THE STATE EX REL. MORRIS ET AL. v. STARK COUNTY BOARD OF ELECTIONS ET AL.
No. 2015-1277
Supreme Court of Ohio
September 9, 2015
143 Ohio St.3d 507, 2015-Ohio-3659
Submitted September 2, 2015
Judgment accordingly.
O‘CONNOR, C.J., and PFEIFER, O‘DONNELL, LANZINGER, KENNEDY, FRENCH, and O‘NEILL, JJ., concur.
Randil J. Rudloff, for relator.
Thomas J. Wilson, for respondent.
[Cite as State ex rel. Morris v. Stark Cty. Bd. of Elections, 143 Ohio St.3d 507, 2015-Ohio-3659.]
Per Curiam.
{11} This is an expedited election case in which relators seek a writ of prohibition to prevent respondents, Secretary of State Jon Husted and the Stark County Board of Elections, from placing the name of intervening respondent, Thomas M. Bernabei, on the November 2015 ballot as an independent candidate for mayor of Canton. We deny the writ.
{12} Tom Bernabei has a history as a member of the Democratic Party stretching back 40 years. Most recently, Bernabei, running as a Democrat, won a four-year term on the Stark County Board of Commissioners in November 2012.
{13} Bernabei gave no thought to running in the mayoral primary because at the time, in his words, his focus was on county government. But, he testified, two incidents galvanized his decision to run for mayor as an independent. On Wednesday, April 22, 2015, there was a debate between the two Democratic mayoral candidates. Bernabei, who listened on the radio, described himself as “disillusioned by the nature, quality, and responses [sic] of both candidates.” Bernabei perceived a failure of the two-party system: the Democratic Party failed to provide a quality candidate, and the Republican Party did not field a candidate at all.
{14} The second galvanizing event occurred the following Sunday, April 26. That morning, the Canton Repository published an editorial in which it criticized the two candidates, refused to endorse either one, and called for an independent to enter the race.
{15} Bernabei and his wife were scheduled to fly to Clearwater Beach, Florida, for a prearranged vacation, departing the evening of Thursday, April 30, and returning the evening of Sunday, May 3. Before he left, Bernabei took steps to lay the groundwork for an independent campaign.
{16} The day after the Repository editorial, Bernabei contacted an election-law attorney, Donald McTigue, seeking information about how to become an independent. He also spoke with “various friends and advisors,” including Phil Giavasis, chairman of the Stark County Democratic Party, about the step he was contemplating.
{17} From his conversation with McTigue, Bernabei understood that he needed to establish a residence in the city of Canton. At the time, Bernabei and his wife resided outside the city, in Jackson Township, at a home on Dunkeith Drive (the “Hills & Dales” house). Bernabei and his wife owned a house in Canton (the “Lakecrest” house), in which they had not lived since 2004. The house was leased to a doctor and his family. In early April, the doctor‘s family had informed Bernabei that they planned to move because they needed a larger house. They anticipated closing on a new house sometime around the end of April, but could not identify an exact date.
{18} As of the last week of April, Bernabei still did not know when the doctor‘s family would move out. On Tuesday, April 28, he asked the doctor‘s wife if he
{19} So Bernabei turned to a friend who owned a vacant house in Canton (the “University Avenue” house). On Thursday, April 30, 2015, Bernabei signed a lease commencing May 1, 2015, with an initial term of one month, renewable on a month-to-month basis. Bernabei paid his friend $1,000 for the May rent. He also delivered a separate check, which was never cashed, for a security deposit and he received a garage-door opener and security codes at the time he signed the lease.
{110} Around noon on Thursday, April 30, Bernabei met with Jeanette Mullane, deputy director of the county board of elections. One purpose of the meeting was to complete a change-of-address form, switching his voting address from Hills & Dales to the University Avenue house. Bernabei testified that he was at that point leaning toward disaffiliation but had yet to reach a final decision. Therefore, he postdated the form for May 3 and told Mullane that he would instruct her whether to file the form once he reached a final decision.
{111} Bernabei also arranged the meeting with Mullane for the purpose of handing to her four resignation letters: one from the Democratic Party Central Committee and one each from the Democratic clubs in Canton, Massillon, and Alliance. He asked Mullane to hold the letters and, if he decided to run as an independent, to deliver the letters to Democratic Party Chairman Giavasis. She agreed to do so.
{12} Thus, Bernabei was able to testify without contradiction that he had resigned from the Democratic Party Central Committee. And relators concede that he effectively resigned from one of the clubs. But representatives from the Alliance Area Democratic Club and the Jefferson-Jackson Democratic Club in Canton testified that they never received a letter of resignation from Bernabei.
{13} Bernabei reached his final decision to run for mayor on Saturday, May 2, 2015, while still in Clearwater Beach. He called Mullane and told her to file the change-of-address form. He then asked his wife to change their plane reservations so they could return to Canton as early as possible. They flew back on Sunday morning, and Bernabei set to work drafting his nominating petition and contacting possible circulators.
