over them, nor in any wise affect their operation, except in so far as Congress may see proper to permit. Anything beyond this is `an abuse, because it is the usurpation of power which a single State cannot give'."
From that premise, in People of State of New York v. Weaver,
"As Congress was conferring a power on the States which they would not otherwise have had, to tax these shares, it undertook to impose a restriction on the exercise of that power, manifestly designed to prevent taxation which should discriminate against this class of property as compared with other moneyed capital."
In Des Moines Nat. Bank v. Fairweather,
Notwithstanding this unbroken line of decisions, it is suggested that the time has now come to reconsider the immunity of the shares of the capital stock of national banks in the light of present day conditions, even though that may involve modification of established precedents. That suggestion is, however, both too late and too early. It is too late because the law is settled, and the precedents are established, and the deliberate and considered judgment of the highest tribunal in the nation registered again and again in actual litigation in the course of one hundred and nineteen years cannot now be repudiated, except by a dangerous and intolerable abuse of judicial power.
It is too early, because the government exists today under its original constitution and the amendments thereof, and there has not been in its political or economic structure any change so drastic as to make inapplicable the reasoning in McCulloch v.Maryland which led to the conclusion that the national banking system of the United States is a useful, convenient, and essential instrument for the effective administration of the federal government under the Constitution. *415
It is therefore axiomatic that shares of the capital stock of a national bank may not be taxed by a state without the consent of the national government. It is also certain that Congress, having granted the consent, may withdraw it (Cooley on Const. Lim. 246; Stone v. Mississippi,
Assuming that shares of the capital stock of a national bank may not be taxed without the consent of the national government, that Congress may give or withhold that consent, and that, having given it, it may in its discretion withdraw it, the remaining question is whether it may withdraw it in part, so as to exempt the shares from taxation while owned by such an agency as the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, but leaving it otherwise in full force and effect, or, in other words, whether such a partial withdrawal of consent violates any constitutional limitation on the legislative power of Congress.
The Act of March 20th, 1936, in part provides that (1) the shares of preferred stock of national banking associations, and (2) shares of the preferred stock, notes and debentures of state banks and trust companies, acquired by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation before and after March 20th, 1936, and the dividends or interest thereon, shall not, so long as said corporation shall own the same, be taxable by any state. In considering the validity of that act in this case, we are concerned only in the validity of that part of it which relates to the taxation of the shares of a national banking association, unless (a) that part of the act which relates to the taxation of shares of the preferred capital stock, notes and debentures of state banks and trust companies is invalid, and (b) is not severable from that part which deals with the taxation of the preferred stock of national banks.
The apparent purpose of extending the immunity to the preferred stock, notes, and debentures of state banking institutions was to avoid the kind of discrimination against state banks which is, by R.S. sec. 5219, forbidden *416 against national banks, and as well to relieve the Finance Corporation from the burden of paying taxes on the obligations of state banks acquired by it in the rehabilitation of such banks.
It is an accepted rule of statutory construction that if part of a statute is valid and part invalid, and the good part and the bad are so interwoven and complementary as to compel the conclusion that the Legislature intended that one should not stand without the other, both the good and the bad fall, but that if the two are so independent that the destruction of one does not necessarily affect the purpose and utility of the other, and there is sufficient evidence of a legislative intent that the nullification of one shall not affect the validity or the integrity of the other, that which is good may stand even though that which is bad is annulled and set aside. Lewis' Sutherland,Statutory Construction, secs. 296, 297; 59 C.J. 639, note 13;In re Rickell's Estate,
Reverting to the Act of March 20th, 1936, it is apparent that the taxation of the capital stock of state banks and the capital stock of national banks are two different and independent things, and that, apart from other objections to its validity, an act dealing with the one subject or the other would be complete and perfect in itself. In such a case the intention of the Legislature must be controlling. This expression of that intent in 12 U.S. Code Ann., sec. 51f: "If any provision, word, or phrase of sections 51d and 51e of this title, or the application thereof to any condition or circumstance, is held invalid, the remainder of such sections, and the application thereof to other conditions or circumstances, shall not be affected thereby," is sufficient to remove any *417 doubt as to the separability of that part of the act which deals with the taxation of the capital stock of national banks, and that part which deals with the taxation of the capital stock, notes, and debentures of state banks and trust companies.
