274 Mo. 490 | Mo. | 1918
Lead Opinion
This is an original proceeding by prohibition, whereby it is sought to prohibit respondent, as judge of the circuit court of Audrain County, from taking further action in a certain cause wherein the St. Louis Carbonating & Manufacturing Company is plaintiff, and relator herein is defendant.
The facts necessary to an understanding of the points involved are few and simple, and run substantially thus: The said St. Louis Carbonating & Manufacturing Company (hereinafter, for brevity, called “Carbonating Company”) is a Missouri corporation, having its principal office and place of business in the city of St. Louis. At and prior to the 22nd day of May, 1917, the Carbonating Company held a policy of fire insurance in the relator company, for the sum of $1000, which policy insured for one year certain property of the Carbonating Company, located in the city of St. Louis. This property so covered by the insurance policy aforesaid, was on the date stated above damaged by fire. Thereafter, and upon relator’s refusal to pay the sum set out in said policy of insurance, plaintiff brought suit thereon in the circuit court of Audrain County, Missouri. Summons in said action was issued out of the Audrain County Circuit Court, sent to the sheriff of Cole County, and by said sheriff served upon W. K. Chorn, Superintendent of the Insurance Department of the State of Missouri.
Thereafter, and on the 3rd day of September, 1917, relator, who was the defendant in the insurance action, filed in the circuit court of Audrain County what it denominates a special . entry of appearance for the purpose of excepting to the jurisdiction of that court, and a motion to quash service and dismiss the cause for want of such jurisdiction.
Pertinent parts of relator’s said motion, which more adequately and correctly than any mere excerpt therefrom would do, state relator’s position and the
“That the bringing and maintenance of this suit in this honorable court is an abuse of the jurisdiction of this court, designed by plaintiff to employ a judicial agency in the State of Missouri to compel defendant to submit to disadvantages and inconveniences in the trial of its just defenses to plaintiff’s alleged cause of action.
“That by Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States it is provided: 'No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.’
“That Section 30, Article 2 of the Constitution of Missouri, provides: 'That no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law.’
“That Section 10, Article 2, of the Constitution of Missouri, provides: 'The courts of justice must be open to every person, and certain remedy afforded for every injury to person, property or character, and that right and justice, should be administered without sale, denial or delay.’-
“That Section 53, Article 4, of the Constitution of Missouri, provides that: 'The General Assembly shall not pass any local or special law . . . '(4)Changing the venue in civil or criminal cases.’
“That the bringing and maintenance of this suit in this honorable court by the plaintiff is in pursuance of the exercise by said plaintiff of an asserted right to institute its alleged cause of action in any county in this State without restriction and according to the choice and judgment of plaintiff as to which county in said State would best suit said plaintiff’s purposes and interests and for the purpose of compelling defendant to make its defenses away from the scene of the facts and the evidence and in a community where the*499 jurors are drawn generally and usually from the class engaged in agricultural pursuits and unfamiliar with, the usual and ordinary conditions surrounding, the issue and performance of contracts or policies of fire insurance in said city of St. Louis; that, therefore, there has been no proper or lawful service of summons in this cause upon this defendant, and that said attempted service is null and void for the reasons herein set forth:
“That under and by virtue of the laws of this State (Revised Statutes 1909, section 7042), defendant delivered, prior to the institution of this suit, to the Superintendent of Insurance of the State of Missouri, a power of attorney authorizing said officer to receive the service of summons in suits instituted against it in the courts of this State in compliance with the laws of Missouri, as averred in said petition. Defendant further states that said issue and delivery of summons herein to said officer was unauthorized by said statute and said power of attorney for the reason that said suit was not instituted in said city of St. Louis, State of Missouri, wherein plaintiff’s alleged cause of action accrued, and wherein the same should he prosecuted.”
