80 Ohio St. 3d 182 | Ohio | 1997
Lead Opinion
Referendum Petitioners’ Motion to Intervene
The referendum petitioners request intervention as respondents under Civ.R. 24. They oppose the ordinance passed by the Granville Village Council that approved, subject to certain conditions, SuperAmerica’s plan to build a convenience store and gas station. If SuperAmerica is victorious in this case, the referendum election on the ordinance will not be held and SuperAmerica will begin the construction that the referendum petitioners seek to prevent. They thus possess a sufficient interest in this case to intervene. Civ.R. 24(A) and (B). In addition, while SuperAmerica contends that intervention is not warranted because the board adequately represents the referendum petitioners’ interests and their defenses are identical to the board’s, the referendum petitioners aptly note that SuperAmerica’s attack is not limited to matters relating to the validity and sufficiency of the petition. Further, the referendum petitioners’ asserted defenses manifestly raise questions of law and fact in common with those raised by the board in this action, as required for permissive intervention under Civ.R. 24(B).
Therefore, given the liberal construction generally accorded Civ.R. 24 in favor of intervention and the movants’ compliance with the mandatory procedural requirements of Civ.R. 24(C), we grant the referendum petitioners’ motion and permit them to intervene as respondents in this action. State ex rel. LTV Steel Co. v. Gwin (1992), 64 Ohio St.3d 245, 247, 594 N.E.2d 616, 619; cf. State ex rel. Polo v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Elections (1995), 74 Ohio St.3d 143, 144, 656 N.E.2d 1277, 1278.
Res Judicata
The board and the referendum petitioners claim that SuperAmerica’s action for writs of mandamus and prohibition is barred by res judicata.
S.Ct.Prac.R. X(2) provides that all original actions other than habeas corpus filed in this court “ ‘shall proceed under the Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure, unless clearly inapplicable.’ ” State ex rel. Master v. Cleveland (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d 23, 26, 661 N.E.2d 180, 183; see, also, S.Ct.Prac.R. X(l). Civ.R. 41 governs the dismissal of actions, and Civ.R. 41(B) applies to the involuntary dismissal of actions. Civ.R. 41(B)(3) provides that “[a] dismissal under this subdivision and any dismissal not provided for in this rule * * * operat[e] as an adjudication on the merits unless the court, in its order for dismissal, otherwise specifies.” (Emphasis added.) By its own terms, Civ.R. 41(B)(3) is not “clearly inapplicable” to dismissals for want of prosecution pursuant to S.Ct.Prac.R. X(ll). We dismissed SuperAmerica’s complaint under S.Ct Prac.R. X(ll) and did not specify that the dismissal was not an adjudication on the merits. Therefore, under Civ.R. 41(B)(3), our dismissal operated as an adjudication on the merits. Civ.R. 41(B)(l)’s requirement of notice to plaintiffs counsel before dismissal is inapplicable to dismissals under S.Ct.Prac.R. X(ll). Cf. Logsdon v. Nichols (1995), 72 Ohio St.3d 124, 128, 647 N.E.2d 1361, 1365 (“Generally, notice is a prerequisite to dismissal for failure to prosecute under Civ.R. 41[B][1].”). As noted by respondents, notice of dismissal is, in effect, provided by S.Ct.Prac.R. X(11) itself.
Res judicata consequently bars SuperAmerica’s present action. State ex rel. Gabriel v. Youngstown (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d 618, 620, 665 N.E.2d 209, 210, quoting Grava v. Parkman Twp. (1995), 73 Ohio St.3d 379, 653 N.E.2d 226, syllabus (“ ‘A valid, final judgment rendered upon the merits bars all subsequent actions based upon any claim arising out of the transaction or occurrence that was the subject matter of the previous action.’ ”).
While SuperAmerica claims that this violates the fundamental tenet of judicial review in Ohio that fairness and justice are best served when cases are decided on their merits, see State ex rel. Wilcox v. Seidner (1996), 76 Ohio St.3d 412, 414, 667 N.E.2d 1220, 1221, fairness and justice are best served here by application of the meritorious defense of res judicata. SuperAmerica should have known that S.Ct.Prac.R. X(11) and Civ.R. 41(B)(3) mandated dismissal on the merits of its earlier, identical action for want of prosecution if it failed to file its evidence and
Laches
The board and referendum petitioners further contend that SuperAmerica’s action is barred by laches. The elements of laches are (1) unreasonable delay or lapse of time in asserting a right, (2) absence of an excuse for the delay, (3) knowledge, actual or constructive, of the injury or wrong, and (4) prejudice to the other party. Polo, 74 Ohio St.3d at 145, 656 N.E.2d at 1279. In election-related matters, extreme diligence and promptness are required. In re Election of Member of Rock Hill Bd. of Edn. (1996), 76 Ohio St.3d 601, 606, 669 N.E.2d 1116, 1121. Extraordinary relief has been routinely denied in election-related cases based on laches. State ex rel. White v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of Elections (1992), 65 Ohio St.3d 45, 48-49, 600 N.E.2d 656, 659; Paschal v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Elections (1995), 74 Ohio St.3d 141, 142, 656 N.E.2d 1276, 1277.