{14} On Sunday night, he moved into the University Avenue house. He took with him a bunk bed (with frame, mattress, sheets, blankets, and pillows), a lamp, a lounge chair, two books, three or four suits with ties, three or four dress shirts, dress shoes, a belt, socks, underwear, blue jeans, shorts, t-shirts, a sweatshirt, tennis shoes, a razor, shampoo, a toothbrush and toothpaste, towels, a card table with one or two folding chairs, an iPod/phone charger, a laptop and printer, bananas, milk, Cheerios, Diet Pepsi, rum, vitamins, Metamucil, Lipitor, aspirin,
{15} Bernabei slept in the University Avenue house for four consecutive nights, from Sunday, May 3, through Wednesday, May 6. On May 6, his tenant, the doctor, surrendered possession of the Lakecrest house, and Bernabei slept at the Lakecrest house for the first time on the night of May 7, 2015. On May 15, 2015, Bernabei executed a second change-of-address form, now designating the Lakecrest house as his permanent voting location. During his time in the University Avenue house, Bernabei‘s wife did not move there. On primary day, she voted in the Hills & Dales precinct. She moved straight from Hills & Dales to Lakecrest.
{16} Bernabei voted a provisional ballot at the board of elections on May 4, 2015, using the University Avenue address. That same day, he resigned as treasurer for three Democratic campaigns and filed his statement of candidacy and nominating petitions.
Procedural history
{117} On May 29, 2015, Frank Morris and eight other protesters (collectively, “Morris“) filed a protest against Bernabei‘s candidacy with the Stark County Board of Elections. The board conducted a protest hearing on July 6, 2015, at the end of which the members deadlocked two-to-two on the protest. On July 31, 2015, Secretary of State Husted broke the tie in favor of certifying Bernabei‘s independent candidacy for the November ballot.
{18} On August 4, Morris filed the present suit for a writ of prohibition. The court granted Bernabei leave to intervene, and the case is fully briefed.
Standard of review
{119} To prevail in their protest, Morris had to prove by clear and convincing evidence that Bernabei‘s declaration was not made in good faith. See State ex rel. Monroe v. Mahoning Cty. Bd. of Elections, 137 Ohio St.3d 62, 2013-Ohio-4490, 997 N.E.2d 524, ¶ 25. And in an extraordinary-writ action challenging a decision of the secretary of state, the standard is whether the secretary of state engaged in fraud or corruption, abused his discretion, or acted in clear disregard of applicable law. State ex rel. Lucas Cty. Republican Party Executive Commt. v. Brunner, 125 Ohio St.3d 427, 2010-Ohio-1873, 928 N.E.2d 1072, ¶ 9.
{20} Morris objects to Bernabei‘s candidacy on two grounds: (1) Bernabei was allegedly not a genuine resident of Canton on the date he filed his nominating petitions and (2) he did not actually disaffiliate from the Democratic
Residency
{21} In his tie-breaking letter, Secretary of State Husted rejected Morris‘s claim that Bernabei failed to establish a qualified voting residence in Canton, citing evidence that Bernabei submitted a voter-registration update form, signed a lease for the University Avenue house, moved belongings into the house, and slept there.1 Husted considered it “of little significance” that Bernabei later moved into a different home in Canton, one that was unavailable for occupancy when he signed the lease. “The Ohio Supreme Court has noted that a ‘person‘s intent is of great import,‘” he stated, “and no evidence in the record before me imparts a firm belief or conviction that Mr. Bernabei‘s actions exhibited anything but an intent to reside in the city of Canton.” Morris calls this decision an abuse of discretion.
{22} Every candidate is required to swear, under penalty of election falsification, that he or she is “an elector qualified to vote for the office I seek.”
{123} In election cases involving candidate-residence issues, this court applies
{24} According to Morris, the University Avenue house was not Bernabei‘s residence on May 4, 2015, because it was neither fixed nor permanent and because he had no intent to make it his permanent abode. Morris contends that the attempt to claim University Avenue as a residence was a sham because
{125} The record is clear that while Bernabei did not intend to reside in the University Avenue house forever, he did intend to reside there indefinitely. He did not know, when he signed the lease or when he filed his petition, how long he would have to reside there before the Lakecrest house became available. This case is therefore easily distinguishable from one in which a candidate or circulator attempts to list a hotel room as a residence.
{26} Alternatively, Morris cites
{127} We recognize that Bernabei‘s case may test the limits of what can constitute a residence, given that as events unfolded, he spent only a few nights at University Avenue. But the inquiry focuses on what he knew and intended on the day he filed his candidacy declaration, not on what happened later.
{128} We hold that Secretary of State Husted did not abuse his discretion when he concluded that Bernabei established a conforming residence. Given this result, we do not address the alternative argument, raised by Bernabei‘s counsel, that the “place” of residence in
Disaffiliation
{129} A candidate who wishes to run as an independent must file a statement of candidacy and nominating petitions with the board of elections no later than 4:00 p.m. on the day before the primary.
