Rombauer, P. J.
The plaintiff’s petition states that Eugene Papin made a voluntary deed of assignment in June, 1879, to B. R. Davenport for the benefit of his *619creditors, and that, on the fourth day of said month, the said Davenport qualified under the statute governing general assignments for the benefit of creditors, then in force, and gave bond, executed by Theodore Hunt and Charles L. Hunt as his sureties. The petition sets out a copy of the said bond, and alleges that said Davenport did not in all things discharge his duties as such assignee, and did not faithfully discharge the trust confided to him, and alleges a breach of said bond in the following terms, to-wit: “That heretofore, to-wit, on the sixteenth day of April, 1884, said Davenport having neglected and failed to perform his duties as such assignee, and plaintiff, Charles M. Napton, at said time was by said court appointed assignee in the place and stead of said Davenport, and qualified as such, and is now acting in that capacity; that, at the time of his dismissal from said trust, said Davenport had in his charge as such assignee the sum of $2,700, for which he has failed and neglected to account to this plaintiff as assignee of said trust.”
The petition also states additional facts tending to show the liability of one of the defendants as devisee of Charles L. Hunt, which facts it is unnecessary to recite, as no point arises upon them upon this appeal.
The answers of the defendant sureties contain a general denial, and then proceed to put in issue the jurisdiction of the circuit court to dismiss Davenport as assignee and appoint Napton in liis stead. They aver that no notice was served on said Davenport of any proposed application for his dismissal, and that the court never made any order on said Davenport to turn over to said Napton the assets and moneys of said estate. They further aver that while, at the time of the appointment of the said Napton, the said Davenport had in his hands $1,165.46, yet he had theretofore rendered services to said assigned estate of the value of $1,200, and was, therefore, not indebted thereto.
*620The case was dismissed as against Davenport, and the plaintiff filéd replies denying the new matter set up in the answers.
The court upon hearing of the evidence found that the plaintiff was entitled to recover from the defendants the sum of $1,165.45, with interest from the date of the removal of their principal, subject to an offset of $350, to which the assignee was entitled for services asassignee up to the date of his discharge. The court thereupon entered judgment against the defendants for the penalty of the bond, with an award of execution for $871.55, the difference between the amount found due to the plaintiff and the defendant’s offset. The defendants, appealing, assign for error that the petition states-no cause of action, because it fails to allege that a proper proceeding for the removal of Davenport as assignee was instituted ; that the statute touching voluntary assignments does not provide for a summary removal of an assignee because he has ^removed from the state, or because he has failed to pay dividends ; that the court-erred in holding that the proceedings to remove Davenport as assignee are valid, no notice or citation to him being shown ; that the court erred in excluding legal evidence offered by the defendants, and that the verdict was excessive.
The Revised Statutes, 1879, which were in force when assignee Davenport was removed, provided, in sections 381, 382 and 387 of the chapter concerning assignments for the benefit of creditors, for a summary removal of the assignee upon citation, if he failed to file an inventory, or to give bond or to pay dividends. The same statutes provided, in sections 3929 and 3930 of the chapter concerning trusts and trustees, that, “if any trustee in any deed of trust to secure the payment of a debt or other liability, or to whom any property is, or has been, conveyed, for the benefit or use of any person * * * shall remove or has removed out of this *621state * * * or shall neglect or refuse to perform or execute his trust, any person interested in the debt or other liability secured by such deed of trust may present his or their affidavit, stating the facts of the case to the circuit court of the county in which the property conveyed by such deed of trust, or any part thereof, is situated and that, if the court shall be satisfied that the facts stated in the affidavit are true, it shall appoint another trustee in place of the original trustee with the same powers, etc.
The defendants contend that, under these laws, an assignee could only be summarily removed for the causes stated in sections 381, 382 and 387, supra, while the plaintiff maintains that those sections'do not operate as a limitation of the powers of the circuit court, but that, since it is conceded that an assignee is a trustee, he may be summarily removed from his trust for any of the causes mentioned in section 3929. We conclude that the plaintiff’s contention is correct. There is nothing in sections 381, 382 and 387, which would indicate that the legislature intended that assignees should be summarily removed only for the causes therein stated, nor is there anything in the nature of a trust of an assignee which would render his summary removal for causes, for which other trustees may be removed, inexpedient. There is no decision of any appellate court in this state covering the exact point. But intimations are found in many cases indicating that such is the view of these courts. Pinneo v. Hart, 30 Mo. 561" court="Mo." date_filed="1860-10-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/pinneo-v-hart-8000902?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8000902">30 Mo. 561, 569, 570 ; Hatcher v. Winters, 71 Mo. 30" court="Mo." date_filed="1879-10-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/hatcher-v-winters-8006381?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8006381">71 Mo. 30, 35 ; Hartzler n. Tootle, 85 Mo. 23" court="Mo." date_filed="1884-10-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/hartzler-v-tootle-8008226?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8008226">85 Mo. 23, 29, 30; Kehoe v. Taylor, 31 Mo. App. 588" court="Mo. Ct. App." date_filed="1888-07-02" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/kehoe-v-taylor-6615814?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6615814">31 Mo. App. 588, 598; State ex rel. v. Field, 37 Mo. App. 83" court="Mo. Ct. App." date_filed="1889-05-20" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-ex-rel-millett-v-field-6616092?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6616092">37 Mo. App. 83, 96. The first assignment of error must, therefore, be ruled against the defendants.