In this case, SuperAmeriea delayed almost three months from the board’s certification to bring this action. SuperAmeriea lacks any justifiable excuse for the delay even though it had knowledge of the basis of its claims when the board certified the validity of the petition in early June. Prejudice occurred because SuperAmerica’s inexcusable and unreasonable delay made this case an expedited election matter under S.Ct.Prac.R. X(9), thereby restricting respondents’ time to prepare and defend against SuperAmerica’s claims. In addition, as noted by the board, by the time this case is completely resolved by our issuance of a mandate, the board’s ability tp prepare, print, and distribute appropriate ballots will be jeopardized due to the expiration of the date to provide absentee ballots. See R.C. 3509.01; S.Ct.Prac.R. XI(4)(A).
SuperAmeriea does not deny that the foregoing elements of laches are evident here. Instead, it contends that (1) laches does not apply as long as an election case is brought within ninety days of the election, and (2) the inaction and delay of the board in certifying the validity of the referendum petition principally contributed to the delay.
SuperAmerica’s first contention lacks merit because S.CtPrac.R. X(9) does not provide or suggest that simply because an election case is filed within ninety days
SuperAmerica’s remaining contention concerns the alleged delay of the board of elections in certifying the validity of the referendum petition after it had received it from the Granville Clerk. SuperAmerica’s contention lacks merit for the following reasons. First, the ten-day limit specified in R.C. 731.29 refers only to the board’s duty to review the petition and attest to the number of electors who signed the petition. It does not restrict the board’s separate duties under R.C. 3501.11(K) to “[rjeview, examine, and certify the sufficiency and validity of petitions and nomination papers” and R.C. 3501.39 to consider written protests to petitions, such as the one filed by SuperAmerica. Cf. State ex rel. Williams v. Iannucci (1988), 39 Ohio St.3d 292, 294, 530 N.E.2d 869, 870. Second, even if the board unnecessarily delayed its certification determination, that delay did not in any way excuse or justify SuperAmerica’s own nearly three-month delay in bringing this expedited election case. Third, the referendum petitioners, who also raise laches, were not a party to the claimed delay by the board.
Accordingly, since respondents have established that SuperAmerica failed to exercise the requisite diligence in bringing this expedited election case, laches bars this case.
Conclusion
Based on the foregoing, res judicata and laches bar SuperAmerica’s action. Therefore, we deny the requested writs of mandamus and prohibition.
Writs denied.
. The board also raises this defense in its motion to dismiss. But a motion to dismiss is generally not the proper method to raise the affirmative defense of res judicata. Shaper v. Tracy (1995), 73 Ohio St.3d 1211, 1212, 654 N.E.2d 1268.
. While the referendum petitioners also correctly note that the R.C. 3505.01 date for certifying the ballot form has passed, it does not appear that the mere passage of this date, which affects certification of candidates’ names, prejudiced the respondents. Cf. R.C. 3505.06, concerning preparation of ballots on questions and issues.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting. The majority bases its decision to deny the requested writs of mandamus and prohibition on the doctrines of res judicata and laches. Because I believe the facts and the law indicate that this matter was decided earlier on procedural grounds, I must respectfully dissent.
In August 1997, relator, SuperAmerica Group, filed a complaint for writ of mandamus and prohibition, case No. 97-1647 (“SuperAmerica I’j. Because relator did not timely file evidence and a brief, its complaint was dismissed for failure to comply with S.Ct.Prac.R. X(9). It is the majority’s contention that because of this earlier dismissal in SuperAmerica I, relator’s instant action is barred by the doctrine of res judicata.
A dismissal can be considered an adjudication on the merits under Civ.R. 41(B)(3). Civ.R. 41(B)(3) provides that “[a] dismissal under this subdivision, and any dismissal not provided for in this rule * * * operat[e] as an adjudication on the merits unless the court, in its order for dismissal, specifies otherwise.” Admittedly, the order issued by this court in dismissing SuperAmerica I did not specify that the decision was otherwise than on the merits. Presumably because S.Ct.Prac.R. X(9) does not expressly provide for dismissal in the event of noncompliance with its provisions, the majority contends that SuperAmerica I was dismissed for want of prosecution pursuant to S.Ct.Prac.R. X(ll). In any event, before we can decide if the dismissal of SuperAmerica I was or was not an adjudication on the merits, it must first be determined whether the dismissal was proper under Section 11.
Initially, this court’s entry dismissing SuperAmerica I makes no reference to S.CtPrac.R. X(ll). Additionally, S.Ct.Prac.R. X(ll) provides that “[ujnless all evidence is presented and relator’s brief is filed within the schedule issued by the Supreme Court, an original action shall be dismissed for want of prosecution.” (Emphasis added.) There was no schedule issued by this court in SuperAmerica I.