This motion of relator to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, and to quash service for the same reason, was overruled, and the circuit court of Audrain County was'proceeding, as relator avers, with the hearing of said cause; whereupon relator applied to this court and we issued our preliminary rule in prohibition. To this preliminary rule, respondent duly made return, which return admits all material facts to he as pleaded in relator’s petition. Thereupon relator moved for judgment upon the pleadings, which leaves the cause to be determined upon the law as applied to the facts stated in relator’s petition. The unconstitutionality of Section 7042, Revised Statutes 1909, is also urged by relator, in addition to matters set out in the excerpt which we quote from its motion and which are bottomed on averred lack of- jurisdiction. The facts making
Counsel for relator insist that the precise question involved in this action is one of first impression in this State. There have been, they concede, suits brought by non-residents against foreign insurance companies (Cf. Gold Issue M. & M. Co. v. Pennsylvania Fire Ins. Co., 267 Mo. 524), wherein the contention was made that no court of this State had jurisdiction; cases wherein a non-resident sued in a personally selected, or hand-picked forum a licensed and localized foreign business corporation (State ex rel. v. Jones, 270 Mo. 230, 192 S. W. 980); likewise a case wherein an action was brought before a justice of the peace of' one county by a resident of another county against a licensed foreign insurance company (Meyer v. Insurance Co., 184 Mo. 481); but no case such as this, wherein it is admitted that jurisdiction lies at the domicile of plaintiff where the cause of action accrued, but denied that it lies in each of the 114 counties of this State at plaintiff’s arbitrary selection.
Relator’s contentions are two: (a) The Act of 1885 (Laws 1885, pp. 183-184), now Section 7042., Revised Statutes 1909, is unconstitutional and void, because the title thereof recites that it is proposed to amend the then existing law, to-wit, Section 6013, Revised Statutes 1879; whereas, what was actually done <by said act in the body thereof was to repeal the whole of said Section 6013, and enact a .new section, (now Section 7042, supra) in lieu thereof; and (b) that the circuit court of Audrain County got no jurisdiction to hear and determine this case, because the plaintiff in the action to which the instant suit is ancillary is a resident of the city of St. Louis, the cause of action accrued in said city, and defendant is a foreign but licensed insurance company, which has duly executed and filed a power of attorney authorizing the State Superintendent of Insurance to receive and ac
I. We may pass over the contention made that Section 7042 is unconstitutional on account of alleged defects existing in the title of the act when it was originally passed in 1885'; because, even if this point be well taken, it can in no way affect or aid re^a^or- For relator has already filed a power of attorney with the State Superintendent of Insurance, making this officer its attorney in fact for the purpose of receiving or accepting service of all process in actions brought against it in this State. If therefore the Act of 1885 is wholly void, as the alleged infirmity, if existent, would render it, it did not affect or repeal Section 6013, Revised Statutes 1879, which provided that a foreign insurance company, as a condition precedent to being authorized to transact business in this State, must execute and file a power of attorney designating and authorizing some person as its attorney in fact to accept ,and receive service of process, and therefore said Section 6013 is yet in force. [36 Cyc. 1056.] No reason appears why, absent the provision in said Section'7042,,which specifically designates the State Superintendent of Insurance as the person who shall be named as such attorney in fact, such superintendent could not have been named as such attorney in fact under the provisions of said .Section 6013. Since relator saw fit voluntarily to designate as its attorney in fact, the very person who is pointed out by the Act of 1885 as being the only person to be so designated, and since under Section 6013, Revised Statutes 1879, which is in force if Section 7042, Revised Statutes 1909, is void, the State Superintendent could have been so designated, it can make no very material difference to relator whether such designation of its attorney in fact was made pursuant to the Act of 1885, or pursuant to the provisions of said Section 6013. Manifestly in such situation the contention of relator as to the unconstitutionality of the Act of 1885', is untenable.
II. The pertinent language of section 6013, Revised Statutes 1879, is verbatim with that of the Act of 1885, now Section 7042, Revised Statutes 1909. Both sections provide that “in all proceedings that may be instituted against such company, in any court 0f this State or in any court of the United States in this State,” service of process therein may be had upon the attorney in fact, which the company shall designate by its filed power of attorney. Under the existing statute the Superintendent of Insurance must be the person so designated, while under the former statute any person could be named as such attorney in fact. So far as it is apposite to this discussion it will make no difference whether we look to the old statute or to the new statute. We will disregard the constitutional question, for the reasons stated, and look to Section 7042, Revised Statutes 1909.