It is not controverted/ that, at the date of the removal of Davenport as assignee, he had removed from the state; that fact appears in the evidence of both parties. Assuming, therefore, that the court had power *622to remove the assignee for that cause alone, the validity of his removal cannot be questioned on the ground that no good cause existed, but only on the ground that the assignee had no due notice of the intended application for his removal. It will be perceived by examining the provisions of sections 3929 and 3930, supra, that they do not provide for a trial of the facts upon notice and answer, as sections 3932 and 3933 of the same law provide, but simply for presentation of an affidavit, and an inquiry by the court into the ■ truth of' the facts alleged therein. But even if we concede, for the purposes of the argument, that an order of removal without notice to the trustee would be invalid, yet we are bound to presume, nothing to the contrary appearing in the record, that Davenport in this case had due notice, because there is a presumption in all this class of cases upholding the validity of the judgments of courts of record having general jurisdiction. Stahl v. Mitchell, 41 Minn. 331. On the other hand, there are cases which we do hold, and it seems to us with good reason, that a trustee who removes beyond the jurisdiction of the court may be removed without citation. In In re Bignold’s Settlement Trusts, L. R. 7 Chan. App, 223, service on a trustee who had become non-resident was dispensed with ; and in In re Martin Pey's, Trusts, 42 L. T. (N. S.) 247, Matin, V. C., said, that he would make the new appointment, even if the non-resident trustee opposed it; hence he would not require any service. Since notice in any case is only required to give the trustee an opportunity to oppose the removal on legal grounds, it is not well conceivable how the want of notice can affect the validity of his removal, when the cause of removal is imperative and the existence of the cause is confessed.
The exception to the exclusion of evidence arises in this manner. While the plaintiff was on the stand as a witness, the defendants offered to show by him the value of certain legal services rendered by Davenport, while *623assignee. In the course of that examination the plaintiff stated that several years ago he had examined into this matter, and had concluded at that time what the services were worth. The court did not permit the witness to state what he had concluded at that time, but did permit him, against the plaintiff’s objection, tc state what he then (at the date of the trial) considered the value of such services. For the most obvious reasons there was no error in this ruling, of Which the defendants had any right to complain. It was decided in Gamble v. Gibson, 59 Mo. 585" court="Mo." date_filed="1875-03-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/gamble-v-gibson-8004962?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8004962">59 Mo. 585, 593, that, while an executor may employ the services of an agent or attorney, if necessary, and pay for them out of the estate, yet, if he himself undertakes to act for the estate in such a capacity, he can receive no compensation for his services. The decision was not placed upon any ground specially applicable to executors or administrators, but upon a principle applicable to trustees generally. Judge Wagneb, in the course of the opinion, says that the rule is so strict, that if the trustee has a partner, and employs such partner as attorney,-no charge can be made by the firm. Many cases are cited in support of the rule. The court, therefore, in this case would have committed no error, had it rejected all the testimony in regard to the value of Davenport’s services, as attorney, for himself, as assignee. The court, as above seen, did allow to the defendants as sureties credit for what it considered reasonable allowances to the assignee for managing the estate, which amount was deducted from the amount admitted to have been in the assignee’s hands and unaccounted for. As the statute nowhere provides for the measure of these allowances, they are largely within the discretion of the court having control of the assigned estate. There is nothing in the record to show that the court abused its discretion in this instance. The assignments of error, that the court excluded legal evidence, and that the verdict is excessive, must, therefore, also be overruled.
*624A point is made in the printed argument, that the plaintiff is not the proper party to sue on the bond, but that the suit should have been brought, by the creditors of the estate. No such point is made in the assignment of errors, and we may briefly dispose of it by saying that, if such objection were tenable at all, it is one which affects the plaintiff’s legal capacity to sue, and must be made by demurrer to the petition. R. S., sec. 2043/ Not having been thus made, it is waived under the provisions of section 2017.
All the judges concurring,
the judgment is affirmed.