218 P. 652 | Mont. | 1923
delivered the opinion of the court.
On May 2, 1922, the Madison State- Bank, a banking corporation organized under the laws of this state, became insolvent, and the state superintendent of banks took charge of its affairs. Later an action was commenced by the state, on the relation of the attorney general, against the bank, and such proceedings were had therein that on June 19 a receiver was duly appointed, who qualified and entered upon the discharge of his duties. Prior to the time the bank suspended it had been designated a depositary for state funds in the hands of the state treasurer, and had given a bond, with the Fidelity & Deposit Company of Maryland as securitjq which bond had been duly approved. At the. time of suspension the state treasurer had on deposit in the bank public funds of the state to the amount of $2,450, upon which interest to the amount of $12.75
In Aetna Accident & Liability Co. v. Miller, 54 Mont. 377, L. R. A. 1918C, 954, 170 Pac. 760, a state of facts identical in all essentials with the facts of this case was presented, and it was there held: (1) That by virtue of the common law, and in the absence of constitutional or statutory provisions upon the subject, this state in its sovereign capacity is entitled to preference over unsecured general creditors of an insolvent bank in which its funds are deposited, so long as the debtor bank retains title to the property out of which payment is to be made;. (2) that a receiver appointed to take charge of the affairs of an insolvent bank does not acquire title to the property of the bank; (3) that while a state may waive its preference right of payment, this state has not done so; and (4) that, if the deposit of state funds is secured, the security, upon making payment, is subrogated to the same preference right which the state might have asserted. To break the force of that decision it is now contended that it conflicts with the decision in Yellowstone County v. First Trust & Savings Bank, 46 Mont. 439, 128 Pac. 596, and that it is opposed to the current of modern authority in this country. In the opinion in the Miller Case reference was not made to the decision in the earlier case, and the reason for the omission was apparent to the members of this court, though it may not be to others. The Yellowstone Co^lnty Case was submitted and determined upon an agreed statement of facts from which it appeared that the
As indicated above, in the Yellowstone County Case the question of the county’s right to preference in the payment of the entire amount of its deposit, based upon the common-law rule, was not even suggested, and was not considered or determined. In the Miller Case the right of the state in virtue of its sovereignty to assert a preference in the payment of its claims was the primary question submitted and decided. From the standpoint of authority there is not any conflict between the two decisions.
The opinion in the Miller Case makes an exhaustive review of the authorities, and discloses that, of the many jurisdictions in which the question of the state’s preference right had been before the courts, in only three states — New Jersey, South Carolina and Mississippi — was the existence of the rule announced by this court denied. Since that decision was rendered, the question has been before the court of last resort of each of the following states: Arizona, Minnesota, Oregon, Utah, Washington and West Virginia. (In re Central Bank of Wilcox, 23 Ariz. 574, 205 Pac. 915; Americcm Surety Co. v. Pearson, 146
In Oregon and West Virginia the right of the state to preference founded upon the common-law rule is asserted, and substantially the same rule was applied in Minnesota under a statute.
The Arizona court assumed, without deciding the question, that the common-law rule would prevail, in the absence of statute waiving the preference right, but held that the state’s depository law operated as a waiver.
In Washington, the existence of the common-law rule was not denied, but the court held that, if the rule was in effect, its provisions could not be invoked in the particular case because the state bank examiner had taken possession of the insolvent depositary before the preference right was asserted, and the statute authorizing such possession operated to pass to the examiner the title to the depositary’s property out of which payment would have to be made.
The Utah court likewise does not deny that the common-law rule would be in full force and effect, if the state had not waived its preference right. It holds, however, that the facts of the instant case do not admit of its application, and holds further, apparently, that by virtue of certain statutes the state had waived its preference right.
It will thus be observed that only three states — New Jersey, South Carolina and Mississippi — now deny the existence of the rule announced by this court, and that our decision in the Miller Case is supported by the overwhelming weight of authority.
It is urged upon us, however, that certain statutes which were not called to the attention ef the court in the Miller Case should be held to operate as a waiver of the state’s claim to a preference right, and that this court should adopt the
By an Act approved March 7,1907 (sec. 183, Rev. Codes 1907), section 443 above was amended. The amended Act required the state treasurer to designate as depositaries of state funds in his possession as many banks in this state as in his judgment were necessary; to take adequate security from each depositary before depositing funds with it, and to collect interest for the state upon such deposits at the rate of two and one-half per cent per annum, computed upon the daily balances. In 1908, section 14, Article XII, of our state Constitution was amended, and by the amended section the governor, state auditor and state treasurer are constituted a state depository board, with certain enumerated powers. The Act approved March 9, 1909, now section 182, Revised Codes of 1921, was enacted to carry out the purpose of the constitutional amendment. It provides that the depository board shall designate the banks which are to be depositaries and fix the rate of interest to be paid to the state, provided the rate fixed shall not be less than two and one-half per cent. It provides, further,, that each depositary shall furnish security for the deposit, to be ap
This history discloses that since 1895 it has been the public policy of this state to require security, in addition to that furnished by the state treasurer’s official bond, for all state funds under the control of the state treasurer when deposited in banking institutions in this state, and, since March 7, 1907, to require every depositary to pay interest to the state upon the funds so deposited with it. The only material changes affected by the constitutional amendment of 1908 and the Act of 1909 were: (1) To give the state depository board the authority to designate the depositaries and to approve the security furnished by each; and (2) to set at rest the question of the state treasurer’s liability for loss, if, indeed, that question had not been determined finally in the Woods Case above.
Section 6071, Revised Codes of 1921, requires that every ■bank organized under the laws of this state shall report to the superintendent of banks at least five times each year, and the contents of the report are indicated somewhat in detail. Section 6073 provides that the superintendent of banks may require additional reports whenever in his judgment such special reports are necessary to inform him fully of the actual condition of such banks. Section 6099 applies substantially the same rules to private banks doing business in this state. Section 6083 confers upon the superintendent of banks visitorial powers, with authority to examine the books and affairs of state and private banks.
With this legislative history before us, the question is presented: Has the state waived its preference right? The supreme court of Utah recognizes the general rule that: “The rights of the sovereign state are not deemed lost or waived unless the waiver is in express terms.” Certainly it cannot be said that in any of the statutes enumerated above there is any express waiver of the state’s preference right. But we may
There is a further persuasive reason for this conclusion. Af ter the Miller Case was decided, and before the Madison State Bank suspended, there were two regular sessions and one extra session of our legislative assembly; and it is fair to assume that, if this court misinterpreted the public policy of the state in the Miller Case, some effort would have been made to correct the error and to express in no uncertain terms the intention to waive the state’s preference right; but no such effort ivas made, and we may indulge the presumption that the rule announced in that case expresses the policy of this state with respect to its right to elaim a preference. And, after all, the common-law rule has its foundation in motives of public policy, in order that the state’s funds may not he lost but may be available to meet the expenses of government and discharge the state’s obligations.
The decision in the Washington ease above is pressed upon our attention but, as observed already, that decision turned upon the question of the effect of the Washington statute. It was held that it operated to vest in the state bank examiner the
The Miller Case is decisive of this case. The order of the district court is reversed and the cause is remanded, with direction to that court to enter an order in conformity with the views herein expressed.