Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This сase implicates the rules governing juvenile confessions set forth in State v. Presha, 163 N.J. 304,
I.
We derive our summary of facts from proofs presented at the suppression hearing conducted by the trial court. On January 17, 2002, a detective from a municipal police department in Gloucester County contacted R.N., the mother of Q.N. The police suspected Q.N., a juvenile who was then age twelve, of sexually assaulting three young girls. The detective informed R.N. of thе nature of the allegations against her son and arranged to interview Q.N. at the police department the next day.
As scheduled, R.N. brought her son to the municipal building at about 2:00 p.m. on January 18, 2002. The detective escorted them to an interview room (Room One) that shared a common wall with another room (Room Two). The common wall contained a one-way, mirrored window that allowed a person located in Room Two to look through the glass and monitor events in Room One without a suspect in that room knowing that
The detective cautioned R.N. to “please pay attention” in the event that she wanted to invoke her son’s constitutional rights. The detective then read a six-sentence warning from a preprinted form as required by Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602,
After administration of Miranda warnings, the detective began to interview Q.N. Although Q.N. would answer certain questions, such as where he lived or whether he knew the young girls involved, he would hesitate or begin to cry whenever the detective broached the precise subject of the alleged sexual assaults. According to the detective, Q.N.’s mother responded to her son’s crying by stating to him in the officer’s presence, “I know you did this. Please answer the officer’s questions.” Despite that admonition, Q.N. continued to look at his mother and cry whenever a question involved sex. The juvenile’s mother again said to him, “I can tell by the
The detective asked Q.N. if he was embarrassed to talk about the subject of the investigation with his mother present. The juvenile answered “yes.” The detective then “asked [Q.N.] if he was willing to discuss this with [him] if his mother wasn’t present. He responded yes.” The officer inquired of R.N. whether she would be willing to let her son speak with him privately and she responded, ‘Tes, I’ll go have a smoke.” At that juncture, according to the officer’s testimony, the duration of the interrogation had been “less than five minutes.”
The detective indicated to R.N. that she could not leave to smoke but rather had to remain in the adjoining room so that she could monitor the interview through the one-way window. He explained to her that she would be able to “hеar the interview and if she had any questions whatsoever or wanted to stop the interview all she had to do was tap on the glass.” The detective positioned R.N. close to the glass and informed her that, to ensure that she could hear, he would speak slightly louder than normal and repeat any of Q.N.’s responses that were soft spoken. Q.N. was not shown Room Two, did not know that his mother would be monitoring the questions about to be continued in Room One, and was not told that his mother would be available to him after she left his immediate area.
Having positioned R.N. behind the one-way window in Room Two, the detective returned to Room One. As soon as he entered, the detective stated to Q.N. that he wanted to talk to him about one of the alleged victims. According to the officer, Q.N. responded, “I did it.” After being asked by the detective to explain, that response, Q.N. admitted that he had touched one of the victims a total of three times. Specifically, Q.N. acknowledged that he digitally had penetrated “her private areas” on two occasions, and that on “a third occasion he had placed his groin area against her groin area over clothingf.]” Q.N. also admitted that he digitally had penetrated two other girls and had kissed all three girls.
In quеstioning whether Q.N. had engaged in improper touching of the alleged victims, the officer used terms that he considered appropriate for Q.N.’s age group. For instance, the detective was asked at the suppression hearing, “what types of terms were you using when you were talking about the sexual assaults?” As alluded to above, the officer responded, “Generally with that age I’ll refer to them as the private areas, areas that would be covered by a swim suit, those types of things.” As to the overall tone of the interrogation, the detective indicated that at no time did he scream or yell at Q.N. or otherwise alter his demeanor after R.N. had left the room.
While in Room Two, R.N. did not knock on the window or try to interrupt the detective’s questioning. The detective informed Q.N. that he was going to bring back his mother. Thereafter, the detective went into Room Two and spoke privately with R.N., finding her in the same position near the window as when he positioned her there. R.N. stated to the detective that she had heard the conversation that had taken place in Room One. The detective then brought R.N. back into that room, intending to “go over the interview again[.]”
The detective took a short break during which he set up and turned on a tape reсorder. Thereafter, the officer repeated Miranda warnings to both R.N. and Q.N., which they again waived, and Q.N. provided a taped statement. Although it is not entirely clear whether R.N. was present with her son in Room One for his taped
On February 5, 2002, the detective signed a complaint against Q.N. alleging acts that, if committed by an adult, would constitute sexual assault in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2b. Q.N. filed a motion beforе the trial court to suppress his confession. The detective testified to the facts described above, and the trial court explicitly found that testimony to be credible. R.N. waived her right and Q.N.’s right to appear at the suppression hearing. Thus, the proofs considered by the trial court consisted of the officer’s testimony, a diagram of the interrogation area (Rooms One and Two), and the signed Miranda card.
