276 N.E.2d 655 | Ohio Ct. App. | 1971
Lead Opinion
This cause is before this court de novo. We have reviewed and weighed the evidence submitted in the court below and in this court. Fortunately, after July 1, 1971, the anomalous practice of one trial and one trial de novo is abolished under Rule 2, Ohio Rules of Appellate Procedure.
The case comes to this court on the complaint of the petitioner for an injunction to enjoin the exhibition of the motion picture film, "Without a Stitch," and to abate the *108
same as a public nuisance in the city of Toledo, Ohio, pursuant to R. C.
The essential issue before this court is whether the film "Without a Stitch" is obscene and, therefore, subject to the provisions of R. C.
After reviewing the varied decisions since Roth, we appreciate the exasperation of some judges and authors when they suggest that the law is in a fragmented state of bewilderment. After such an examination, Justice Stewart's observation that, "but I know it when I see it" takes on new dimensions. It is not the purpose of this opinion to add to the already voluminous array of comment on this subject, but to set forth for properly interested parties our reasoning, findings and conclusions.
In Roth, supra, Mr. Justice Brennan, who delivered the opinion of the court, made the following observations at *109
page 484: "But implicit in the history of the
The test laid down by Roth is found at page 489 of the opinion, as follows:
"* * * [w]hether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to prurient interest. * * *"
The court, in Memoirs, supra, at page 418, seized upon the words of the Roth case, "utterly without redeeming social importance," and fashioned the following definition of obscenity with three elements which must coalesce:
"* * * [I]t must be established that (a) the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to a prurient interest in sex; (b) the material is patently offensive because it affronts contemporary community standards relating to the description or representation of sexual matters; and (c) the material is utterly without redeeming social value."
This definition was quoted with approval in State v. Mazes,
In close cases, it has been suggested that evidence of pandering may be probative with respect to the nature of the material in question. Ginsburg v. United States (1966),
The case of Stanley v. Georgia (1969),
Two recent Supreme Court cases have done much to bring some semblance of order to the morass of obscenity decisions. The cases decided after the decision in the Lucas County Common Pleas Court support that decision and they are United States v.Reidel (May 1971),
"Roth and the cases following that decision are not impaired by today's holding. As we have said, the states retain broad powers to regulate obscenity. * * *" In reference to the district court, and perhaps other courts which have givenStanley too wide a sweep, see the following from Reidel at page 817:
"* * * To extrapolate from Stanley's right to have and peruse obscene material in the privacy of his own home a
And at page 818:
"Roth and like cases have interpreted the
In the concurring opinion by Mr. Justice Harlan, we find the following at page 818:
"Appellee here contends, in effect that the Stanley `right to receive' language,
"That interpretation of Stanley, however, is flatly inconsistent with the square holding of Roth v. United States,
"Either Roth means that government may proscribe obscenity as such rather than merely regulate it with reference to other state interests, or Roth means nothing at all. * * *"
In United States v. Thirty-Seven (37) Photographs, supra, in reference to the commercial distribution of obscenity, the court's observations at page 834 are appropriate.
"* * * Stanley's emphasis was on the freedom of thought and mind in the privacy of the home. But a port of entry is not a traveler's home. * * * Whatever the scope of the right to receive obscenity adumbrated in Stanley, that right, as we said in Reidel, does not extend to one who *112 is seeking, as was Luros here, to distribute obscene materials to the public, nor does it extend to one seeking to import obscene materials from abroad, whether for private use or public distribution."
With this review, we turn to the question of whether the plaintiff has carried his burden of proof. The evidence consisted of testimony, exhibits, and the viewing of the film by this court at the request of all the parties. Despite this request, the defendants argue that this court cannot consider this film as evidence, but that we must consider the viewing as if it were only a view of the place to enable us to better apply the evidence offered. In short, the defendants say that we cannot believe our eyes, an argument advanced with some success by the weavers of the king's clothes in the tale, The Emperor'sNew Clothes, written by an earlier Danish author, Hans Christian Andersen. This court does not need a little boy's exclamation to establish that the king, in fact, had nothing on.