We think it is obvious beyond cavil that Section 7042, supra, is a service statute, and not, wh'at we may denominate for convenience, a venue statute. This section nowhere provides, nor attempts to provide where any action shall be instituted. Actions having been brought in any county of the State wherein caeteris paribus, the proper venue attaches, service of process therein may, under Section 7042, be had upon the State Superintendent of Insurance. This view we think follows the very plain language of the section. Cogent and compelling toward the correctness of this view also is the fact that, when the provision requiring
The point here vexing us is in its final analysis a question wholly of venue, otherwise we could close the discussion and refuse to issue our absolute Nrit in prohibition out of hand. For if the circuit court has jurisdiction to hear and determine the case out of which’ the instant prohibition case grew, if th'e service is good, then the proceeding to hear it upon a bad service is but a mere error capable of correction upon appeal, and ordinarily prohibition will not lie. But if upon no sort of service the Audrain Circuit Court could acquire jurisdiction to hear and determine the case, prohibition will lie. So whether such absolute lack of jurisdiction shall arise from the fact that service of process issuing out of the circuit court of Audrain County, when served upon the State Superintendent of Insurance, conferred no jurisdiction, or whether such lack of jurisdiction arose from lack of statutory venue in that county, makes no particular difference. It is at best a bare question of venue. If the venue under the facts is in the circuit court of Audrain County, then the writ of prohibition should be quashed; if it is not in said court, then the writ should be made absolute.
Venue is fixed by either Section 1754, or by Section 1751, Eevised Statutes 1909, or by both of these sections construed in pari materia. If plaintiff in the suit against relator, wherein further proceedings are sought by the instant case to be prohibited, may, being a resident of the city of St. Louis, where its cause of action accrued, pick and choose at its own arbitrary will any
Section 1751 first came into our statutes substantially in its present form in 1835. [R. S. 1835, p. 451, sec. 4.] It then (and we shall seek to show it always' has) specifically applied to venue in actions by 'and against persons only. It then contained only the first and fourth subdivisions of the present statute, substantially, however, in their present forms. Before 1835, the provisions of our statutes governing venue were meager, but they fixed venue at the county in which the defendant resided, unless the latter were found in plaintiff’s county, in which event the action could be brought therein. [See. 3, p. 622, Laws 1825.] Corporations were then, semble, sued in all respects as were persons. [Laws of Missouri, 1825, p. 223, secs. 1 and 2; R. S. 1835, secs. 1 and 2, p. 125.]
No • material changes were made in 1845 in the statute fixing the venue for actions between persons (R. S. 1845, p. 805', sec. 5), but it is worthy of note and we think decisive of this point that in the Revision of 1845 (Sec. 4, p. 238, R. S. 1845), it was provided that “suits against corporations shall be commenced in the proper court of the county wherein the general meetings of the members, or the officers of such corporation, have usually been h'olden, dr by law ought to have been holden.” In other words, venue was to be laid in the county of the chief office of such corporation. It is also worthy of note that the statute fixing venue in civil actions in cases between persons was found among those provisions dealing with practice at law in civil oases, while the like statute fixing the place for bringing suit against a corporation was found in the
In 1855, there appeared for the first time in a revision, Subdivisions two and three, now found in Section 1751 of the present statute (R. S. 1885, p. 1220, sec. 1.); so that onr venue statutes governing actions between persons then assumed so far as is here apposite, the very form in which Section 1751, Eevised Statutes 1909, now appears. Section 1754, in its present form precisely (barring the subsequent amendment of 1903, specifically applicable to railroads), came into our statute books in 1855. [R. S. 1855, p. 377, sec. 4.] Again it is worthy of note that said Section 1751, of our present law, appeared under the head of Practice in Civil Cases, while said Section 1754 appeared under articles referring wholly to corporations. While no change in apposite substance has ever been made in the two sections of the statute under discussion, their said separate places in our statutes under the headings respectively of ‘ ‘ Practice in Civil Cases ” and1 ‘ Corporations” were retained until the revision of 1909 (Cf. G. S. 1865, sec. 1, p. 653, and sec. 26, p. 330; R. S. 1879, sec. 750, and sec. 3481; R. S. 1889, sec. 2529, and sec. 2009; R. S. 1899, sec. 907, and sec. 562), when for the first time, as a mere matter of convenience in arrangement and codification, these two sections were taken from their former places in our statutes and placed in juxtaposition under the chapter governing civil procedure.
111. So, from the history of these two sections, it is manifest that Section 1751 refers solely to venue in suits between persons, while Section 1754 refers solely to the place of bringing suits against. corporations. We may further narrow the limits of the inquiry by saying that said Section 1754 applied of necessity only to domestic corporations. No changes have ever been made in this section
Since, as we think has been made clear by what is said above, Section 1754 fixes the venue for suits against foreign insurance companies, is- such action to be brought where the action accrued as provided by the first clause of said Section 1754, or may such action at the election of the plaintiff therein, be brought, either in such county, “or in any county where such corporation shall have or usually keep an office or agent for the transaction of their usual and customary business?”
