171 N.W. 277 | S.D. | 1919
Lead Opinion
This is an original action brought by the state, on the relation of the Attorney General and Board of Railroad Commissioners, against four telephone companies operating/ in South Dakota, viz. the Dakota Ceneral Telephone Company, the Northwestern Telephone Exchange Company, the Nebraska Telephone 'Company, and the South Dakota State Telephone Company. The complaint alleged, in substance, that the defendants threatened, and were about to put into effect certain tariffs and schedules of rates, charges, and regulations governing the transmission of long-distance telephone messages between points wholly within the state, contrary to and without compliance with, the laws of this state in that behalf, and sought injunction. The answer of the defendants admitted the substantial allegations of the complaint, but alleged that‘they were proceeding in accordance with order No. 2495, issued by the Postmaster General of the United States on December 13, 19x8, referred to. as Bulletin 22, made pursuant
Much has been said in the briefs about the war powers of Congress and of the President, but we are of the opinion that those questions are beside the issues of this case. In our opinion the determination of this case depends entirely upon the meaning of the second proviso in the joint resolution of July 16, 19x8. The parts of the resolution, material to this case are as follows:
“That the President during the continuance of the present war is authorized and empowered, whenever he shall deem it necessary for the national security or defense, to supervise or to take possession and assume control of any telegraph, telephone, marine cable, or radio system or systems, or any part thereof, and to operate the same in such manner as may be needful or desirable for the duration of the war. * * *
“Provided, that just compensation shall be made. * * *
“Provided further, that nothing in this act shall.be construed to amend, repeal, impair, or affect existing laws or powers of the states in relation to taxation or the lawful police regulations of the several states, except wherein such laws, powers, or regulations may affect the transmission of government communications, or the issue of stocks and 'bonds by such system or systems.”
Leaving out of consideration for the moment the two exceptions mentioned therein, we may observe that if by that proviso the Congress intended that the states should continue to exercise their undoubted powers to reasonably regulate the intrastate rates and1 charges of telephone companies, then the power to fix such rates did not pass to the President nor to his representative, the Postmaster General. If by that proviso Congress intended to deprive the states of the power to regulate rates for
In our opinion Congress intended the former. The act and the proviso should be so construed unless the contrary clearly appears. The contrary should not be assumed by mere implication.
“It must have been known that, in the nature of things, the control of that business would be exercised by the state, and if it deemed that the interests of the nation and the discharge of the duties required on behalf of the nation from this corporation demanded exemption in all things from state control, it would unquestionably have expressed such intention in language whose meaning would 'be clear. Its silence in this respect is satisfactory assurance that, in so far as this corporation should engage in business wholly within the state, it intended that it should be subjected to the ordinaiy control exercised by the state over such business.”
In Reid v. People of the State of Colorado, 187 U. S. 137, 23 Sup. Ct. 92, 47 L. Ed. 108, the court said:
“It should never be 'hel-d that Congress intends to supersede or by its legislation suspend the exercise of the police powers of the states, even when it may do s.o, unless its purpose to effect that result is clearly manifested.”
“Nothing in 'this act shall be construed to amend, repeal, impair, or affect * * * the lawful police regulations of the several states, except wherein such * * * regulations may affect the * * * issue of stocks and bonds by such system or systems.”
It cannot be doubted that the power of a state to regulate the issuance of stocks and bonds by corporations created under its authority is a power entirely foreign to and outside of those powers included in the term “police- power” when such term is used in its narrow sense as referring to the power to preserve
In the Minnesota Rate Cases the Supreme 'Court of the United States very fully went into the question of what- were and what were not suits against the state. Ex parte Young, 209 U. S. 123, 28 Sup. Ct. 441, 52 L. Ed. 714, 13 L. R. A. (N. S.) 932, 14 Ann. Cas. 764. That decision is authority for .the position which we assert.
We are-of the opinion that the injunction sought should be granted, but that it shall provide that it in no wise affects the transmission of governmental communications or the issue of stocks and bonds by the defendants or either of them. ' '
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). For reasons hereafter stated I am unable to concur in the majority opinion. The majority opinion .■states that:
“Much has been said in the briefs, about the war powers of Congress and of the President, but we are of the opinion that those questions are beside the issues in this case.”
All the decisions and authorities cited by the majority are •applicable only to ordinary normal peace conditions. As I view the situation, in the interpretation of the said resolution and the ■effect of the proviso therein, my Associates have entirely lost ■sight of the fact that we have been and now are engaged in a war, and that the President and Postmaster General have been and now are exercising discretionary executive war power for the common defense of our. country. The whole meat of the interpretation of said resolution should be based upon'the war powers of Congress, and the purposes, spirit, .and intent, and the object and ends sought to be accomplished by its enactment. 36 Cyc. 1110. Much of the argument of plaintiffs, as disclosed by their briefs, is to the effect that the war, for all legal purposes, closed with the signing of the armistice on November it,- 1918. The resolution of Congress in question expressly provides that the government may retain possession, and control of such telephone
It will be observed that the resolution of Congress, partially quoted in the majority opinion, in substance provided that the President, during the continuance of the present war, was authorized and empowered, whenever he should deem it necessary for national security or national defense, to take possession and control of any telephone or telegraph systems and operate the same in such manner as might be needful. Needful for what? The only answer is for war purposes. On July 22, 19x8, acting under said resolution, the President by proclamation took over into war service the possession and control of each and every telephone system within the jurisdiction of the United -States, and placed them under the immediate supervision and control of the Postmaster General, who was thereby authorized and empowered to act in the premises for and on behalf of the President. Thereafter, on July 31, 1918, the President,. acting by and through the Postmaster General, took actual physical possession and control of
“The authorities essential to the common defense are these: To raise armies; to build and equip fleets; to prescribe rules for the government of both; to direct their operations; to provide for their support. These powers ought to exist without limitation, because it is impossible to foresee or define the extent and variety of national exigencies, or the correspondent extent and variety of the means which may be necessary to satisfy them. The circumstances that endanger the safety of nations are infinite, and for this reason no constitutional shackles can wisely be imposed on the power to which the care of it is committed. This power ought to be coextensive with all the possible combinations of such circumstances, and ought to be under the direction of the same councils which are appointed tc preside over the common defense.” 10 Fed. Stats. Ann. (2d. Ed.) p. 300.
Under well-known general rules statutes should be construed in the light of, and so as to give full force and effect to, the purposes and objects which brought about their enactment.
“Every statute must be construed with reference to the object
The President having been authorized to completely take over said telephone systems for military purposes, it would seem to necessarily follow that he alone, as the person appointed to preside over the common defense, should determine what war uses should be made thereof. I am of the view that the general rule announced by this court in State v. Express Co., 170 N. W. 570, to the effect that an executive officer of state, such as the President or Governor, is not subject to the control or interference of the judiciary in the performance of discretionary duties belonging to him as such officer, and that no act done or threatened to 'be done by him in his official executive capacity can be brought under judicial control or interfered with by mandamus or injunction.
Therefore I am of the view that the application of plaintiffs for injunction should be denied.