The cases clearly establish the right, if not the necessity, of the court to view the material; this the court has done. SeeJacobellis v. Ohio (1964),
By any test, medium-core, hard-core, as if res ipsa loquitur,
obscenity per se, patently obscene, or screaming obscenity, the film was obscene. See State, ex rel. Sensen-brenner, v. AdultBookstore (1971),
Briefly, we state that the so-called "plot" is as follows. *114 The principal participant is an unmarried, seventeen and a half year old girl about to be a senior in high school. She finds that when confronted with intimate relations with a male classmate she is frigid. To overcome what she concludes is an unusual attitude, she visits a doctor. The doctor proceeds to effect a cure, which includes a variety of sexual stimulations, including intercourse. Without his white coat and when the doctor was in the nude giving therapeutic treatment his numerous tatoos gave one the impression that his internship was taken with the Danish merchant marine. After treatment, the young girl started on a hitchhiking tour of Europe to further effect her cure. Defendants argue that the scenery and photography was very good and this gives to the picture some redeeming social value. The photography is good and the scenery is interesting, but this is not a travelogue, and when the sun slowly sets in the west, it ushers in another night of sexual excess and aberration. This included nude scenes of vaginal and anal copulation, lesbian relations, participation in a "stag" film, fellatio, cunnilingus, and sex orgies between two women and a male, and two males and the "star" of the production, the display of a dildo, sadism and masochism. All acts were simulated except the fondling and suckling of the patient's breast by the doctor. It is obvious that the presentation was to appeal to titillation, not travel.
As cured, the patient returns to her doctor to exhibit her new found radiant health and peace of mind. We find no redeeming social value in this film. If there is a plot, it was only a facade or pretext to exhibit what for years has been known as a "stag" film.
We find, further, that the defendants were pandering as defined in Ginsburg v. United States, supra. The defendants' sole emphasis was on the sexual, provocative aspects of this film. The advertising and promotional materials were slanted to appeal to the erotic interests of their customers.
Since this action is brought under R. C.
R. C.
"(C) `Nuisance' means that which is defined and declared by statutes to be such and also means any place in or upon which lewdness, assignation, or prostitution is conducted, permitted, continued, or exists, or any place, in or upon which lewd, indecent, lascivious, or obscene films or plate negatives, film or plate positives, films designed to be projected on a screen for exhibition films, or glass slides either in negative or positive form designed for exhibition by projection on a screen, are photographed, manufactured, developed, screened, exhibited, or otherwise prepared or shown, and the personal property and contents used in conducting and maintaining any such place for any such purpose. * * *"
R. C.
"Any person, who uses, occupies, establishes, or conducts a nuisance, or aids or abets therein, and the owner, agent, or lessee of any interest in any such nuisance together with the persons employed in or in control of any such nuisance by any such owner, agent, or lessee is guilty of maintaining a nuisance and shall be enjoined as provided in Sections
Under the conditions set forth in R. C.
The statute is a constitutionally permissible means of controlling obscenity. See 34 Ohio Jurisprudence 2d 160, Lewdness, Indecency, Obscenity, and Profanity, Section 8; GrovePress, Inc., v. Flask, Civil No. C 69-735, District Court Northern District of Ohio, Eastern Division.
Having found the film obscene, we also find that a nuisance, as defined in R. C.
WILEY, J., concurs.