We are constrained to hold that such corporations are suable either in the county wherein the cause of action accrued, or in any county where such foreign corporation has an agent for the transaction of its usual and customary business. Tins' is what the statute says, and we are unable to find any authority to sustain any other view which would not offend the Constitution. For, while it is true that this court has repeatedly ruled that when a foreign insurance company
There have been much obiter dicta and loose writing upon the effect of said Section‘7042, upon the place of bringing suits against foreign insurance companies which are licensed to do business in this State. We think that nothing can be plainer, than that said section has not in any, or in the least degree affected the venue in such' actions. Yenue is still to be determined by Section 1754 alone; service of process alone is to
Unfortunately, the character of the business done by insurance companies, and the manner in which perforce such business is done accentuates and increases the apparent hardship of such a rule. Ordinary business companies as -a rule either transact business in but one county or have but one agent to transact their usual and ordinary business. The application therefore of the identical rule to' the ordinary foreign business corpo-, -ration works no apparent hardship. It is only when the rule is applied to a company, which by reason of the nature of its business, must maintain agencies in many counties for the transaction of its usual and
It is, we think, obvious from what is said above that Section 7042, supra, is not invalid for that it transgresses the “due process of law” clause of the Federal Constitution. This conclusion follows inevitably the reasoning which' we are above constrained to apply to the condition presented. In other words, a foreign, but locally licensed, insurance company is suable only where any other corporation is suable and that is all the Federal Constitution requires, on the phase involved.
As forecast, neither the case of Baile v. Insurance Co., 68 Mo. 617; Stone v. Insurance Co., 78 Mo. 655: Meyer v. Insurance Co., 184 Mo. 481; State ex rel. v. Grimm, 239 Mo. 135, nor Gold Issue M. & M. Co. v. Insurance Co., 267 Mo. 524, is precisely in point. All of these eases may be distinguished. The Stone case, supra, because, the plaintiff resided in Johnson County, the cause of action accrued in Johnson County, and the suit was brought in Johnson County. So what is said therein to the effect that suit can in such ease be brought in any one of the 114 counties of the State, wherein a comfortable and convenient jury may be found at the selection and election of plaintiff, is pure obiter dictum.
The case of Baile v. Insurance Co., supra, merely holds that Section 7042 is the sole service statute for the service of foreign insurance companies, and that other statutes providing for service upon persons other than th'e agent designated by the company’s filed power of attorney are inapplicable.
In both the Grimm case, supra, and the Gold Issue Mining Company case, both the plaintiff and the defendant were non-residents. The Meyer case, supra, which followed the bald dicta in the Stone case, seems upon
There is no showing in the instant case whether the relator has, or has not, an agent in Audrain County for the transaction of its usual and customary business. If it has such agent, the circuit court of that county has jurisdiction to hear and determine the case in dispute and to which the instant proceeding is ancillary. For jurisdiction in such event would then depend npon a question of fact, which fact is for the determination of the learned respondent. [State ex rel. v. Shields, 237 Mo. 329; State ex rel. v. Mills, 231 Mo. 493.] In such case prohibition will not lie. It follows that our writ herein was improvidently issued and ought to be quashed. Let this be done.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring) — I concur in the result and most of the opinion in this case. I agree that Section 7042 is a service statute and not a venue statute. I feel compelled to agree that (under existing statutes) a foreign insurance company cannot only be sued in the county wherein the cause of action arose, but may likewise be sued in any county wherein it has
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting) — According to my views the writer of the majority opinion has fallen in error by assuming that Section 7042, Revised Statutes 1909, is only “a service statute,” and not what we may denominate, a “venue statute.”
In passing, I wish to state that apparently my learned associate who wrote the majority opinion in this case has overlooked the fact that he concurred in the result of the opinion in the case of the Cold Issue Mining & Milling Co. v. Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Co,, 267 Mo. 524, which was affirmed, on of error, by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Co. v. Gold Issue Mining & Milling Co., 243 U. S. 93, where it was expressly held that said Section 7042 was both a venue and service statute. That suit was brought under that statute and not under Sections 1751 and 1754, Revised Statutes 1909, of the general practice act, necessarily holding that said statute not only provided for service of process, but also prescribed where the suit should be instituted, which was in any county , in the State, as will later be especially noted.