Citing Presha, the trial court granted Q.N.’s motion as a matter of law. The court determined that, because Q.N. was under the age of fourteen at the time of the interrogation, his confession could not be admitted unless his mother had been presеnt in Room One during all phases of questioning. In view of the parent’s absence during the interview’s unrecorded portion, the trial court suppressed all statements. After granting the State’s motion for leave to appeal, the Appellate Division affirmed in an unreported decision. We granted the State’s motion for leave to appeal. 177 N.J. 487,
II.
The parties agree, as do we, that the standards governing this dispute are found in Presha, supra, 163 N.J. 304,
the root of the inquiry is whether [the juvenilе’s] will has been overborne by police conduct. In determining whether a suspect’s confession is the product of free will, courts traditionally assess the totality of circumstances surrounding the ... interrogation, including such factors as the suspect’s age, education and intelligence, advice as to constitutional rights, length of detention, whether the questioning was repeated and prolonged in nature and whether physical punishment or mental exhaustion was involved.
[Id. at 313,748 A.2d 1108 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).]
We depart from the totality-of-circumstances approach “when a juvenile is under the age of fourteen.” Id. at 308,
We also have emphasized that “when an adult is unavailable or declines to accompany the juvenile, the police must conduct the interrogation with the utmost fairness and in accordance with the highest standards of due process and fundamental fairness.” Presha, supra, 163 N.J. at 317,
III.
Because Q.N. was under the age of fourteen at the time of the interrogation, we first must determine whether the police violated the bright-line rule concerning the absence of the juvenile’s parent or legal guardian. As noted, Presha, supra, instructs that the parent’s or guardian’s absence will render the young offender’s statement “inadmissible as a matter of law, unless the adult was unwilling to be present or truly unavailable.” 163 N.J. at 315,
The fact that R.N. was absent when her son first incriminated himself does not, however, еnd the analysis. As indicated in Presha’s formulation of these rules, there are exceptions to the bright-line requirement that serve to balance society’s need for effective law enforcement against a juvenile’s right to constitutional protections. One exception, namely, that an adult is “truly unavailable,” clearly does not apply in this case. R.N. was available to be present in the interrogation area and, indeed, was in an adjoining room only a few feet away.
The other exception concerns the unwillingness of the adult to attend the interrogation itself. We appreciate the distinction betweеn a parent who is unwilling to accompany a child to the police station and a parent who is at the stationhouse but willing to be excluded from the interrogation room. The result of either scenario, however, is the same: through his or her voluntary actions, the parent or legal guardian is not present for the juvenile’s confession. Given that practical reality and the balancing of interests inherent in our analysis, we conclude that R.N.’s voluntary absence from the unrecorded interrogation falls within the reasonable contemplation of what we intended as an exception to Presha’s bright-line requirement.
Although we evaluate thе voluntariness of the confession from the juvenile’s perspective, whether a parent or legal guardian is willing to be present for that confession obviously must be considered from the adult’s perspective. Due to the detective’s careful explanations, R.N. knew of her right to be present with her son and knew that, if she left Room One as she eventually did, she could return at any time or could end the interview. When asked whether she wanted to absent herself knowing of those conditions, R.N. said yes, apparently without hesitation. Thus, we are persuaded that the State has demonstrated the parent’s willingness not to be present during the interrogation, consistent with Presha’s strictures.
We acknowledge that the detective did not wait for R.N. herself to suggest that she depart the interview room, something the police in future situations ordinarily should do to remove all doubt about an adult’s willingness to be present for a juvenile interrogation. That said, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that R.N.’s absence was anything but knowing and voluntary. Our conclusion is supported by the fact that R.N. left Room One only after the detective
Having concluded that the State has satisfied an exception to the bright-line rule, the remaining inquiry is whether it has demonstrated “beyond a reasonable doubt that the [juvenile’s] waiver [of the privilege against self-incrimination] was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary in light of all the circumstances.” Id. at 313,
In so doing, we note the following factors supporting the State’s contention that the juvenile’s will was not overborne. The questioning took place in the middle of the afternoon as opposed to an odd hour during the morning or at night. The officer used age-appropriate terms like “private areas” to avoid confusion on the juvenile’s part; in other words, there is no suggestion that Q.N. did not understand the sexual nature of the questions being posed to him. Additionally, one officer, as opposed to several officers, interacted with Q.N., lessening the impact of a police-dominated atmosphere. A related fact is that, other than speaking at a slightly elevated volume to assure that R.N. could hear the questions from her position in Room Two, the officer did not raise his voice or alter his demeanor during any part of the interview.