"As used in Sections
"(A) Any material or performance is `obscene' if, when considered as a whole and judged with reference to ordinary adults, any of the following apply:
"(1) Its dominant appeal is to prurient interest;
"(2) Its dominant tendency is to arouse lust by displaying or depicting nudity, sexual excitement, or sexual conduct in a way which tends to represent human beings as mere objects of sexual appetite;
"(3) Its dominant tendency is to arouse lust by displaying or depicting bestiality or extreme or bizarre violence, cruelty, or brutality;
"(4) It contains a series of displays or descriptions of nudity, sexual excitement, sexual conduct, bestiality, extreme or bizarre violence, cruelty, or brutality, or human bodily functions of elimination, the cumulative effect of which is a dominant tendency to appeal to prurient interest, when the appeal to such interest is primarily for its own sake or for commercial exploitation, rather than for a genuine scientific, educational, sociological, moral, or artistic purpose.
"* * *
"(E) `Material' means any book, pamphlet, ballad, printed paper, phonographic record or tape, motion picture film, print, picture, figure, image, description, or other tangible thing capable of being used to arouse interest through sight, sound, or in any other manner.
"(F) `Performance' means any motion picture, preview, play, show, skit, dance, or other exhibition performed before an audience."
This statute was effective September 15, 1970, after the filing of the complaint, but before the decision in the lower court. The film was exhibited after the effective date, and the trial de novo was held after the effective date of the statute. Other statutes so considered are:
R. C.
Dissenting Opinion
I concur in the granting of the permanent injunction against defendants and the other remedial relief provided by R. C. Chapter 3767 and stated in the last paragraph of the majority opinion, and accept the excellent analysis of the law leading to the final judgment, but I dissent from that part of the judgment which orders the defendants to account for the box office receipts arising from the exhibition of the film from the date of the Common Pleas Court's injunction on September 19, 1970, up to and including the final performance. *117
The only hinge upon which such an accounting order for box office receipts could swing is the Common Pleas Court's injunction order of September 16, 1970, which, inter alia, provides:
"* * * And said permanent injunction is to issue and become effective three days from the date of the filing of this order unless the defendants jointly, or any one of them, deposit an appeal bond in the amount of $20,000 to stay execution until final adjudication in the Appellate Courts of this State.
"The question of forfeiture as prayed for in the petition is stayed, pending final adjudication. * * *." (Emphasis added.)
And the appeal bond filed on September 16, 1970, pursuant to this injunction decree, which, inter alia, provides:
"In the event that there is a final affirmance of the judgment of said Court of Common Pleas of Lucas County, Ohio, and said defendant, and/or any other defendants, pay all court costs and damages or forfeitures which may be assessed by saidCourt of Common Pleas, then this obligation shall be void * * *." (Emphasis added.)
Such a hinge is insufficient to swing such sweeping relief as an accounting for profits or receipts which, in substance, amount to a forfeiture or penalty. This is so for a number of reasons.
The foregoing decree, and the appeal bond, even if such bond is considered a contract by the defendants to pay a forfeiture which may be assessed upon affirmance on appeal, is the only slender reed upon which the decree ordering a forfeiture of box office receipts is based There is no lawful authority or foundation, statutory or otherwise, creating such a right or remedy of forfeiture. The parties cannot, by a contract, whether it be an appeal bond or otherwise, create jurisdiction by way of a new right or remedy such as forfeiture and agree to give a court such jurisdiction where no such right, remedy, authority or jurisdiction exists independently. 31 Ohio Jurisprudence 2d 518, Judgments, Section 28.
R. C. Chapter 3767, entitled Nuisances, under which the present injunction proceedings were maintained, provides *118
for various remedies, in addition to permanent injunctive relief such as is granted in the last paragraph of the majority opinion — the authority for the action there is derived from R. C.
Only where a penalty or forfeiture is mandatorily fixed by statute will equity, as a rule, apply the requirement of the statute. Miller Oil Co. v. Abrahamson,
In the absence of authority duly delegated to a court of equity, such court does not have equitable power or jurisdiction to enforce a forfeiture against the property such as a forfeiture of the profits accruing from property decreed to be a nuisance. 41 Ohio Jurisprudence 2d 169, Nuisances, Section 75; 39 American Jurisprudence 442, 446, Nuisances, Sections 171 and 173; 66 Corpus Juris Secundum 934, Nuisances, Section 130.