Assuming that the two parts are severable, it is suggested that so much of the act as affects the preferred stock of national banks is void, because it grants immunity from taxation to an agency which does not exercise any power granted to the national government by the Constitution of the United States, and exercises no governmental function, and thereby unlawfully discriminates in favor of a non-governmental agency, in violation of the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment, and because it derogates from the sovereignty reserved to the states under the Tenth Amendment.
It is conceivable that the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment may be invoked to deny the validity of an Act of Congress which confers upon a private individual some privilege or immunity essentially governmental in its nature, if the grant deprives others of their property, although no case supporting that construction has been cited. The analogies of such cases asHeiner v. Donnan,
The Tenth Amendment, also invoked in the attack on the Act of March 20th, 1936, embodies the familiar principle underlying the whole system of American Constitutional government that: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
Among the powers thus reserved to the states, that of hampering, hindering, or interfering with the national government in the complete exercise of its granted powers was not included. For, as stated in South Carolina v. United States,
If the power reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment did not include the power to tax agencies and instrumentalities employed by the national government in the performance of its governmental functions, a fortiori it did not include the power to determine the manner in which that government might exercise its right to consent to the taxation of instrumentalities and agencies employed by it, nor the power to prescribe the conditions which might be attached to such consent. This is not a question of taxation, because the Act of March 20th, 1936, imposes no tax, but of exemption from taxation. And as the stock could not have been taxed without the consent of the federal government, that government had the right to withdraw that consent, in whole or in part, without in any way invading any power reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment. The statute creates no exemption but restores an exemption which had existed but had been suspended.
Finally it is suggested that such an exemption cannot be granted to an agency not exercising any power delegated to the national government by the Constitution, and not exercising any governmental function, or more briefly to a private corporation incidentally engaged in the performance of duties of a quasi public nature.
In South Carolina v. United States, supra, it is said: "It will be seen that the only qualifications of the absolute, untrammeled, power to lay and collect excises are that they shall be for public purposes, and that they shall be uniform throughout the United States. All other limitations named in the Constitution relate to taxes, duties, and imposts. If, therefore, we confine our inquiry to the express provisions of the Constitution, there is disclosed no limitation on the power of the general government to collect license taxes." Assuming the condition implied in that case, that taxation must be for a public purpose, and assuming too, although without direct authority, that the same limitation applies to the withdrawal of consent to taxation, that contention must also be denied. *422
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was created by Act of Jan. 22d 1932 (U.S. Code Ann. title 15, sec. 601 et seq.) for these purposes, indicated in its title: "An act to provide emergency financing facilities for financial institutions, to aid in financing agriculture, commerce, and industry, and for other purposes." While not directly attacked, the validity of that act was assumed in State Tax Commission v. Baltimore National Bank,
In Federal Land Bank v. Priddy,
As pointed out in State Tax Commission v. Baltimore NationalBank,
Mr. Jesse H. Jones, chairman of the corporation, in a statement in evidence under a stipulation, said that, when the act was passed, out of a total of 24,600 banks *424 in operation in 1930, 5,500, having deposits of three and a half billion dollars, had been forced to suspend even before the bank holiday, and that after the holiday four billion dollars of additional deposits were tied up in nearly 4,200 unlicensed or restricted banks that had been open before the holiday but not thereafter. Depositors fearful for the safety of their funds steadily withdrew their deposits, the deposits of member banks of the Federal Reserve System declined by approximately seven billion dollars, many communities were without banking facilities, private lenders were unable or unwilling to supply additional capital to the banks, and the banks in turn were unable to supply the "essential credit needs of business and industry which suffered accordingly." Bank failures and suspensions were increasing, many states declared bank holidays, even the strongest banks were in danger, and the entire banking system of the nation was facing collapse.
Whatever may be said of the danger that the swift currents of the ever widening whirlpool of federal activities will carry beyond the taxing power of the states so much property as to threaten the very existence of our dual form of government, it cannot be denied that the primary and essential duty of the national government in that crisis was to prevent, if possible, the complete collapse of the nation's credit, irreparable damage to its commerce and industry, and the chaos and disorder which were likely to follow. Nor can it be denied that the Reconstruction Finance Corporation as the agency employed to grant that aid was an essential instrumentality of the national government, created and existing to perform a governmental function of the highest possible importance. Every reason advanced by the courts in support of the immunity of national banks, and the Federal Reserve Bank, from state taxation, applies with at least equal force to the Finance Corporation. Neither performs a function more immediately essential to the continuance and integrity of the national government, while on the other hand both are operated for private *425 profit, and the stock of both is owned in part by private investors. Nor is there rational support for the theory that the use of the nation's resources to avert a common national disaster is beyond the natural and legitimate scope of the powers granted to the national government "in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare." Preamble to Constitution.
