STATE OF ARIZONA, Aрpellee, v. BAYRON PEREZ AGUEDA, Appellant.
No. CR-21-0097-PR
SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA
August 4, 2022
250 Ariz. 504 (App. 2021)
Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County, The Honorable George H. Foster, Judge, No. CR2018-112053-001. Opinion of the Court of Appeals, Division One. VACATED AND REMANDED.
COUNSEL:
Mark Brnovich, Arizona Attorney General, Linley Wilson, Deputy Solicitor General/Section Chief of Criminal Appeals, Joshua C. Smith (argued), Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Appeals Section, Phoenix, Attorneys for State of Arizona
James J. Haas, Maricopa County Public Defender, Mikel Steinfeld (argued), Deputy Defender, Phoenix, Attorneys for Bayron Pеrez Agueda
JUSTICE BEENE authored the Opinion of the Court, in which CHIEF JUSTICE BRUTINEL, VICE CHIEF JUSTICE TIMMER, and JUSTICES BOLICK,
JUSTICE BEENE, Opinion of the Court:
¶1 Bayron Perez Agueda was convicted of two counts of sexual conduct with a minor under age fifteen and other charges. Here, we consider whether contributing to the delinquency of a minor,
BACKGROUND
¶2 In 2014, Agueda met the victim, Maya.1 At the time, Agueda was twenty-seven years old, and Maya was thirteen or fourteen years old. When Maya was fourteen, Agueda аnd Maya engaged in at least one act of sexual intercourse. In July 2015, Maya gave birth. Agueda was listed as the father on the birth certificate, and DNA testing confirmed his paternity. When Maya was fifteen years old, she moved into an apartment with Agueda. They lived tоgether for one year until Maya moved out in July 2017.
¶3 After Maya moved out, her mother argued with Agueda over custody of the baby. Maya‘s mother contacted the police, and a sex-crimes investigation was initiated. A detective interviewed Agueda, and during the interview Agueda admitted that he had sex with Maya. He claimed Maya became pregnant at fourteen years old because of a single act of sexual intercourse. Agueda also maintained that he did not have sex with Maya again until she was fifteen yеars old.
¶4 The State charged Agueda with two counts of sexual conduct with a minor under the age of fifteen, and two counts of sexual conduct with a minor age fifteen or older.2
¶5 At trial, Maya testified that when she was fourteen, she and Agueda began going out, holding hands, and kissing. She also testified that they started having sex when she was fourteen and had sex more than once before discovering she was pregnant.
¶6 Agueda also testified. He claimed that Maya became pregnant after the only time they had sex when she was fourteen. Agueda testified that Maya moved in with him after their baby‘s birth, and they continued their sexual relationship while living together.
¶7 Agueda requested a jury instruction on contributing to the delinquency of a minor as a lesser-included offense of sexual conduct with a minor under age fifteen. The trial court denied the request.
¶8 The jury found Agueda guilty on all counts relating to Maya. He was subsequently sentenced to a lengthy prison term.
¶9 Agueda appealed. The court of appeals held that contributing to the delinquency of a minor was a lesser-included offense of sexual conduct with a minor under age fifteen. State v. Agueda, 250 Ariz. 504, 506 ¶ 1 (App. 2021). Accordingly, the court vacated Agueda‘s cоnviction on Count 5. Id. at 510 ¶ 24.
¶10 We granted review to determine whether contributing to the delinquency of a minor is a lesser-included offense of sexual conduct with a minor, an issue of statewide importance. We have jurisdiction under article 6, section 5(3) of the Arizona Constitution.
DISCUSSION
¶11 “An instruction on an offense other than that charged is proper if the offense is included within the charged offense and the evidence supports giving the instruction.” State v. Lua, 237 Ariz. 301, 303 ¶ 5 (2015); see also
¶12 Under Arizona law, “[a] lesser-included offense is one ‘composed solely of some but not all of the elements of the greater crimе so that it is impossible to have committed the crime charged without having committed the lesser one.‘” Lua, 237 Ariz. at 303 ¶ 7 (quoting State v. Celaya, 135 Ariz. 248, 251 (1983)); see also State v. Garcia, 235 Ariz. 627, 629-30 ¶ 6 (App. 2014) (“[T]he greater offense must require each element of the lesser offense plus one or more additional elements not required by the lesser offense.“), overruled on other grounds by State v. Carter, 249 Ariz. 312 (2020). This principle was recently discussed in Carter, where this Court reiterated that “an offense is ‘lesser included’ when the ‘greater offense cannot be committed without necessarily committing the lesser offense,‘” and we confirmed that courts should use Blockburger‘s same-elements test when conducting this analysis. See id. at 315-16 ¶¶ 9-10 (quoting State v. Wall, 212 Ariz. 1, 3 ¶ 14 (2006)) (“A necessarily included оffense for jury instruction purposes must be a lesser-included offense under Blockburger‘s same-elements test.“); see Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932). And the same-elements test asks “whether each provision requires proof of a fact which the other does not.” Id. at 315 ¶ 9 (quoting Blockburger, 284 U.S. at 304).
