282 S.W. 46 | Mo. | 1926
Lead Opinion
The relator, under the writ of certiorari issued, seeks to quash the opinion of the St. *390 Louis Court of Appeals in the case of Oliver W. Mueller, Respondent, v. John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company, Appellant, 261 S.W. 709, wherein the Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment rendered by the trial court. The case as presented takes the form of an effort more to point out errors committed by the Court of Appeals, generally, than an effort to show conflict between the rulings thus made, and rulings of this court in previous and controlling decisions upon questions arising out of the same or like conditions of fact. The inquiry here must be confined within the limits appropriate to this original proceeding, and not extended over the wider field afforded by an appeal to this court.
The plaintiff sued as the beneficiary under an insurance policy upon the life of his mother, Laura Mueller. Application for the policy was made December 5, 1918; it was issued on December 28, 1918; and the insured died on March 4, 1919. The defense set up by answer and cross-bill, was, that the insured obtained the policy by false and fraudulent representations as to her state of health; that she represented herself to be in good health as far as she knew and believed, and had not been treated by a physician for nearly twenty-five years, whereas, in fact, during the year next before the making of the application, she had consulted with a large number of physicians in the city of St. Louis; and, that she knew at the time the policy was issued, she was suffering from cancer, the disease which directly contributed to or caused her death. Cancellation of the policy was asked under the cross-bill. The court sustained the plaintiff's motion to strike out the cross-bill; the case was heard as one at law; and the plaintiff had a verdict in his favor.
I. The Court of Appeals overruled the contention that the cross-bill converted the action into one in equity. This holding is in accord with the rulings of this court in Schuerman v. Insurance Co.,
II. The relator assails the correctness of the conclusion of the Court of Appeals, which sustained the trial court in overruling the demurrer, offered at the close of the case. Relator asserts that (1) according to all the creditable evidence the assured had cancer at the time she appliedDemurrer to for the insurance; (2) that the evidence showedEvidence: conclusively she was not, at the time of deliveryMatter of Law. of the policy, in the state of insurability shown by the application, and (3) that the proofs of death, which showed that the assured died of a disease which she had at the time of the application, are conclusive, unless explained away or contradicted. For the facts we look to the opinion of the Court of Appeals, and to any pleading, instruction, or written instrument referred to therein, and cannot review as upon an appeal the evidence set forth in the abstract filed in that court. [State ex rel. Dunham v. *392
Ellison,
The finding is as follows:
"Plaintiff introduced the policy in evidence and rested.
"Defendant, to sustain the affirmative defense set up its answer, produced, among other witnesses, nine physicians for the purpose of establishing the fact that the deceased had cancer at the time the policy was issued, and which caused her death. The following facts appear from the testimony of these physicians:
"Dr. Garcia, on behalf of another insurance company, examined the deceased on January 30, 1919. At that time there was a blank filled out and signed, by Mrs. Mueller, the date being January 26, 1919. Upon objection this was stricken out and defendant saved objections. Mrs. Mueller was an unusually fine-looking woman, and of an unusual weight. Her general condition was good, and she weighed about one hundred seventy pounds, with broad shoulders, and was a strong, `powerful-looking woman.' Defendant then offered to prove certain facts by this witness, which were objected to by plaintiff's counsel on the ground that it pertained to matters transpiring subsequently to the issuance of the policy. This objection was by the court sustained, to which defendant excepted. This witness stated that you cannot always detect the appearance of cancer with the naked eye.
"Dr. Fred B. Hall, an X-ray specialist, testified that on the 30th of September, 1918, Mrs. Mueller came to his office in company with her sister; that she brought a letter from Dr. Mills, asking that she be treated with the X-ray; that he treated Mrs. Mueller for cancer of the stomach. Mrs. Mueller told him at the time that she had been advised to be operated upon, but declined because her husband had been operated on for the same thing and died as the result of the operation; that Dr. Mills is associated with Dr. Soper; that at the time deceased came to him for treatment she made no complaints and did not *393 state her symptoms. At that time Dr. Hall made no examination, but gave her the X-ray treatment, as suggested in the letter from Dr. Mills.