It is true that the precise question here is not whether all property of the Finance Corporation is exempt from taxation by the states, but whether the discriminatory exemption of preferred stock of national banking associations owned by it from state taxation is unlawful.
While the question cannot be said to be finally settled, such authority as there is supports the conclusion that the "due process" guaranty of the Fifth Amendment embraces within its scope the "equal protection of the laws," guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. United States v. Armstrong (D.C.) 265 Fed. 683; United States v. New York etc. Co. (C.C.) 165 Fed. 742; United States v. Yount (D.C.) 267 Fed. 861; Sims v.Rives, 66 App. D.C. 24,
It is therefore material to the question under consideration to determine whether the Finance Corporation is in fact a governmental agency created and existing to effect an essential governmental function. If it is, its nature and purpose must afford sufficient basis for the *426
classification made by the Act of March 20th, 1936. NationalPaper Type Co. v. Bowers,
The facts, if they are facts, that the immunity affects the uniform application of the taxing laws of the state, or that it discriminates against banks in other states electing to tax banks upon their income, rather than tax their stock, or against national banks whose capital is supplied from private sources, or against state banks, if the statute, so far as it affects their stock, is invalid, are merely incidents of the valid exercise of a constitutional power, which in no way affects the validity of the Act of 1936. For if the power to grant the immunity existed, and the immunity required changes in the law to harmonize it with the changed conditions thereby caused, the duty devolved upon the state and not the nation to make the change.
But finally the constantly recurring answer to the attack on that statute is that the stock is immune from taxation without the consent of the government, that that consent was given but has been withdrawn as to such of it as is owned by an instrumentality of the national government, and that if taxed while owned by that instrumentality the tax would be paid from public funds dedicated to a public purpose and owned by the national government.
It follows that the order appealed from should be affirmed.
PARKE, SLOAN, and SHEHAN, JJ., dissent. *427
Concurrence Opinion
Since the decision of this court on a former appeal that the Baltimore National Bank was, in the first instance at least, required to pay the tax assessed on the shares of its preferred stock held by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, and the affirmance of that decision by the Supreme Court of the United States, the United *405
States Congress has passed an act providing that, notwithstanding any privilege or consent previously granted, the shares of preferred stock of national banks, "and the shares of preferred stock, capital notes, and debentures of State banks and trust companies," acquired by the Finance Corporation, should not be subject to any taxation by any state or local taxing authority. Act of Congress March 20th, 1936, 49 Stat. 1185, Tit. 12, U.S. Code Ann., sec. 51d; State Tax Commission v. Baltimore NationalBank,
The question of constitutionality of any intergovernmental immunity to stock held by this particular stockholder has been argued again. It was a question which the Supreme Court did not decide "either directly or indirectly," on affirmance of the previous decision; the ground of the affirmance having been that Congress had expressly authorized the taxation of all shares of national banks. National Banking Act, Rev. St. sec. 5219, as amended, 12 U.S. Code Ann., sec. 548. I see no reason for reconsidering the point, as I conclude the decision of it is not necessary to the disposition of the present case. I concur in the view of the lower court that a valid immunity has been granted to the stock held by this stockholder, and that the bank, primarily liable for payment, may not be required to pay the tax on it.
It is taken as settled that stock in national banks may be taxed only by consent of the United States Congress. People ofNew York v. Weaver,
A broad question, whether the powers with which the Finance Corporation was invested by the terms of the act under which it was formed (Act Jan. 22d 1932, 47 Stat. 5, 15 U.S. Code Ann., sec. 601 et seq.) could constitutionally be exercised at all by the federal government, was raised on the former appeal, and in the Supreme Court appears to have been taken as beyond dispute. Under the circumstances I should not be disposed to consider it again, but should leave it to be decided by the higher court, if found necessary.