Moreover, ever since the enactment of this statute in its present form, which was in 1885 (Laws 1885, p.
II. After th'e majority opinion states that Section 7042 is a service and not a venue statute, it then adds: “This section nowhere provides, nor attempts 1° provide, where any action shall be instituted.”
In my opinion my learned brother is clearly in error in that statement. Let me copy a portion of that statute:
“Any insurance company not incorporated by or organized under the laws of this State, desiring to transact any business by any agent or agents in this State, shall first file with the Superintendent of the Insurance Department a written instrument or power of attorney, duly signed and sealed, appointing and authorizing said superintendent to acknowledge or receive service of process issued from any court of record, justice of the peace, or other inferict* court, and upon whom such process may be served for and in behalf of such company, in all proceedings that may be instituted against such company, in any court of. this State or in any court of the United States in this State, and consenting that service of process upon said superintendent shall be taken and held to be- as valid as if served upon the company, according to the laws of this or any other State. Service of process as aforesaid, issued by any such court, as aforesaid, upon*513 the superintendent, shall he valid and binding, and he deemed personal service npon snch company.”
By this reading it is seen that the Superintendent of Insurance is authorized to accept^ service of process for all foreign insurance companies doing business in this State issued from any court of record, etc., in all proceedings that may he instituted against such company in any court of this State. This language cleanly embraces all the courts mentioned in that statute in all the counties of the State, and is not qualified or limited by any such words as are generally used when the Legislature intends that one section of the statute is to be qualified or limited by another. Had it been the intention of the Legislature to qualify or limit thq counties in which suits against foreign insurance companies might be brought to those mentioned in Sections 1751 and 1754, it clearly would have used some appropriate language indicating that intention, as was done by Section 1751, Revised Statutes 1909.
According to the ruling in the case of State ex rel. v. Jones, 270 Mo. 230, 192 S. W. 980, Sections 1751 and 1754 do not apply to the case at bar for the reason therein stated.- Those sections only apply to the venue of actions against non-residents in general, etc., and in express terms they exclude their application to all cases where the law otherwise provides for service; and as previously shown, Section 7042 does “otherwise provide” where suits of this character shall be brought, namely, in any county in this State; but. as previously stated, the converse of the proposition is not true.
III. But should we, for the sake of argument, takei Judge Fabis’s view of Section 7042, and hold it is only a service statute, and hold that Sections 1751 and 1754, Revised Statutes 1909, regarding the general venue of cases, are controlling, still if we give effect to other well settled rules of law which are in full force in this and many of the other states, we must still hold that this particular suit was properly brought in the circuit court of Audrain County. I say
In the case of New England Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Woodworth, 111 U. S. 138, l. c. 145, the Supreme Court of the United States expressly held that a foreign insurance company licensed to do business in the State of Illinois under a statute similar to ours “must he regarded as having a domicile there.” And in discussing this same question this court in the Gold Issue case before mentioned, on page 575, used this language: “And ‘within contemplation of the statute relating to service of summons upon foreign insurance companies, such companies are regarded as residing in each county of the State.’ [State ex rel. v. Grimm, 239 Mo. l. c. 166; Meyer v. Ins. Co., 184 Mo. l. c. 486.] And ‘it must be conceded that the only mode by which a foreign insurance company can be served with process in this State is by the method provided for in said Section 7042.’ [State ex rel. v. Grimm, 239 Mo. l. c. 160; Baile v. Equitable Fire Ins. Co., 68 Mo. 617; Middough v. Railroad, 51 Mo. 520.]”
That being trae, then the relator was a resident of Audrain County at the time the suit on the policy mentioned in this case was instituted against it, and therefore, the suit was properly brought according to the language of the first subdivision of Section 1751, Revised Statutes 1909, in' Audrain County, which provides that “when the defendant is a resident of the State, either in th'e county within which the defendant resides, or,” etc.
But the fallacy of saying Sections 1751 and 1754 govern in this class of cases is shown’by the fact that a cause of action might accrue against a foreign insurance company doing business in this State in a county wherein the insured does not reside, and in which the company has no agent; in such a case, the insured would have to leave his own home and sue where the
In discussing this question the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of New England Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Woodworth, 111 U. S. 138, l. c. 144, said:
“In the growth of this country, and the expansions .and ramifications of business, and the free commercial intercourse between the - States of the Union, it has come to pass that large numbers of life and fire insurance companies and other corporations established with the accumulated capital and wealth of the richer parts of the country, seek business and contracts in distant States which open a large and profitable field: The inconveniences and hardships resulting from the necessity on the part of creditors, of going to distant places to bring suits on policies and contracts, and from the additional requirement, in case of death, of taking out letters testamentary or of administration at the original domicile of the corporation debtor, in order to sue, has lead to the enactment in many States of statutes which enable resident creditors to bring suits there against corporations created by the laws of other States.”