¶13 The court of appeals correctly identified Blockburger‘s same-elements test as the appropriate standard in determining whether an offense is lesser included but failed to apply it. Agueda, 250 Ariz. at 508-09 ¶¶ 15-19. Instead of employing the same-elements test, the court reasoned that, because child molestation is a lesser-included offense of sexual conduct with a minor, see State v. Ortega, 220 Ariz. 320, 328 ¶ 25 (App. 2008), and contributing tо a minor‘s delinquency is a lesser-included offense of molestation, see State v. Sutton, 104 Ariz. 317, 318-19 (1969), “[i]t logically follows that contributing to the delinquency of a minor is a lesser-included offense of sexual conduct with a minor under 15.” Agueda, 250 Ariz. at 508 ¶ 16. Although the court of appeals’ syllogism appeаrs correct based on Sutton, which the court of appeals is bound to follow, see McKay v. Indus. Comm‘n, 103 Ariz. 191, 192-93 (1968), a closer examination of Sutton reveals that its conclusion does not comport with Arizona law. Because Sutton was indispensable to the court‘s decision below, we begin our analysis with that case.
¶14 In Sutton, the defendant was convicted of child molestation,
¶15 After quoting the statutory definitions for “contributing to the delinquency of a minor” and “delinquency,” the Sutton court devоted a single sentence to analyze the statutes and concluded “contributing to the delinquency of a minor is a lesser included offense of child molesting, since a person who molests a child necessarily performs an act which ‘tends to debase оr injure the morals, health or welfare of a child.‘” 104 Ariz. at 318-19 (quoting
¶16 A person is guilty of contributing to the delinquency of a minor when a person “by any act, causes, encourages or contributes
¶17 Reading the statutes together and in context makes clear that Sutton misconstrued the elements for contributing to the delinquency of a minor by failing to recognize that “delinquency of a minor” in
¶18 This interpretation finds support in Brockmueller v. State, where this Court determined that the offense and definition of delinquency “taken together, serve to prohibit the encouragement of any act which tends to debase or injure the morals, health or welfare of a child.” 86 Ariz. 82, 83 (1959). In Brockmueller, the defendant‘s “act” was encouraging a seventeen-year-old “to allow certain motion pictures to be taken of her in the nude.” Id. The victim went ahead with the pictures without the dеfendant‘s assistance or participation. See id. This Court determined that encouraging the victim‘s “act” was sufficient to violate the statute for contributing to the delinquency of a minor. Id. at 83-84; see also Loveland v. State, 53 Ariz. 131, 137 (1939) (“[U]nder the plain language of [
¶19 The statutory interpretation employed in Brockmueller gives effect to both statutes,
¶20 Because Sutton‘s statutory interpretation was conclusory, clearly wrong, and would make contributing to the delinquency of a minor a lesser-included оffense of virtually every crime in which a child was the victim, Sutton is overruled. “Generally, the doctrine of stare decisis cautions us against overruling former decisions.” E.H. v. Slayton, 249 Ariz. 248, 254 ¶ 13 (2020). However, our decision to overrule Sutton does not offend the principles underlying stare decisis. “[T]he degree of adherence demanded by a prior judicial decision
¶21 As previously shown, supra ¶¶ 17-19, Sutton‘s statutory analysis regarding the elements of contributing to a minor‘s delinquency is manifestly incorrect and frustrates the statutes’ focus to protect children from the improper conduct of others. See
¶22 Turning to the issue presented in this case — whether contributing to the delinquency of a minor is a lesser-included offense of sexual conduct with a minor — we must determine under the same-elements test whether the greater offense requires рroof of a fact which the lesser offense does not. Carter, 249 Ariz. at 315-16 ¶¶ 9-10.
¶23 As previously noted, a person commits contributing to the delinquency of a minor when a person “by any act, causes, encourages or contributes to the . . . delinquency of a child.”
¶24 Applying Blockburger‘s same-elements test, along with the statutory analysis regarding “contributing to the delinquency of a minor” and “delinquency,” supra ¶¶ 17-19, we conclude that contributing to a minor‘s delinquency is not a lesser-included offense of sexual conduct with a minor. A child‘s act or anticipated act, which is an element of contributing to the delinquency of a minor, is not an element of sexual conduct with a minor. Put another way, sexual conduct with a minor and contributing to the delinquency of a minor each require proof of elements that the other does not. Thus, it is possible to commit the greater offense, sexual conduct with a minor, without committing the lesser offense, contributing to the delinquency of a minor. Carter, 249 Ariz. at 316 ¶ 10. Accordingly, contributing to the delinquency of a minor is not a lesser-included offense of sexual conduct with a minor, and the trial court did not err by refusing to give the lesser-included instruction.
CONCLUSION
¶25 Because contributing to the delinquency of a minor is not a lesser-included offense of sexual conduct with a minor, we vacate the court of appeals’ opinion. We remand to the court of appeals so it may consider whether the trial court committed prejudicial error by failing to correctly answer a juror question, an issue that the court of appeals did not address. Agueda, 250 Ariz. at 507 ¶ 11 & n.3.