The majority contends that the briefing schedule provided by S.Ct.Prac.R. X(9) satisfies the “schedule issued” requirement of Section 11. Assuming arguendo this to be correct, the dismissal of SuperAmerica I for want of prosecution under S.Ct.Prac.R. X(ll) would still be improper. The staff and committee notes to S.Ct.Prac.R. X(ll) state in pertinent part that “the Court will dismiss an original action for lack of prosecution if, after an alternative unit is issued, the relator fails to file evidence and a brief.” (Emphasis added.) No alternative writ was ever issued in SuperAmerica I. In short, S.Ct.Prac.R. X(ll) contemplates both a briefing schedule being issued and an alternative writ being granted by the court before a case can be dismissed for want of prosecution. Since neither occurred in SuperAmerica I, the dismissal was improper.
Although the majority states that the dismissal of SuperAmerica I was pursuant to S.Ct.Prac.R. X(11), the majority curiously discusses involuntary
In Logsdon v. Nichols (1995), 72 Ohio St.3d 124, 129, 647 N.E.2d 1361, 1365, this court held that “the trial court erred in failing to provide prior notice before dismissing plaintiffs’ action with prejudice.” Notice of intent to dismiss was never given to relator’s counsel in SuperAmerica I. Accordingly, the dismissal of SuperAmerica I was improper and thus cannot be used as a basis for denying the requested writs on the ground of res judicata.
Alternatively, the majority asserts that the notice requirement under Civ.R. 41(B)(1) is satisfied because notice of dismissal is, in effect, provided by S.Ct. Prac.R. X(ll) itself. However, as addressed above, because of the interplay between S.CtPrac.R. X(9), X(ll), and the staff and committee notes under the rule, it would have been improper to dismiss SuperAmerica I pursuant to S.CtPrac.R. X(ll). Additionally, it can hardly be argued that relator’s counsel failed to prosecute SuperAmerica I in view of counsel’s strict compliance with S.CtPrac.R. X(4)(B) in filing a complaint, an affidavit in support of the complaint, and a memorandum in support of the complaint.
The majority additionally proposes that relator’s cause of action is barred by the doctrine of laches. For the following reasons I do not believe laches is applicable to this action.
The majority first states that laches bars this action because relator “delayed almost three months from the board’s certification to bring this motion.,” The board of elections certified the validity of signatures on June 2,1997. This action was filed almost three months after the certification of signatures as the majority points out. However, the majority has conveniently overlooked that SuperAmerica I was filed in this court on August 6, 1997, just over two months after the board’s action. Regardless, I do not find this “delay” inexcusable or unreasonable as the majority contends. Attorneys need time to meet with their clients, discuss options, negotiate alternative resolutions, formulate legal strategies, research legal issues, and draft pleadings. I would consider this “delay” a reasonable amount of time for an attorney to spend in consultation with his client and in preparation for litigation.
The majority is correct that the filing of an expedited election matter in this court does not preclude application of the doctrine of laches. See State ex rel. Drew v. Vinton Cty. Bd. of Elections (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d 1416, 661 N.E.2d 1117,
It is “a basic tenet of Ohio jurisprudence that cases should be determined on their merits and not on mere procedural technicalities.” Barksdale v. Van’s Auto Sales, Inc. (1988), 38 Ohio St.3d 127, 128, 527 N.E.2d 284, 285. Based upon the foregoing reasons, I dissent from the majority’s decision to deny the requested writs on the grounds of res judicata and/or laches.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring. In my view, the writs should be denied because the referendum petition in question did not contain significant inaccuracies and because the ordinance was indeed subject to referendum.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring. The staff commentary to S.Ct.Prac.R. X(9) explains why it is unnecessary for this court to grant an alternative writ and issue a briefing schedule before invoking S.Ct.Prac.R. X(ll) to dismiss an expedited election matter for want of prosecution:
“Section 9. In an expedited election case under the former rules, the Court was required to make a determination promptly under S.Ct.Prac.R. X, Section 5. This virtually always resulted in the grant of an alternative writ and an expedited schedule for the presentation of evidence and briefs. Since the Court usually grants alternative writs in expedited election cases, the amendment returns to the practice in the pre-1994 rules and incorporates into the rule itself an expedited schedule for the presentation of evidence and briefs.” (Emphasis added.)
Accordingly, for expedited election matters, the schedule contemplated in S.CtPrac.R. X(ll) is the briefing schedule built into S.CtPrac.R. X(9). Moreover, S.Ct.Prac.R. X(9) acts as a substitute for this court’s determination under S.Ct.Prac.R. X(5), in effect automatically granting an alternative writ.
By acknowledging the proper interrelation between S.Ct.Prac.R. X(9) and S.Ct.Prac.R. X(ll), it becomes clear that S.Ct.Prac.R. X(ll) itself provides notice of dismissal for a relator’s failure to timely file evidence and a merit brief. Therefore, denial of the writs is proper.