"Dr. Englebach, a specialist in internal medicine, examined Mrs. Mueller on January 22, 1919. He testified that Mrs. Mueller consulted him for the purpose of securing an opinion concerning herself; that Dr. Schnoebelen was associated with him at the time; that he examined her and found she had a large abdominal mass, or tumor, which they diagnosed as a malignant or ovarian cyst, a cancer of the ovary. Mrs. Mueller gave him a complete history of her illness, as well as family history, which he took down in writing. There was another lady with Mrs. Mueller at the time. He then referred Mrs. Mueller to another doctor for an operation for this tumor. Mrs. Mueller again visited his office on three or four occasions following the date above mentioned. An X-ray was made on January 29, 1919, and from this examination he could approximate that the cancer would have to have been there a number of months to have grown to the size it was. On cross-examination he stated that the tumor could be felt, seen and palpated. An X-ray was taken for the purpose of ascertaining with what organ it was connected; that tumor is just a generic term for any enlargement or mass. A malignant tumor is one that grows rapidly, invades other tissues and produces sooner or later other serious results. A fibroid is a tumor of the uterus; that no fibroid was discovered; that he thought this was cystic tumor of the ovary; that a fibroid is a benigh tumor, not serious.
"Dr. Soper, a specialist on diseases of the stomach and intestines, saw Mrs. Mueller on December 31, 1917, and on May 16, 1918. Defendant offered to prove by this physician that he examined her upon the two dates; that he told her she had cancer, and she asked what she ought to do. This was objected to as a privileged communication, and such objection was sustained. *394
"Dr. Schnoebelen, who was associated with Dr. Englebach at the time the examination of Mrs. Mueller was made, corroborated Dr. Englebach in the main and stated that the final diagnosis of her case was ovarian cyst and climacteric; that you could not diagnose cancer by looking at the abdomen; that gastro-ovarian cancer means a malignancy involving the ovary and the stomach.
"Dr. Mills, a specialist in gastro-intestinal diseases, testified that he first met Mrs. Mueller on December 21, 1917, in the office occupied by himself and Dr. Soper. At that time she was accompanied by another woman. She came on two subsequent days for the purpose of an X-ray examination; that she also came on December 31st, following, and on May 16th, September 12th, September 13th, September 14th, September 23rd, and December 17, 1918, making nine visits in all.
"Florence Barnholtz, a sister of Mrs. Mueller, identified the signature of her sister on the application. She testified that her sister's health was good in 1917, so far as she knew; that in 1918 she had accompanied her sister to see Dr. Bartlett, Dr. Soper, Dr. Mills, Dr. Englebach, Dr. Hall, Dr. Baumgartner and Dr. Jonas; that in 1918 her sister complained of pain in her stomach. Mrs. Mueller was operated upon about two weeks before she died, on March 4, 1919; that none of the doctors at any time when she was with her sister told her (Mrs. Mueller) that she had anything serious the matter with her, nor did they ever tell the witness such; that Dr. Englebach stated to her that he was glad to tell her that there was nothing serious the matter with her sister.
"Dr. Jonas testified that he saw Mrs. Mueller on August 9, 1918, when she came to his office and complained of stomach trouble. He discussed an operation with her, but she told him at that time that her husband had been operated upon with such a bad result that she did not care to undergo an operation; that Mrs. Mueller was a stout woman, and it was very difficult in such a case to determine whether or not a cancer or tumor existed, *395 although he discovered that Mrs. Mueller at the time had a swelling in the lower part of the abdomen.
"Upon being recalled, Dr. Mills testified that on the 13th day of September, 1918, an X-ray was made, indicating that Mrs. Mueller had carcinoma, which is a medical term for cancer; that he had carefully studied the history of Mrs. Mueller's case because it was a very unusual one.