Moreover, the entire unrecorded portion of the interrogation appears to have been brief. The early questioning conducted while R.N. was present lasted less than five minutes, according to the detective’s uncontroverted testimony. Shortly thereafter, the questioning resumed and Q.N. confessed. Hence, there is no indication that the detective subjected Q.N. to a lengthy interrogation or treated him unfairly as measured under existing standards. See id. at 317,
Another factor supporting admissibility is that R.N. was present during the critical stage when Miranda warnings were issued. To be sure, a parent’s presence at that juncture is not the same as being present when the police obtain incriminating statements. In other words, Presha’s bright-line rule would have been violated had R.N. signed the Miranda card and then been excluded from Room One against her wishes. A parent’s presence during the Miranda portion of an interview is relevant, however, when considering the totality of circumstances in cases in which the bright-line rule does not require suppression as a matter of law. See id. at 323,
Not only was Q.N.’s mother present when the Miranda warnings were issued, she took an active rоle in directing her son to “answer the officer’s questions.” There is no doubt from this record that at the outset of the interview R.N. was in “a
Our holding is not altered by the fact that the detective failed to inform Q.N. that his mother was in an adjoining room and available to meet with him at his request once questioning had resumed. Although we trust that in the future the police will so inform juveniles in similar situations, our sense from the record is that that information, had it been furnished to Q.N., would not have affected the course of the interrogation. The juvenile confessed shortly after his mother had left his immediate area, consistent with the notion that he would speak more freely outside her presence. In light of that circumstance, coupled with R.N.’s willingness to excuse herself, we are persuaded that the detective’s omissions do not defeat the voluntariness of Q.N.’s statements.
Stated differently, we do not believe that the deteсtive’s omissions require suppression of Q.N.’s statements. As we already have indicated, it behooves the police in the typical case to refrain from suggesting that the parent or legal guardian depart the interrogation area. Further, as just noted, when the decision to exit the area originates from the adult, the police should inform the juvenile of the adult’s continued availability. When the police act in that fashion it buttresses the government’s proofs and enhances the Court’s confidence that the State has carried its burden of demonstrating a statement’s admissibility within the totality-of-circumstances framework.
This strikes us, hоwever, as an atypical case in view of the fact that Q.N.’s mother twice urged her son to confess to the suspected acts, which ultimately he did. “[A] suspect is always free to waive the privilege [against self-incrimination] and confess to committing crimes, [so long as] that waiver [is not] the product of police coercion.” Id. at 313,
Similarly, judging from the circumstances existing at the time of the interrogation, we are satisfied that the detective abided by Presha’s overarching requirement that Q.N. be treated with utmost fairness. With R.N.’s explicit approval, Q.N. chose to respond to questions of a sexual nature without his mother present. That appeared to be the preference of both the juvenile and parent. We cannot ignore that reality in evaluating the officer’s conduct and voluntariness of Q.N.’s statements. Our conclusion is strengthened by the fact that the officer insisted that R.N. remain in Room Two (rather than leave the area altogether as she originally had suggested). The officer’s conduct enabled R.N. to witness the entire interrogation and ensured that the parent was in a position to stop the questioning at any juncture had she thought that necessary to protect her son’s interests.
On a separate issue, we observe that R.N. was present for the taped portion of the interview in which Q.N. essentially repeated his earlier confession. We briefly note as guidance that if the detective had obtained Q.N.’s unrecorded statement improperly in the first instance, then
IV.
In sum, the record demonstrates that R.N. voluntarily absented herself from the unrecorded portion of the interview. That circumstance qualifies as an exception to Presha’s bright-line rule concerning interrogations of juveniles under the age of fourteen. We trust that, with the benefit of this opinion, the police in future situations will not suggest that the parent or legal guardian depart an interrogation area but will allow that suggestion to originate, if at all, from the accompanying adults themselves. Similarly, we assume that the police will inform the juvenile that, once gone, the adult is available to return to the interrogation area during any part of questioning at the juvenile’s request.
That the police did not sо act in this case does not defeat the voluntariness of Q.N.’s statements. We reach that ultimate conclusion based on the numerous factors supporting admissibility. They are: the brief duration of the interrogation; the time of day in which it took place; the fact that Q.N. showed no sign of exhaustion or fatigue; the fact that only one officer was involved, that he did not raise his voice at any stage of questioning, and that he used age-appropriate language to avoid confusing Q.N.; and the critical fact that R.N. was present for the reading of Q.N.’s Miranda rights and thus was in a position to assure that her son had understood and intelligently had wаived those rights.
Our case law requires that we weigh the above factors against the age of the juvenile and the fact that his mother was not present during Q.N.’s actual confession. In so doing, we hold that the State has carried its burden of demonstrating beyond a reasonable doubt that Q.N.’s waiver of rights was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary under the totality of circumstances. We hasten to add that, as with any totality-of-circumstances analysis, had any one of the factors supporting admissibility been absent, the State might not have satisfied its burden in this case. Lastly, for the reasons already expressed, our disposition is consistent with the rules and protections articulated in Presha, all of which we expressly reaffirm today.
