42 N.J.L. 386 | N.J. | 1880
The opinion of the court was delivered by
The sixth section of the act mentioned in the-endorsement upon the warrant in this case, provides that no person shall kill or have in possession any woodcock between certain dates, under a penalty of $50 for each bird.
The method which, in the game act, was originally provided for the enforcement of this and the other sections of that act, was so vague and uncertain that it was impossible to put the law in operation against violators of that statute. To remedy this, an act was passed in 1877, {Rev., p. 1340,) in which a method of procedure was provided which should apply to each section of the act.
It enacts that a justice of the peace may try and punish all persons for violating the provisions of the act. It provides that any party to a proceeding under this act may have his appeal,.
Nowhere is there a provision for an action of debt for the 'penalty, and the explicit direction as to the method in which the act shall be enforced, excludes the use of such action. It is clear that an action for the recovery of a penalty provided for by this statute, can never be successfully prosecuted in the court for the trial of small causes, or any other court.
The proceeding under the act is analogous to that under the English game acts, of which the justice takes cognizance by virtue of his position' as a magistrate. Paley on Convictions 12, 13.
If the proceeding before the justice, in this case, was by color of the act of 1877, it, although it might be defective, would be appealable only to the Quarter Sessions of Middle-sex county, and the Court of Common Pleas were right in dismissing the appeal.
If, however, the proceeding was clearly not under that act, 'but was intended as an action in the court for the trial of -small causes, it, although defective, would be appealable to the Common Pleas. I think it is obvious, from a glance at the papers, that the justice of the peace had no knowledge of the proceeding under the act of 1877.
I think it is equally apparent that he supposed the correct proceeding to be an action qui tam in debt, for a penalty. The writ he issued is a copy in form of the warrant in Nixon’s Forms (3d ed.) 222. It is the original process in an action in the court for the trial of small causes.
The justice endorsed upon the writ the title of the act under which the penalty was sued. Such endorsement is essential only in actions at law. Rev., p. 888, § 254.
It is unnecessary in a proceeding by information, as provided by the act of 1877. Johnson v. Barclay, 1 Harr. 1.
Judgment was entered as found in Nixon’s Forms 270. It was a regular judgment in an action qui tam. There is no question as to the appealable character of this class of actions. There can therefore be no doubt as to the intended character
But it is said that if this be admitted, yet the action was-one not within the jurisdiction of the court for the trial of small causes. It is said that the purpose of the endorsement was to apprise the defendant of the ground upon which the action was brought; that it disclosed to the defendant and to the court that the ground was the recovery of a penalty for the violation of a statute, and that the justice’s court was excluded from entertaining actions for that class of penalties. From this, it is argued that the Court of Common Pleas-had no - jurisdiction to try the cause de novo, and their act of dismissing the appeal was correct.
This view is founded upon the assumption that the jurisdiction of the appellate tribunal is dependent, in all respects, upon the fact of the jurisdiction of the court below. This-theory, upon first impression, has an appearance of soundness, and finds countenance in the action of the courts in the following cases: Mayor, &c., v. Porter, 18 Md. 284; Osgood v. Thurston, 23 Pick. 110; Burbage v. Squires, 3 Metc. (Ky.) 77; Ashuelot Bank v. Pearson, 14 Gray 521.
In none of these cases is the question now mooted the subject'of discussion, but the courts simply dismissed the appeal' upon-the ground that if the court below had no jurisdiction, the court above could have none.
I think it is obvious, however, that if this doctrine, as-applied in these cases, is correct, it strips the Court of Common Pleas of much of its usefulness as an appellate court.
The action of the court, in the present case, left the judgment below standing unreversed, and compelled the appellant to pay the costs of taking an appeal from a judgment which the court below admittedly had no right to enter. Strader v. Board of Chosen Freeholders, 3 Green 433. Nor, as I shall directly attempt to show, is the writ of certiorari an efficient-substitute for the remedy by appeal.
I think the practice had its origin in the double signification of the term “ appeal.” The word is used to designate the act of- lodging the action in the appellate court. It is also used to designate the action itself, when in the appellate court.
A dismissal of the appeal may mean the dismissal of the case made by the plaintiff upon the new trial, or it may mean a transmission of the record back to the lower court.
Inasmuch as the jurisdiction of the Court of Common Pleas is co-extensive with that of the justice’s court, whenever a matter is not within the cognizance of the latter court, it cannot receive the consideration of the former. The course is to dismiss the appeal, i. e., the action being heard upon appeal. But this does not involve the right to bring the cause into the appellate court. The want of power in the appellate court to render a judgment upon the merits, does not defeat the right to adjudge as to any question arising upon an objection urged in abatement of the action or to the jurisdiction of the court.