Then follows what I. have heretofore quoted therefrom regarding what the court, said regarding the Ulinois statute making all such' companies residents of that State.
Strictly speaking, that statute alone cannot make such a foreign corporation a resident of this State, but when the terms thereof are accepted by such a corporation, the two combined, or the transaction of business in this State by such a company in violation of our statutes (see eases previously cited), constitutes it a
This has been the unquestioned law of this State for more than a third of a century, and I now see no good reason for this court, at this late date, to change or modify it.
IV. I am also of the opinion that the majority opinion is in direct conflict with, the principles of law announced in the following cases: Gold Issue Mining & Milling Co. v. Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Co., 267 Mo. 524; Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Co. v. Gold Issue Mining & Milling Co., 243 U. S. 93; Baile v. Insurance Co., 68 Mo. 617; Stone v. Insurance Co., 78 Mo. 655; Meyer v. Insurance Co., 184 Mo. 481; State ex rel. v. Grimm, 239 Mo. 135.
The majority opinion in this case holds that .a resident of this State cannot sue a foreign insurance company doing business in this State in any- county thereof without, -first, the cause of action accrued against the company in that county; or, second, without such company h'as an agent of its own located therein, as distinguished from the Superintendent of Insurance, who
In the light of this law I am at a loss to know why any significance whatever should be attached to the fact that the company has or may have an agent in any such county, because, as previously stated, under the statutes and the majority opinion, such an agent has nothing more to do with the ease or the service of the process than would a totem pole erected in the center of each county of the State.
All the cases just cited are insurance cases and hold that the suit may be brought in any county in the State. And the" mere fact that the plaintiffs in some of them were non-residents of the State does not distinguish them in principle from those where the plaintiffs were residents. For instance, in the case of Gold Issue Mining & Milling Co. v. Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Co., supra, and Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Co. v. Gold Issue Mining & Milling Co., supra, the plaintiff was a non-resident, while in the case of Stone v. Insurance Co., 78 Mo. 655, which was cited with approval by the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of New York, L. E. & W. Railroad Company v. Estill, 147 U. S. 591, the plaintiff was a resident of this State; and in each of those cases this court and
The case of Railroad v. Estill, supra, was not against an insurance company, but against a railroad company, yet notwithstanding that fact the court in that case held that under Sections 3483 and 3481, the same as Sections 1751 and 1754, Revised Statutes 1909, the plaintiff might sue the defendant in Saline County and have service of process in any county of the State where the defendant had an agént.
While in my opinion that case correctly construed the statutes mentioned, yet for the reason stated by this court in the cases of State ex rel. St. Joseph Lead Company v. Jones, supra, the case of Stone v. Insurance Co., supra, was not an authority in support of the ruling announced by the learned court in that case, for the reason that the Stone suit was against a foreign insurance company and service was had under Section 6013, Revised Statutes 1879, which in so far as is here material was practically the same as Section 7042, Revised Statutes 1909, which, in substance, provides that suit may be brought in any county in the State, and service had upon the company’s agent appointed for that purpose. The former opinion was construing the general practice act of the State, while the latter was construing the statute specially applicable to service of process in suits against foreign insurance companies. But independent 'of that, the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of New York, L. E. & W. Railroad ' Company v. Estill, supra, clearly held that such legislation was valid, and gave effect to the construction it understood this court had placed upon it.
Section 6013, Revised Statutes 1879, as previously stated, was amended in 1885, so as to read as we now have it in Section 7042, Revised Statutes 1909, which undertook to make it plain that foreign insurance companies doing business in this State might be sued in any county in the State, and service had upon the
It was upon this principle that the Gold Issue Mining cases were decided.