"Dr. Becker, the examining physician for the defendant company, testified that he made an examination of Mrs. Mueller at her home. He found her to be a fleshy woman, well nourished. He spent about three-quarters of an hour in making the examination. He had been examining physician for this company for seventeen years; that it is his business to make an examination and satisfy himself that the applicant is a risk acceptable to the company; that he examined each person upon the basis of their answers. If they tell that they have certain diseases he looks for them, and if they do not tell him, and there is no evidence, he does not look for them; that he looked for tuberculosis, examined the heart, lungs, physical conditions, after which he recommended her for insurance.
"Emma Kortenzorfer testified that she knew Mrs. Mueller, and had known her since 1888; that she had talked with Mrs. Mueller about her health in 1916, 1917, 1918, and 1919; that Mrs. Mueller had complained about indigestion; that outwardly Mrs. Mueller appeared to be a normal woman.
"There were some women associates and friends of Mrs. Mueller who testified to belonging to the same bowling club to which Mrs. Mueller belonged, and that Mrs. Mueller bowled with them up to about a month prior to her death, and that her general appearance was good at that time.
"Dr. Gradwohl, a specialist in bacteriology and pathology, testified in answer to a hypothetical question, that he assumed from the question hypothecating the facts that deceased, Mrs. Mueller, died of cancer. *396
"Plaintiff, in rebuttal, introduced a letter from Dr. Englebach to Dr. John Young Brown, introducing Mrs. Mueller, and recommending her for an operation for a `fibroid.'
"In the application for the policy deceased was asked if she had ever had any of the symptoms or diseases enumerated, of which more than forty were included in this question, among which were, `cancer, tumors, enlarged glands or ulcers.' The answer given was: `None, except as here stated.' Then followed: `Typhoid fever twenty-five years ago: rec. comp.' When asked when and for what complaint she was treated, and by whom, she answered: `Dr. B.M. Hypes, Grand and McRee. See 10.'
"The proofs of death as furnished by plaintiff, including the certificate of the attending physician, Dr. Baumgartner, showed that death was caused by cerebral apoplexy complicated by gastro-ovarian cancer of eighteen months' duration."
Relator asks this court to declare as a matter of law that the plaintiff is not entitled to recover. In this proceeding it must be made to appear that the opinion of the Court of Appeals in refusing to sustain a demurrer to the evidence conflicts with previous and controlling decisions of this court.
"We must therefore take the facts as stated in the opinion under review and ascertain whether or not upon those facts the Court of Appeals announced some conclusion of law contrary to the last previous rule of this court upon the same or a similar state of facts. It is not our province to determine whether the Court of Appeals erred in its findings of fact, or even in its application of rules of law to the facts stated in the opinion, but only whether upon such facts it announced a conclusion of law in conflict with the latest pronouncement of this court." [State ex rel. Raleigh Ins. Co. v. Allen, 294 Mo. l.c. 220; State ex rel. Continental Ins. Co. v. Reynolds,
Beyond question the facts found by the Court of Appeals were such as would have warranted the jury in finding that the insured was afflicted with cancer at the time she applied for the policy, and also that she had reason to believe at that time she was so afflicted. As has been seen, the opinion after setting out the nature of the testimony of the various physicians who examined Mrs. Mueller, sets forth the testimony, negative in character, given by her sister as to what these physicians said or did not say concerning Mrs. Mueller's health, and also the testimony of some of her companions as to her appearance and bodily activity in the period down to about one month before her death. The opinion also makes reference to the letter written by Dr. Englebach to Dr. John Young Brown which was in evidence as an exhibit. This letter, dated February 3, 1919, or about two months after the time of the application for the policy, in addition to stating that Mrs. Mueller had a "fibroid," contained the following other statement: "Mrs. Mueller has received a number of opinions regarding a gastric condition in this case which we have not found to be present, but I advised her to go to you for operation, and if they decide to accept same I shall be pleased to forward you all the report made upon this case."