V.
The judgment of the Appellate Division is reversed. The matter is remanded to the trial court for vacation of its suppression order and resumption of proceedings consistent with this opinion.
For reversal and remandment — Chief Justice PORITZ and Justices VERNIERO, LaVECCHIA, ZAZZALI, and ALBIN — 5.
For affirmance — Justices LONG and WALLACE — 2.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. I would affirm the decision of the trial court as affirmed by the Appellate Division, but for different reasons.
While not necessаry to our holding, we articulated a bright-line rule for younger juveniles. We declared that when the juvenile is under the age of fourteen, the parent or guardian’s absence will render the young offender’s statement inadmissible as a matter of law “unless the adult was unwilling to be present or truly unavailable.” Id. at 315,
We cannot ignore the immaturity and inexperience of a child under 14 years of age and the obvious disadvantage such a child has in confronting a custodial police interrogation. In such a case, we conclude that the totality of the cirсumstances is not sufficient to ensure that the child makes an intelligent and knowing waiver of his rights.
Further, we emphasized that “when an adult is unavailable or declines to accompany the juvenile, the police must conduct the interrogation with ‘the utmost fairness and in accordance with the highest standards of due process and fundamental fairness.’” Presha, supra, 163 N.J. at 317,
In discussing the role of a parent in assisting a juvenile in the unfamiliar setting of the police station, we also cited Gallegos v. Colorado, 370 U.S. 49, 82 S.Ct. 1209,
With that backdrop, I cannot conclude that the interrogation of the juvenile was conducted with the utmost fairness and the highest standards of due process and fundamental fairness. First, the fundamental fact that would justify an exception to the bright-line rule is absent here. Q.N.’s
In any event, at a minimum, when a parent is present the juvenile must be given an opportunity to consult in private with the parent concerning the appropriateness of any waiver. Additionally, there should be а clear explanation, preferably in writing, to the juvenile and the parent that either one can revoke the waiver at any time. See, e.g., N.J.S.A. 2A:4A-39b(1) (providing that in juvenile delinquency proceedings competent juvenile “may not waive any rights except in the presence of and after consultation with counsel, and unless a parent has first been afforded a reasonable opportunity to consult with the juvenile and the juvenile’s counsel regarding this decision”). That approach is consistent with other states that have adopted bright-line requirements. See, e.g., Colo.Rev.Stat. Ann. § 19-2-511(1) (West Supp.2003) (granting statutory exclusion for juvenile statements or confessions resulting from custodial interrogation unless parent, guardian or counsel present, and juvenile and parent advised of juvenile’s constitutional rights); Conn. Gen.Stat. Ann. § 46b-137(a) (West 2004) (precluding admission of juvenile’s confession or admission unless (1) parent present during interview, and (2) juvenile and parent advised of juvenile’s right to counsel, right to remain silent, and that statements may be used against juvenile); Ind.Gode § 31-32-5-1 (2)(C) (West Supp.2003) (requiring juvenile be afforded opportunity for “meaningful consultation” with parent, guardian, or custodian as prerequisite for effective waiver of any constitutional rights); N.C. Gen.Stat. § 7B-2101(b) (West 2003) (prohibiting admission of custodial statement made by juvenile under age of fourteen in аbsence of parent, guardian or attorney during interrogation).
Assuming arguendo, that this Court would permit a waiver of the parental presence requirement in accordance with the guidelines suggested above, I conclude that such a waiver did not occur on the facts presented. As noted, the detective initiated the waiver when he asked Q.N. if he would be willing to speak to him without the presence of his mother. When Q.N. responded “yes,” Detective Williams turned to the mother and asked her if she would allow him to speak in private with her son. R.N. agreed and left immediately thereafter. Thus, the police officer neither gave the juvenile and his mother an opportunity to consult in private on the request, nor did the officer inform the juvenile and his parent that either could revoke the waiver at any time, in which event further questioning would cease until the parent or guardian was present.
The majority encourages the police in future proceedings not to suggest that the parent or legal guardian depart the interrogation area. I concur in that view and would apply it here. The Court has declared consistently that every effort should be made to have the parent present during the interrogation of the juvenile, therefore, permitting the police to initiate the waiver inquiry undermines that principle. See In re O.F., 327 N.J.Super. 102, 117,
I concur with the majority that if the detective had obtained Q.N.’s unrecorded statement improperly in the first instance then the taped statement would be suppressed as fruit of the poisonous tree. Because I conclude the unrecorded statement was improperly obtained, I would suppress the recorded statement.
I would affirm the judgments of the Appellate Division and the trial court.
Justice LONG joins in this opinion.