Every court is called upon to determine the scope of its own jurisdiction. When such jurisdiction is questioned in the course of a legal proceeding, its determination is a question of law involved in the judgment. It, like every other question of law or fact, is the subject of review. The right to review this question alone, gives the right of appeal.
The appellate court must act upon it and decide it, and its decision should be entered of record in that court.
If the decision is against the jurisdiction of the courts— and if of one, of course of both courts—the action must be dismissed by force of that judgment, but the judgment should be entered, and the record retained in the appellate court.
This view of the right to take and retain the cause, although the judgment below was rendered in a proceeding without the jurisdiction of the lower court, is fortified by an appeal to the
The privilege is conferred by Section 137 of the justices’ court act, {Rev. p. 564,) in these words: “From any judgment which may be obtained before any justice of the peace, except such as shall be given by confession, either party may appeal to the Court of Common Pleas.” The right of appeal, so far as it is limited by this section, is dependent upon the existence of a judgment below.
Nor need this judgment be correct in form. As Chief Justice Ewing remarked, in Martin v. Thompson, 5 Halst. 142: “ The act of the legislature, the only support of the appeal, gives it when a judgment has been obtained; I do not mean a formal, regular, valid judgment. Nevertheless, there must be something in the nature of a judgment.”
Now, it appears that the judgment from which the appeal in this case was taken, was, in form and color, entirely regular. By the terms of the preceding section, an appeal lies from it.
The only plausible ground for denial that an appeal lies from it is that, for the want of jurisdiction in the court which rendered it, it is no judgment. It is of course true that, for many purposes, it is a nullity.
While it yet stands unreversed, it is a brutum fulmen, which neither binds nor bars any one. Whether it is reviewable, brings us’back to the question whether want of jurisdiction in the court is a matter which the appellate court can consider. That such a judgment is reviewable, is, I think, the overwhelming sentiment of the courts.
The review of jurisdictional questions and the reversal of decrees of the Court of Chancery for want of jurisdiction, is a not infrequent exercise of power by the court of last resort in this state. Palys v. Jewett, 5 Stew. 302. Yet it could be said that the order or decree by which the appellant is aggrieved, and the existence of which constitutes the ground of appeal, is no order or decree because void for want of jurisdiction in the court which makes it.
In the case of United States v. Nourse, 6 Pet. 470, 495, the United States Supreme Court said: “If it clearly appear that the Circuit Court had no jurisdiction in this case, still this court may take jurisdiction, so far as it regards the proceedings had before the Circuit Court but these proceedings, being wholly unauthorized, must be annulled or reversed. This court, however, in such a case, can take no further jurisdiction of the cause.”
In Nelson v. Leland, 22 How. 48, the counsel of the appellee moved to dismiss the appeal, upon ground of want of jurisdiction in the District Court. Upon this motion, Chief Justice Taney delivered the opinion of the court, as reported in the following words: “That the question of the jurisdiction in the lower court is a proper one for appeal to this court and for argument, when the case is regularly reached, and that this court has jurisdiction on such appeal.” The motion was overruled.
By the New York statute, an appeal to the Court of Appeals is given from certain courts, in a judgment in an action commenced therein, or brought there from another court. Pamph. L. 1849, p. 616.
In Kundolf v. Thalheimer, 12 N. Y. 593, the Court of Errors reversed a judgment of a county court, rendered in an action for assault and battery, because the lower court had no jurisdiction in that class of actions.
In McMahon v. Rauhr, 47 N. Y. 67, a judgment of the general term of the Supreme Court was reversed, upon the ground that the general term acted without jurisdiction. The doctrine announced was, that where an inferior court has acted without jurisdiction, and has rendered judgment, the court with power to review its decisions may so far act upon the judgment as to reverse it, for that want of jurisdiction.
In Commonwealth v. O’Neil, 6 Gray 343, this rule was applied to the review of the sentence of a justice of the peace.
So, in McKitrick v. Peter, 5 Dana 586, the rule which I think is in accord with the considered cases, and with correct practice, was announced. It was an appeal from the judgment of a justice, and the appeal was dismissed because the court had no jurisdiction of the case. This determination was brought into the Court of Errors, which reversed it. The court said : “ It seems to us, that instead of dismissing the appeal at the cost of the appellant, whereby the parties were remitted to the condition in which they were before the appeal was taken, the court should have dismissed or abated the suit, at the cost of the plaintiff, for want of jurisdiction to try it in that form. As the judgment of the justice was for such an amount as authorized the appeal to the Circuit Court, the parties stood in the same attitude before that court as they occupied before the justice. And, although the appeal was taken by the defendant, the plaintiff was actor, and had a right, and was bound to make out a case within the jurisdiction of the justice and of the Circuit Court, and conformable to the nature of the warrant.”