In addition to the foregoing, the conclusion of the Court of Appeals that the case was one for the jury, turned upon the further fact of the examination of Mrs. Mueller by relator's examining physician, and his resultant recommendation of her for insurance. This was held to be evidence tending to contradict the admissions made in the proof of death. The holding, relator asserts, is in conflict with the decision of thisMedical court in Burgess v. Pan-American Life Ins. Co.,Examination 230 S.W. 315. Conflict with the decision in Kernby Defendant. v. Legion of Honor,
"To say that there is no evidence worthy of consideration tending to make an issue on the condition of insured's health at the time of the application on February 5th, and on February 21st, is to eliminate all of the evidence of Dr. Mayfield, defendant's local examiner, who says that he discovered no condition that indicated disease." In that case the physician examined the insured for tuberculosis which was the disease stated to have caused the death of the insured. In this case the claim is that the examining physician was misled by the insured through her answer that she did not have cancer (among about forty diseases mentioned in the application), by her concealment of any knowledge gained from the physicians consulted by her, and by the fact that the cancer was internal, and not detectable without special examination. Conceding that the examining physician in this case did not have opportunity to observe equal to that had by the examiner in the Burgess case, yet, that does not make conflict as a matter of law between the conclusion of the Court of Appeals and the conclusion of this court in the Burgess case. In each case the weight to be given to the testimony of the examining physician was for the jury. In determining the issue raised by the demurrer, the Court of Appeals had the right under the decisions of this court in the Keller and Burgess cases, to consider that testimony along with the other evidence as tending to contradict, or to explain, what was contained in the proofs of death. In this connection it may be observed that in the written report of Dr. Becker, the examining physician, referred to in the opinion, after stating that he was "satisfied that everything had been fully stated as to the physicial condition, habits and personal and family history of the appellant," he added the following in writing under the head of "Remarks:" "The weight of applicant is above the table, but that is with clothing on. Every member of the family is built along *399
these lines, no soft, flabby flesh, all muscular. I am personally acquainted with the family. Brother now insured in this Co." Under the rule in the Keller and Burgess cases the Court of Appeals was not required to disregard this testimony in considering the demurrer. It was within the province of that court as the appellate court of last resort to determine that under the evidence there was a case for the jury, and we cannot say upon the record it has made that its ruling is in conflict with a controlling decision of this court. Upon the issue under consideration no conflict is shown between the ruling of the Court of Appeals, and the ruling of this court in Kern v. Legion of Honor,
III. The opinion refers to certain numbered instructions given for the plaintiff in the original suit, of which defendant (relator) complained, and the approval of those *400 instructions is assigned here as error. Instruction numbered 1 was the instruction which authorized aMisrepresentations. recovery according to the stated terms of the policy, subject to the condition, "unless you further find from the evidence that the execution of said policy was procured by said Laura Mueller by misrepresentations made by her to defendant or its agents of matters which actually contributed to cause her death," with further clause instructing that no misrepresentations in securing the policy were material, unless it should be found that the matters misrepresented actually contributed to produce her death. Relator contends that plaintiff's instructions proceeded upon the theory that the assured's physical condition made no difference whatever, and that plaintiff was entitled to recover unless defendant showed that insured's answers were false and fraudulent. Instruction 1 did not contain any reference to fraud, or qualify the word "misrepresentations," in any way, that is, it drew no distinction between representations innocently made, or fraudulently made, nor did Instruction 2 submit such distinction.
