228 P. 636 | Wyo. | 1924
Chapter 117 of the Session Laws of Wyoming for 1921, entitled “An Act in regard to Intoxicating Liquor, prohibiting the unlawful possession, manufacture and sale thereof within the State of Wyoming, repealing Chapter 209 of Wyoming Compiled Statutes, 1920, and carrying into effect so far as the State of Wyoming is concerned the eighteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States, ’ ’ provides, by section 36, that:
“It shall be the duty of every prosecuting attorney in this State to prosecute by complaint, information or indictment in courts of competent jurisdiction all violations of this Act in the manner now provided by law for the prosecution of criminal offenses under the general statutes of this State and in the manner as herein defined. The Governor shall have power after notice and hearing to remove from office any officer in the State who shall wilfully fail, neglect or refuse to perform any of the duties imposed upon him by this Act or who shall be guilty of intoxication or drunkenness. Proceedings for the removal of any such officer may be commenced either by the*508 Governor on bis own motion or on written complaint of any citizen of tbe State, filed with the Governor. Written notice of the time and place for the hearing of such charges together with a statement or copy of the charges filed against him shall be personally served upon such officer at least ten days before the day set for such hearing. ’ ’
Under this section proceedings were instituted before the Governor for the removal of the relator, the county and prosecuting attorney of Hot Springs County. The amended and supplemental complaint filed with the Governor charges that the relator has been guilty of intoxication and drunkenness on some fourteen stated dates between March 26, 1923 and June 7, 1924. It is also charged that he has at times wilfully failed and refused to perform the duties imposed upon him by the said act, and has at frequent intervals by intoxication incapacitated himself from carrying on the work of county and prosecuting attorney.
Pursuant to the statute, the relator was given written notice of the time and place of the hearing of the charges of which he was furnished a copy. A few days before the day set for the hearing, the relator presented to the Judge of the District Court of Laramie County a petition for a writ of prohibition to prevent the Governor from proceeding further in the matter. The petition for prohibition challenged the constitutionality of section 36 of Chapter 117, supra, on several grounds, and alleged that objections to the jurisdiction of the Governor, based on such grounds, had been been overruled by the Governor. Upon the presentation of the petition to the district judge, he found that there were involved important and difficult constitutional quesions which were reserved and submitted for our decision.
“No bill, except general appropraition bills and bills for the codification and general revision of the laws, shall be passed containing more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title; but if any subject is embraced in any act which is not expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be so expressed.”
It is contended that the act contains at least two subjects, one, the prevention of the unlawful possession, manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor, the other, the removal of officers as provided in section 36, and that the latter subject is not expressed in the title. In support of this contention it is argued that section 36 provides for the removal of any state officer who is guilty of intoxication or drunkeness. It may be conceded that the removal of officers who have no duties to perform under the act would be foreign to the subject expressed in the title, and that if the act must be given that meaning, it is void at least to that extent. The sentence of section 36 stating that: “The Governor shall have power * * * to remove from office any officer in the state who shall wilfully fail, neglect or refuse to perform any of the duties im-. posed upon him by this act or who shall be guilty of intoxication or drunkenness,” is grammatically susceptible of the construction contended for. It does not follow, however, that that is the necessary, or the proper, construction. Every statute should be read in the light of the constitution, and broad and general language may often be limited to those matters within the constitutional powers of the legislature. McCullough v. Virginia, 172 U. S. 102, 112; 19 Sup. Ct. 134, 43 L. ed. 382; State v. Smiley, 65 Kan. 240; 69 Pac. 199, 67 L. R. A. 903; Ex
We are also asked whether section 36, supra, is in violation of section 19 of Article III of the state constitution which provides that:
“All’officers not liable to impeachment shall be subject to removal for misconduct or malfeasance in office, in such manner as may be provided by law. ’ ’
As to an office created by the constitution with a fixed term, we have held that’ the legislature is without power to add to the causes for removal specified in the constitution, that is, that such officers can be removed only for misconduct or malfeasance in office. People v. Shawver, (Wyo.) 222 Pac. 11, 29. Whether the constitution prevents the legislature from assigning additional grounds
We are also asked whether said section 36 violates section 27 of Article III'of the state constitution which provides that the legislature shall not pass local or special laws in certain enumerated cases, and that, “In all other eases where a general law can be made applicable no special law shall be enacted.”