{30} The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals has stated that a person wishing to run as an independent must first disaffiliate completely. Jolivette v. Husted, 694 F.3d 760, 768 (6th Cir.2012). Morris contends that in order to completely disaffiliate, Bernabei had to resign his seat on the Stark County Board of Commissioners, to which he was elected as a Democrat. However, he cites no authority for the proposition that
{131} Bernabei‘s resignation from the county board of commissioners would signify disassociation from the county commissioners, not the Democratic Party. Unlike some offices (boards of elections, for example), the revised code does not assign seats on the county board of commissioners by political affiliation.
{1132} When Bernabei became a candidate for the board of commissioners, he did sign an affirmation stating that if elected, he would “support and abide by the principles enunciated by the Democratic Party.” However, it is unclear what Morris considers the legal significance of this affirmation to be. On the one hand, he argues that Bernabei realized a benefit by associating himself with the Democratic Party and that he should not be able to retain that benefit, i.e., the office, when, as a self-declared independent, he can no longer support and abide by the principles of the Democratic Party. But Morris cannot seriously be suggesting that the affirmation created legally enforceable contract rights for the Democratic Party or Democratic voters. Under that theory, the party could seek judicial removal of any elected official who was deemed to have crossed party lines too often or deviated from party orthodoxy, a plainly absurd result.
{133} Alternatively, Morris points to
{134} Morris‘s other examples of Bernabei‘s alleged ongoing affiliation with the Democratic Party do not constitute clear and convincing evidence that he
{135} In making this argument, Morris misconstrues the facts of Jolivette v. Husted, the Sixth Circuit case that faulted the prospective independent candidate for not “completely” disaffiliating. Jolivette‘s problem was that after filing his petition, he continued to maintain a Facebook page that indicated he was affiliated with the Republican Party, kept on file a designation-of-treasurer form identifying himself as a Republican, and allowed his campaign committee to continue representing on its website that he would provide “Strong Republican Leadership.” Jolivette, 694 F.3d at 767-768. These representations of party affiliation were all under Jolivette‘s control.
{136} By contrast, Bernabei recorded a campaign radio spot for Democrat Kristen Donohue Guardado before he decided to become an independent. Once the ad was finished, he had no control over when it aired and no authority to prohibit it from running. Bernabei likewise had no control over the content of the party‘s website and in fact testified that he may not even have been aware that his picture was posted there. Finally, the evidence is clear that Bernabei took affirmative steps to resign from the three clubs. The record does not indicate why the resignation letter was received by only one of the clubs, nor is there any evidence that Bernabei knew or should have known, prior to the protest hearing, that the letters were not received by two of the clubs.
{137} Morris also points to a response that Bernabei gave at the protest hearing as an admission that he was not disaffiliated. When discussing his failure to ensure delivery of his resignation letters, Bernabei said that it was an
[o]mission on my part to fail to mail them. Yes, I wish I had mailed them, obviously. I wish I had run in the Democratic primary. We wouldn‘t be here today. Neither of those things happened. I omitted to mail them. I did not intentionally chose [sic] not to mail them.
Morris says that this response “establishes that [Bernabei] has not disaffiliated from the Democratic Party, but is running as an independent only because he had procrastinated in seeking his party‘s nomination.” Although that interpretation may be plausible, Bernabei‘s remarks sounds more like a wistful expression of resignation that if he had only done things differently, he might not have had to suffer through the protest hearing. An ambiguous response is not clear and convincing evidence.
{139} This court has long held that there is no abuse of discretion when a board of elections reaches a decision based on “substantial though conflicting evidence.” State ex rel. Clinard v. Greene Cty. Bd. of Elections, 51 Ohio St.3d 87, 88, 554 N.E.2d 895 (1990). We hold that Morris has failed to demonstrate that he presented clear and convincing evidence on the disaffiliation question, that Husted abused his discretion, or that Husted acted in clear disregard of applicable law. We therefore deny the writ of prohibition.
Writ denied.
O‘CONNOR, C.J., and PFEIFER, O‘DONNELL, LANZINGER, KENNEDY, FRENCH, and O‘NEILL, JJ., concur.
Tzangas Plakas Mannos, Ltd., and Lee E. Plakas; and Center for Constitutional Litigation, P.C., and Robert S. Peck, for relators Frank Morris, Chris Smith, Thomas E. West, Kevin Fisher, David R. Dougherty, John Mariol II, and Edmond J. Mack.
N. Zachary West, for relator Ohio Democratic Party.
John D. Ferrero, Stark County Prosecuting Attorney, and Deborah A. Dawson and Stephan P. Babik, Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, for respondent Stark County Board of Elections.
Michael DeWine, Attorney General, and Sarah E. Pierce, Zachery P. Keller, and Nicole M. Koppitch, Assistant Attorneys General, for respondent Ohio Secretary of State Jon Husted.
Vasvari & Zimmerman, Raymond V. Vasvari Jr., and K. Ann Zimmerman, for intervening respondent Thomas M. Bernabei.