The opinion states that relator's objection to Instruction 1 was, that it ignored the defense that the insured was not in the state of insurability shown in the application, at the time the policy was delivered, and dealt only with the defense of misrepresentations in procuring the policy. The relator in its answer pleaded the agreement set forth in the application, attached to the policy, that the policy should take effect only in case it should be delivered while the insured was in the same condition of insurability shown in the application. The Court of Appeals in answer to the objection mentioned, said that the record nowhere disclosed any different condition with respect to the health of the insured between the date of the application, and the date the policy was delivered. The objection made and the conflict asserted to exist in sustaining plaintiff's Instruction 1 has a two-fold aspect. First, it is urged that in making no requirement of finding *401
as to assured's state of insurability at the time the policy was delivered, it leaves out a material matter necessary to be submitted in an instruction governing the whole case, and in doing so, and in its approval by the Court of Appeals, there is conflict with the decision of this court in Enloe v. Car
Foundry Co.,
It is further urged that the ruling of the Court of Appeals upon the question of the insured's state of insurability at the time of delivery of the policy is in conflict with the ruling of this court in Burgess v. Pan-American Life Ins. Co., 230 S.W. 315. In that case the insured's state of insurability at the date of delivery of the policy became the prime issue of fact in the case, because the policy was delivered on February 21, and the proofs of death stated that the insured was taken sick with his last illness "about February 20." The question was under consideration as upon demurrer to the evidence, upon the issue whether there was any substantial evidence to contradict the admission in the proofs of death, and to contradict the contention of defendant that the insured at the time was sick with his last illness. The situation there was stated at page 319: "The only question of serious weight in this cause is not whether the insured misrepresented his condition of health in the application and that the disease or ailment alleged to be misrepresented contributed to his death; but the real and serious question is: Was the insured in good health when the policy was delivered?" In that case there was the evidence tending to *402 show the intervention of insured's last sickness between the date of the policy, February 5th, and the date of its delivery February 21st, and the ruling was that under all the evidence the plaintiff was entitled to go to the jury. In view of the diverse situations presented we cannot hold that the ruling of the Court of Appeals is in conflict with the ruling in the Burgess case.
The same conclusion goes against the contention made as to Instruction 2 given for the plaintiff. That instructed the jury as to the burden of the proof in respect of the defense of misrepresentations, telling them that the burden rested upon defendant to show, by the greater weight of the evidence, that the insured did make such misrepresentations; that the matters misrepresented, if any, actually contributed to cause her death; and that defendant would not have issued the policy had it known the real state of facts as claimed by it in its defense. The condition in the application that the policy would be valid only if insured was at the time of delivery of the policy in the same state of insurability shown in the application, and acceptance of the policy thereunder, did not constitute a warranty, but under the statute (Sec. 6142, R.S. 1919) a representation, the falsity of which rendered the policy void only if the matter misrepresented actually contributed to the death of the insured. [Frazier v. Ins. Co.,
IV. The next contention is against Instruction 4 given for the plaintiff, which is an instruction discussed by the Court of Appeals. This instruction is as follows:
"The court instructs you that in determining whether or not the matters misrepresented, if any, actually contributed to cause the death of said Laura Mueller, you should not speculate or guess, but if you are unable to determine from the evidence whether or not her death was so caused your verdict will be for the plaintiff." The instruction was approved as being within the ruling in Griffith v. Continental Casualty Co., 253 S.W. l.c. 1047. *403 The issue there under consideration was whether the fall of the insured by which he was killed, was accidental, or was intentional on his part. The burden was upon the plaintiff to show that the fall was accidental. It was held that the instructions given for defendant telling the jury that their finding could not rest upon conjecture or guess, and that if they could not find from the evidence whether the fall was accidental or intentional, they could not find for plaintiff in the full amount sued for, was not improper. In the instant case the instruction was given for the plaintiff, and dealt with the burden imposed upon defendant, under its affirmative defense that there were matters misrepresented by the insured, and that the matters misrepresented actually contributed to cause her death. It was a defense if the matter misrepresented caused her death, or, if the matters misrepresented actually contributed to that event. [Sec. 6142, R.S. 1919.]