The following are additional cases in support of the same rule: Moore v. Wait, 1 Binn. 219; Petty v. Durall, 4 Greene (Iowa) 120; Thomas v. Winters, 4 Blackf. (Ind) 161; Hearn v. Cutberth, 10 Texas 216.
I conclude that this judgment was the subject of review by virtue of the one hundred and thirty-seventh section of the justices’ act.
This impliedly leaves the use of the writ in all cases where the justice has not jurisdiction. This section contains a legislative sanction of the view that an appeal could be taken from an extra-jurisdictional judgment, for if it were otherwise, then the words “that no judgment from which an appeal was given should be removed by certiorari,” would, by their own foi’ce, leave such extra-jurisdictional judgments removable by that writ. The use of the words, “ in all cases where the justice has jurisdiction,” would have been superfluous.
The use of these words was intended to preserve the writ as a concurrent remedy with the right of appeal to review these judgments. Their use as concurrent remedies is no novelty in our practice. Martin v. Thompson, 5 Halst. 142; cases cited in State, ex rel. Taylor, v. Cassedy, 9 Vroom 437.
Previous to 1820, appeals were given from-all judgments except such as were given upon verdict or the report of referees, or in the absence of, or by the confession of the defendant, or on a matter in dispute not exceeding $3. Elm. Dig. 283.
This right of appeal did not abrogate, by implication, the use of the writ of certiorari as a concurrent method of reviewing the same judgment.
By the act of 1820, the right of appeal was extended to judgments obtained upon a verdict of a jury or upon the report of referees, and by the same act, the use of the writ of certiorari was prohibited by express words, in all instances where an appeal was given. Elm. Dig.
By the act of 1833, the right of appeal was given where the trial took place in the presence of parties, although the judgment may have been rendered in their absence. Elm. Dig. 291.
In the revision of 1846, the exceptions are judgments by default, confession, or in the absence of the defendant, where
It is perceived that, in all cases, no appeal was given from n judgment where the defendant was not present at the trial, so that, in those cases, a certiorari could be prosecuted. Any jurisdictional defects resulting from failure to bring the defendant into court, could be remedied by certiorari.
By the revision of 1874, the right to take appeals was extended so as to include all judgments except those upon confession. Rev., p. 564.
By force of the provision proscribing the use of certiorari whenever an appeal was given, this extension of the right of appeal cut off the use of the writ of certiorari even when the trial occurred while the defendant was absent, and such absence resulted from a failure to bring him into court by any citation. To prevent this result, the clause in the Revision prohibiting the use of the writ to review all judgments where an appeal lies, was preceded by the words, “where the justice has jurisdiction.”
Judgments, therefore, rendered without jurisdiction, are left unaffected by the prohibitory words of the statute. They are in the same posture as judgments appealable previous to the act of 1820, and are therefore reviewable either by certiorari or upon appeal, or both.
The wisdom of this rule, as applied to judgments where jurisdiction over the person is absent, is obvious. The statutory provisions regulating appeals require prompt action, or the right is lost. Where the absence of jurisdiction is the result of a failure to warn the defendant, his ignorance of the existence of the judgment might prevent his taking his appeal within the statutory time. He still has his Avrit.
In cases where jurisdiction over the subject matter is Avanting,, it is equally important that the right of appeal should exist. The question Avhether jurisdiction does or does not exist, is often one of great nicety. If certiorari should be the only remedy where jurisdiction is absent, and appeal the only remedy Avhere j urisdiction is present, the determination
If he took his appeal, and it appeared that jurisdiction was absent, he would then be defeated.
Again, the question of jurisdiction may be one of several legal questions involved in the cause. Upon certiorari, the-only question reviewable is that of jurisdiction. Upon appeal,, if allowed, all questions can be reviewed, both of law and of fact.
My conclusion is, that the appeal in the present case was-properly taken—that if the Court of Common Pleas found that there was not jurisdiction in the justice’s court to-render the judgment, it should have dismissed the action and entered a judgment of dismissal in the records of the appellate court. The dismissal of the appeal was illegal, and a. writ of mandamus is allowed, directing the Court of Common-Pleas to reinstate the appeal.
The relator should have his costs.