We have already expressed the opinion that it was proper, as a means of enforcement of the prohibitory liquor law, to provide for the removal of administrative officers charged with duties thereunder. The contention is that this could not be done except by a law which would operate uniformly upon other officers. We are cited to no authority for holding that all officers, or all of any group of officers having dissimilar duties, would constitute a class that would be indivisible for the purposes of legislation for their removal. It may well be that officers having different duties naturally constitute different classes or subjects for legislation. Reals v. Smith, 8 Wyo. 159, 166, 56 Pac. 690. In this view the legislature in providing for the removal of all officers having similar duties, would not be making a classification, but only legislating for a class which existed in the very nature of things. State v. Hedrick, 294 Mo. 21, 241 S. W. 402, 419. However this may be, we think the provision for the removal of officers having duties to perform under the act is general within the meaning of the invoked constitutional provision, whether the officers affected be considered as a natural subject for legislation, or as a class created by
“The rule applies that all reasonable doubts are to be resolved in favor of the validity of the statute, and that the Legislature is presumed to have acted upon a knowledge of the facts, and to have had in view the promotion of the general welfare of the people as a whole; and hence the classification and discrimination involved therein must clearly appear to be unreasonable and therefore arbitrary in order to justify the court in declaring an act assailed on that ground to be void. The Legislature having presumably determined that a difference of conditions exist rendering the legislation proper, the court must be able to say, upon a critical examination of the statute in the light of the object sought to be accomplished, or the evil to be suppressed, that the Legislature could not reasonably have concluded that distinctions existed relating to the purpose and policy of the legislation.3 ’
' In view of these principles can it be said that the legislature is without authority to provide a special method for removal of officers who fail to perform their duties in connection with the enforcement of the prohibitory liquor law? We think it may be stated as a fact that the enforcement of the eighteenth amendment by the combined agencies of the states and nation is attended with some difficulties not met in the enforcement of other laws. The law affected the habits of a great many people. Among those who do not actually violate it, it is claimed there are
In view of all that we have said, without claiming that we have recited all the reasons that might have appealed to the legislature, we are not prepared to hold that it was unreasonable to treat the officers in question as a class, and to provide for their removal by a provision that does not apply to other officers in the state. In view of the object sought to be accomplished, the law is general and' of uniform operation throughout the state and throughout the class of officers intended to be reached.
We are also asked whether section 36 in question is in violation of any one of several sections of the bill of rights as contained in article I of the state constitution, namely, section 6, the “due process of law” clause; section 7, providing that absolute, arbitrary power over lives, liberty and property exists nowhere; section 8, providing that all courts shall be open, etc., and section 9, providing that the right of trial by jury shall be inviolate.
The rule is well established in this state that a public office is neither a contract nor a grant nor to be regarded as the property of the incumbent (Lee v. Board of Commissioners, 3 Wyo. 53, 31 Pac. 1045, and Reals v. Smith,
The point just mentioned is whether the challenged section attempts to authorize the governor to exercise judicial power contrary to section 1 of article 2 of the state constitution, which provides:
“The powers of the government of this state are divided into three distinct departments: The legislative, executive and judicial, and no persons or collection of persons charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments shall exercise any powers properly belonging to either of the others, except as in this constitution expressly directed or permitted. ’ ’
This provision of the constitution was considered by this court in State v. Burdick, 3 Wyo. 588, 592, 28 Pac. 146, 148, where it was held that the auditing of a claim against the state was not a judicial function, the court saying:
*519 “It is evident tbat tbe discharge of bis (tbe state auditor’s) duties may sometimes require tbe exercise of discretion, and it ahay be of a character called by some authorities ‘quasi-judicial discretion.’ ”
In Farm Investment Co. v. Carpenter, 9 Wyo. 110, 61 Pac. 258, 50 L. R. A. 747, 87 Am. St. Rep. 918, tbe same constitutional provision was invoked. It was contended tbat tbe Board of Control in determining priorities between contending claimants to tbe use of tbe waters of the state exercised judicial power tbat could be lodged only in some court. It was held tbat tbe determinations required to be made by tbe board are primarily administrative, the court saying, among other things :
‘ ‘ Tbe board, it is true, acts judicially, but tbe power exercised is quasi-judicial only, and such as under proper circumstances may appropriately be conferred upon executive officers or boards.”
Qaasi-judicial power has been defined as tbe power to perform acts administrative in character, but requiring incidentally tbe trial and determination of questions of law and fact. 36 Harvard L. Rev., p. 420. This is tbe character of tbe power of tbe Board of Control as considered in Farm Investment Co. v. Carpenter, supra, and of the Governor as conferred upon him by the challenged statute. Such a power is not one properly belonging to tbe judiciary within tbe meaning of section 1 of article 2 of the_ constitution. This view finds support in a great number of authorities, of which we cite only a few. Lynch v. Chase, 55 Kan. 367; 40 Pac. 666; Donahue v. Will County, 100 Ill. 94; State v. Hawkins, 44 Oh. St. 98; 5 N. E. 228; State v. Oleson, 15 Nebr. 247; 18 N. W. 45; State v. Common Council, 90 Wis. 612; 64 N. W. 304; Fuller v. Attorney General, 98 Mich. 96; 57 N. W. 33; Koeper v. Street Ry. Comm. 222 Mich. 464; 193 N. W. 221; Gilbert v. Board,
Our conclusion that the challenged statute is not viola-tive of any provision of the bill of rights, nor of the provision for separation of the departments of government, is supported by the clear weight of authority in other states, and is in harmony with the cited decisions of this court in cases concerning the removal of public officers and the exercise of qwcm-judicial powers.
In the foregoing discussion we have sufficiently' expressed our opinion on all the reserved questions concerning the constitutionality of the attacked statute, and it will not be necessary to set forth the questions more fully, or to give a categorical answer to each.
We are also asked whether under the constitution the District Court has jurisdiction to issue a writ of prohibition against the governor. On this question the relator contends that the court has such jurisdiction, and the attorney general does not take issue with him, nor cite any authority to the contrary. As the relator’s claim that the governor is acting without jurisdiction is grounded on the alleged uneonstitutionality of the law, and under this opinion the law cannot be held invalid on any suggested ground, it is unnecessary to'answer any other question.