To hold otherwise,. that is that a non-resident of this State may sue a foreign insurance company doing business in this State in any county hereof and that ,a resident cannot sue such a company in any such county, would clearly violate Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, which provides that: “No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, or deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of' the laws.” -Also Section 2 of Article 4 of the Constitution of the United States, -which provides that: “The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.” Likewise such a ruling would violate section 30 of Article 2 and Section 53, Subdivision 26, of Article 4 of the Constitution of Missouri. The first provides: “That no person . shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law,” and the latter prohibits the Legislature from granting “to any corporation, association or individual any special or exclusive right or privilege or immunity.”
Judge Sherwood, in the case of In re Flukes, 157 Mo. 125, in discussing the constitutionality of Section 2356, Revised Statutes 1899, which under a heavy penalty prohibited any creditor residing in this State from sending or transferring any note, account, chose in action, etc., due Mm by a resident wage-earner of this State, to a person in another State for the purpose of being sued thereon by attachment, and garnisheeing the wages of such wage-earner, in the courts of the State, when such wages were exempt from execution under the laws of
“As is said by an eminent Judge: ‘The rights thus guaranteed are something more» than the mere privileges of locomotion; the guarantee is the negation of arbitrary power in every form which results in a deprivation of a right.’ [2 Story on Const. (5 Ed.), sec. 1950.:] ‘These terms, “life,” “liberty,” and “property,” are representative terms and cover every right to which a member of the body politic is entitled under the law. Within their comprehensive scope are embraced the right of self-defense, freedom of speech, religious and political freedom, exemption from arbitrary arrests, the right to buy and sell as others may, —all our liberties — personal, civil, and political; in short, all that makes life worth living, and if none of these liberties can any one be deprived, except by due process of law.’ [State v. Julow, 129 Mo. 163.]
“Now, as elsewhere stated, each of the rights heretofore mentioned, carries with it as its natural and necessary coincident, all that effectuates and renders complete and full, unrestrained enjoyment of that right. And it has been determined by this court and numerous .other courts that no one can be deprived of a vested right of action, without infringing on that provision of our Constitution and that of the United States respecting the deprivation of life, liberty and property without due process of law. [Leete v. State Bank of St. Louis, 115 Mo. 184; s. c., 141 Mo. 584.]
“And this court has also determined that it does not lie in the power of the Legislature to make that act a crime which consists in the bare exercise of a simple constitutional right. [State v. Julow, supra.] The right to bring a suit to enforce a contract is part and parcel of that contract, and one of the essential attributes of property of which the owner cannot be deprived if the organic law of both State and Nation be obeyed. [People ex rel. v. Otis, 90 N. Y. 48.]
*521 “The act under discussion also deprives any creditor as therein mentioned of the equal protection of the laws and abridges the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States, and denies to such creditors those rights, which Section 2 of Article 4 of the Constitution of the United States grants to them by declaring that ‘the citizens of each State shall he entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states.’ A citizen of New .York or of California could bring just such a suit as the petitioner has brought, and be held wholly blameless.
“The act is also obnoxious to the charge that it grants special and exclusive privileges to certain persons or association of persons, and denies the same to others in the same or similar situations. Judge Cooley says: ‘A statute would not be constitutional . . . which should select particular individuals from a class or locality, and subject them to peculiar rules, or impose upon them special obligations or burdens from which others in the same locality or class are exempt . . . Every one has a right to demand that he be governed by general rules, and a special statute which, without his consent, singles his case out as one to be regulated by a different law from that which is applied in all similar cases, would not be legitimate legislation, but would be such an arbitrary mandate as is not within the province of free governments.’ [Cooley, Const. Lim. (6 Ed.), 481-483.]”
Since the delivery of that opinion the Supreme Court of the United States and this court have repeatedly affirmed the principles of law expressed by Judge Sheuwood in the following cases: International Textbook Co. v. Pigg, 217 U. S. 91, l. c. 111; Chambers v. Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Co., 207 U. S, 142, l. c, 148 ; International Textbook Co. v. Gillespie, 229 Mo. 397; United Shoe Machine Co. v. Ramlose, 231 Mo. 508; Roeder v. Robertson, 202 Mo. 522; British-American Portland Cement Co. v. Citizens’ Gas Co., 255 Mo. l. c. 29; Gold Issue Mining & Milling Co. v. Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Co., 267 Mo. 524, l. c. 591 to 593.
I am therefore of the opinion that the majority opinion in this case does not correctly construe section 7042, Revised Statutes 1909, if the -Gold Issue Mflning cases and those announcing a similar rule were properly decided.
I, therefore, dissent from the majority opinion, and believe that the preliminary writ should be quashed.