Further, even if the Court has power to assess or determine a forfeiture on the basis of an agreement of the defendant as expressed in the appeal bond, in consideration of a stay of execution (and this is gravely doubtful), that upon final affirmance of the judgment of the Court of Common *119 Pleas the defendants "pay all court costs and damages or forfeitures which may be assessed by said Court of CommonPleas," such cannot support an extended interpretation that defendants agreed to the assessment of a forfeiture by theCourt of Appeals like the one in the present case.
The order for an accounting of box office receipts is predicated, as indicated in the last paragraph of the majority opinion, upon 29 Ohio Jurisprudence 2d 410, Injunctions, Section 181, which is entitled "Terms and Conditions of Decree or Order" and concerns itself with the conceded power of a court of equity in granting an injunction to attach to it, as a condition precedent to its effect, terms and limitations designed to serve the ends of justice. State, ex rel. Cleveland, v. Court ofAppeals,
Neither is there anything in the transcript and pleadings of the Common Pleas Court stating that an accounting for box office receipts or forfeiture thereof is made by order of the Common Pleas Court a condition of the appeal bond staying execution of the judgment. The fact that the appellant and his surety inserted the clause "forfeitures which may be assessed in said Common Pleas Court" in the appeal bond does not make it a condition of the appeal bond "as is directed by the court making the order which is sought to be superseded" as provided by R. C.
Furthermore, the insertion of the clause concerning "fortfeitures" as part of the conditions in the appeal bond is contrary to the mandatory statutory provisions of R. C.
"The * * * bond * * * shall be * * * subject to a condition to the effect that the party appealing shall abide and perform the order and judgment of the appellate court and pay all money, costs, and damages which may be required of or awarded against him upon the final determination of said appeal * * *."
Hence, the Common Pleas Court did not provide or prescribe or direct by order that the appeal bond contain a condition therein that defendants pay any forfeitures assessed (see Booher v.Lowe, supra) and, secondly, the Common Pleas Court was mandatorily precluded by R. C.
Therefore, the references to "forfeitures" in the appeal bond filed in the Common Pleas Court are nullities and meaningless. In passing, the observation should also be made that the Common Pleas Court did not determine or assess any forfeiture but postponed such pending appeal.
There is no Ohio case that has established as a principle of law that an injunction decree abating a nuisance carries with it an ancillary right to a forfeiture of the profit which arose from the nuisance abated. 41 Ohio Jurisprudence 2d 167, Nuisances, Sections 73, 74, 75; 29 Ohio Jurisprudence 2d 409, Injunctions, Sections 180 to 183; 20 Ohio Jurisprudence 2d 85, Equity, Sections 39 and 40. This is true of the law generally in the United States. A court, in granting equitable relief by injunction, may impose such terms and conditions as are demanded by justice and the regard for righteous conduct, but it may not impose conditions which lie outside its judicial power.White v. Massee,
Although a court of equity has judicial power to abate a nuisance by injunction and the right to private property is subservient to the public right to be free from nuisances, which may be abated without compensation to the owner of the offending property, yet the guarantee of due process of law prohibits the confiscation or forfeiture of property without compensation except where the property is taken in a valid exercise of the police power. 15A Corpus Juris Secundum 362, Confiscation; 16A Corpus Juris Secundum 915, 1089, Constitutional Law, Sections 645, 679; 36 American Jurisprudence 2d 611, 622, Forfeitures and Penalties, Sections 1, 15, 16; 24 Ohio Jurisprudence 2d 522, 524, Forfeitures and Penalties, Sections 2, 4.