The relator suggests that the ruling of the Court of Appeals approving this instruction conflicts with the ruling of this Court in Burgess v. Pan-American Ins. Co., supra, and other cases wherein it is held that it is error to give an instruction not based upon any evidence; that there is nothing speculative about the testimony; that all the testimony shows the insured had cancer at the time she applied for the insurance, and that all of the evidence shows she died of cancer, or at least cancer was a contributing cause thereto. In urging that view counsel discuss some evidence not referred to in the opinion, which, because of no such reference, cannot be considered here. But the statement in the proofs of death as to the cause of the death of the insured is given in the opinion. That statement is that the cause of her death was "cerebral apoplexy, complicated by gastro-ovarian cancer of eighteen months' duration." Under that evidence and other stated in the opinion we are not prepared to hold that the court was not justified in advising the jury that they were not to speculate or to guess whether or not the matter misrepresented actually contributed to cause the death *404
of the insured. But the instruction does not submit that question. The instruction as given, after warning the jury that they should not speculate or guess in determining whether the matter misrepresented, if any, actually contributed to cause the death of the insured, directs them to find for the plaintiff if they are unable to determine from the evidence whether or not her death was so caused. The instruction submitted as something which the jury might find indeterminable under the evidence, and thereon find for plaintiff, the question whether insured's death was caused by the matter misrepresented, if any, and not the question whether the matter misrepresented actually contributed
to her death. The instruction was therefore within its own terms inconsistent, and was inconsistent with plaintiff's other instructions numbered 1 and 2, which submitted the question as being whether or not the matter misrepresented actually contributed to the death of the assured. It was inconsistent with the allegation of the answer, which was not that the matter misrepresented caused the death of the insured, but that it "directly contributed to her death." It thus authorized a verdict for plaintiff contingent upon inability of the jury to determine a question which was not the issue made by the pleadings. In that respect the instruction violated a rule many times stated by this court, that an instruction must be written within the purview both of the pleadings and the evidence. [Mansur v. Botts, 80 Mo. l.c. 658; Degonia v. Railroad, 224 Mo. l.c. 589; State ex rel. v. Ellison, 270 Mo. l.c. 653.] And "an instruction is equally faulty whether it enlarges or restricts the issues." [Iron Mt. Bank v. Murdock,
The fact that these cases have not been cited in the briefs filed is not material. In State ex rel. Vulgamott v. Trimble, 300 Mo. l.c. 101, it was said:
"Our jurisdiction in this class of certiorari cases is dependent upon conflict or alleged conflict in opinions. However, we have ruled that when our writ has been issued, and the case is before us for determining the question of alleged conflict between the opinion under review, and the rulings of this court, we are not confined to the suggestions of conflict made by the relator, but on the contrary the court can and will quash the record of the Court of Appeals, if it conflicts with any ruling of this court of which the court has knowledge, although such case or ruling has not been suggested by relator, but has been suggested by counsel for respondents, or discovered by the court itself. [State ex rel. v. Ellison, 273 Mo. l.c. 228; State ex rel. v. Reynolds, 286 Mo. l.c. 223.]
"When we once acquire jurisdiction by reason of alleged conflicts we will consider all suggested conflicts, or conflicts not suggested but within the personal knowledge of the court. The purpose of this peculiar form of certiorari is to secure uniformity in opinions, and harmony in the law. So that, our review of this case may be more extended than is usual in most cases."
V. The relator has also assailed Instruction 5 for plaintiff. That instruction is not referred to in the opinion, and for that reason cannot be considered here.
Conflict or error is asserted in the ruling upon the rejection of testimony offered by the defendant. The opinion mentions the rejection of testimony of Dr. Garcia, and of Dr. Soper. The testimony of Dr. Garcia related to an examination for insurance in another company, made nearly two months after the application was made to the defendant. The opinion does not set out the "certain facts" offered to be proved by him, and we are unable to *406 determine the question of conflict. The testimony of several physicians was given for defendant without objection by the plaintiff so far as the opinion shows. It is not so stated, but apparently this was upon the ground that the insured was accompanied by her sister at these consultations. Thereby, it is claimed, the privilege was waived as to all the physicians. According to the statement contained in the opinion this may have been true as to the consultation with Dr. Soper, but since we cannot go to the bill of exceptions, and for lack of more definite information than is given of the circumstances, we cannot undertake to pass upon the question of conflict of rulings in respect to the testimony of Dr. Soper.
Upon the grounds above set forth the record of the Court of Appeals should be quashed. Seddon, C., concurs.
Addendum
This case having been transferred to Court in Banc, the foregoing opinion of LINDSAY, C., in Division One, is adopted as the judgment of the court; White, Atwood and Graves, JJ., concur; Blair, C.J., concurs in the result; Walker, J., dissents; Ragland, J., dubitante; Otto, J., not sitting.