The state or municipality may enact laws and ordinances imposing forfeitures on certain classes of acts, and will enforce the peace and dignity of the state or municipality, and these laws and ordinances are within the police powers of the state or municipality and valid so long as they are within the specific and clear limitations in the constitution. Lindsay v.Cincinnati,
Naturally flowing from the foregoing legal proposition is the following principle of law. In the absence of statute or other legislative enactment, the constitutional guarantee of due process of law prohibits the confiscation or forfeiture of property without compensation by order of any court. 16 American Jurisprudence 2d 689, 964, Constitutional Law, Sections 361, 550; 36 American Jurisprudence 2d 622, Forfeitures and Penalties, Section 16; 16A Corpus Juris Secundum 913, Constitutional Law, Section *122
645; 37 Corpus Juris Secundum 6, Forfeitures, Section 3; cf.Kingsley Books, Inc., v. Brown,
Neither can the box office receipts be ordered confiscated or forfeited as contraband, a term sometimes defined as an article which cannot be owned or possessed legally, or such as is capable of use only in the commission of a crime. Box office receipts are not contraband. 17 Corpus Juris Secundum 510, Contraband.
The decree of this court ordering an accounting and forfeiture of box office receipts, by reason of its unconstitutionality, exceeds the jurisdiction and legitimate powers of this court of appeals and is an open invitation to the party whose property is confiscated to resort to a utilization of an extraordinary writ or remedy to prohibit such unconstitutional confiscation. 44 Ohio Jurisprudence 2d 209, Prohibition, Section 26; Chapter 85, Section 1331, Title 28, U.S. Code, and footnotes 139 and 142, and Section 1332, footnote 156, and Chapter 155, Sections 2281 and 2283; ElliottAdvertising Co. v. Metropolitan Dade County (C.C.A. 5, 1970),
However, a confiscation or fortfeiture of property must occur in the valid exercise of the police power. Such police power regarding confiscation or forfeiture of property requires statutory provision permitting and regulating the forfeiture proceedings consistent with due process of law, and such statutory provision for a forfeiture must be strictly construed. 24 Ohio Jurisprudence 2d 524, 525, Forfeitures and Penalties, Sections 4 and 5.
In the instant case, there was no statutory remedy or procedure providing for the confiscation or forfeiture of the box office receipts derived from the exhibition of the offending film. Hence, the forfeiture order is a nullity and violates the constitutional guarantee of due process of law. Sections
Too much significance is placed in this case on the language in the Common Pleas Court final decree and in the appeal bond staying execution which provides in effect that the "defendants pay all court costs and damages or forfeitures which may be assessed by said Court of Common Pleas" in the event of final affirmance of the judgment of that court. Suppose the decree and appeal bond had provided that defendants, in addition to paying all costs, damages or forfeitures, would also "pay all fines and penalties and serve all jail sentences that might be imposed by the Common Pleas Court upon affirmance on appeal"? Would this agreement or statement of defendants in the appeal bond and any reference to it in the permanent injunction decree of the Common Pleas Court give the Court of Appeals or the Common Pleas Court power and jurisdiction to assess a $10,000 fine on any of the defendants or impose a 6-month jail sentence on any defendant? The answer is obviously in the negative. For the same reason, the Court of Appeals and the Common Pleas Court cannot assess a forfeiture or cause a confiscation of property where no such power or jurisdiction has been granted by law to the courts. The defendants, by a statement in the appeal bond, referring to forfeitures, or to any other matter such as crimes or jail sentences, cannot create jurisdiction of the subject matter in a court. In the present case, the court lacks jurisdiction of the subject matter of confiscation or forfeiture of private property of the defendants. Jurisdiction to render judgment in a case in which the court lacks jurisdiction of the subject matter cannot be acquired by consent of the parties. 31 Ohio Jurisprudence 2d 518, Judgments, Section 28.
For the foregoing reasons, this court should make no order concerning a confiscation or forfeiture of the box office receipts obtained by exhibiting the offending film in this case.
It is readily conceded that confiscation of the box office receipts obtained by defendants who trafficked in smut *124 in this case is a desirable solution and a desirable court decree, and is a method to deter the continued offensive conduct of defendants. However, what is desirable in this, and in many other situations, is not the equivalent of what is lawful or within the powers of this court or any other court to grant.