158 Ind. 349 | Ind. | 1902
The relator, claiming title to the office of municipal judge of the city of Fort Wayne, by the appointment of the Governor, tendered to the appellee, the mayor of said city, his official bond properly executed, with sufficient sureties, and demanded that such bond be approved. His demand was refused, and he sued out of the Allen Circuit Court a writ of mandamus requiring the appellee to approve the said bond, or show cause why he should not be compelled to do so. The appellee filed his return and answer to the verified application and alternative writ, and the appellant demurred thereto for want of sufficient facts to constitute a defense and excuse for such refusal to' approve said bond. The demurrer was overruled, and, the appellant refusing to plead further, judgment was rendered against him. From that judgment he appeals, and the error assigned is the ruling upon the demurrer.
More particularly stated, the facts set forth in the application and alternative writ were these: On May 9, 1901, the relator was appointed and commissioned, by the Governor of this State, municipal judge of the municipal court of the city of Fort Wayne, Indiana, to fill a vacancy in said office beginning on said 9th day of May, 1901, and continuing until the first Tuesday of May, 1905, and until his successor should be elected and qualified; the relator took the oath of office, and presented to the appellee, who was the mayor of the city of Fort Wayne, his official bond, in the penalty prescribed by the statute, conditioned according to law, with good and sufficient sureties', duly acknowledged, and asked the appellee to approve the same; the relator possessed the statutory qualifications for such municipal judge, but the appellee, without legal excuse, refused to approve the said bond.
The demurrer to this return presents the question of the validity and proper construction of the statutes creating the office of municipal judge of cities having a population of more than 35,000 and less than 49,000 inhabitants, according to the last census of the United States before the year 1901. Acts 1901, pp. 131 to 138.
Section 1 of the act of March 7, 1901, Acts 1901, p. 132, amending §1 of an act to amend §§2, 11, 12, 67, and 77 of an act for the incorporation of cities having a population of
By another act approved March 7, 1901, §42 of said act for the incorporation of cities having a population of more than 35,000 and less than 49,000, approved March 3, 1893, was so amended as to provide for the election of a mayor and city clerk in such cities on the first Tuesday in May, 1901, and on the first Tuesday in May in every fourth year thereafter, the terms of such officers to begin at 12 o’clock, noon, on Thursday next after their election, and to continue four years, or until their respective successors should be elected and qualified, except as in said act otherwise provided.
By the same act, §45 of the said act of March 3, 1893, was amended so as to provide, among other things, that the mayors of such cities should continue to exercise their judicial authority until 12 o’clock noon on the 9th day of May, 1901, and until a municipal judge should be appointed and qualified under said act.
Section 46 of the act of March 3, 1893, Was also amended by the said act of March 7, 1901, so as to read as follows: “Section 46. On and after 12 o’clock noon of the 9th day of May, 1901, the judicial power of such city shall be vested in a city court; the officers thereof shall be one judge, a clerk and a bailiff. The style of such court shall be ‘The Municipal Court of the City of —————’, accord
These acts created the office of municipal judge in the class of cities to which the city of Fort Wayne belongs. They declared that the office should not come into existence until May 9, 1901, at 12 o’clock noon. All the civil and criminal jurisdiction previously possessed by the mayor under the act of March 3, 1893, was continued in that officer until that time. The general elections for city officers, were
Counsel for appellee contend that a repugnancy does exist between the proviso of the act of March 7, 1901 (Acts 1901, p. 132), and the body of that act, and that the body of the act, amending §1, must control; they also insist that the acts of March 7, 1901, are in conflict with the Constitution of the State because they authorize the appointment of a judge of a court, when the office should be filled by an election by the people.
It may be admitted that there is some ambiguity in §1 of the act of March 7, 1901, as amended. The meaning of the section, however, is plain, and the intention of the legislature unmistakable. The several clauses of the section, although apparently contradictory, may be reconciled without difficulty. The first clause declares what officers shall be elective. The second fixes the dates at which all future general city elections shall be held. The next states what officers shall be elected at such general elections, and the terms of such officers. The proviso qualifies these general provisions by declaring that no municipal judge shall be elected until the general election to be held in May, 1905.
But it is to be observed that §1 of the act of March 7, 1901 (Acts 1901, p. 132), does not stand alone, and that it is to be construed in connection with §§42, 45, and 46, of the act of 1893, as amended by the act of March 7, 1901. Acts 1901, pp. 132, 134, 135. So interpreted, there can remain no doubt that the legislature intended to create the office of municipal judge on May 9, 1901, and not before, and that no election for that office should take place until the first Tuesday of May, 1905.
It is said in Lime City, etc., Assn. v. Black, 136 Ind. 544, 553, that: “It is a well established rule in the construction of statutes, that the court will not presume that the legislature intended any part of a statute to be without meaning; but it is also a rule equally well settled, that every part of the statute must be viewed in connection with the whole, so as to make all its parts harmonize, if practicable, and give a sensible and intelligent effect to each. Sutherland on Stat. Const., §325.” If the proviso in the act amending §1 of the act of 1897, amending the act of March 3, 1893, be rejected, the two acts of March 7, 1901, when construed together must be held to create the office of municipal judge on May 9, 1901, and not before.
Counsel for appellee assert that so much of the act of March 7,1901, as declares that the office of municipal judge shall come into existence May 9, 1901, that the first election to fill the same shall take place on the first Tuesday of May, 1905, and that the Governor shall fill the vacancy for the intervening period, is in conflict with §1, article 1, of the State Constitution, with §18, article 5, and with §§1 and 16 of article 7 of that instrument.
It is assumed in the argument for the appellee that, all judges of all courts must be elected by the people, and the several sections of the Constitution, just mentioned, are referred to in support of this proposition.
The necessity for any discussion of the constitutional question may well be doubted. For the purpose of the decision of this case, it makes no difference whether under the State Constitution all judicial officers must be elected, or whether some of them may be appointed. It may be assumed that the office of municipal judge is an elective office. The real point of inquiry is, was there a vacancy in the office of municipal judge of the city of Fort Wayne on May 9, 1901 ? If a vacancy existed at that time, the power of the Governor to fill the vacancy by appointment admits of no dispute. Constitution, §18, article 5. Whether a vacancy in the office of municipal judge existed depends upon the answers which may be made to another question: Had the legislature the power to fix the time when the act creating the
The general rule is thus stated in Sutherland on S'tat. Con., §107: “The power to enact laws includes the power, subject to constitutional restrictions, to provide when in the future, and upon what conditions or event, they shall take effect. Where a particular time for the commencement of a statute is appointed, it only begins to have effect and to speak from that time, unless a different intention is manifest, and will speak and operate from the beginning of that day.”
And in Endlich on Interp. of Stat., §499, it is said that: “An act may be passed to take effect not only at a future day certain, but also upon the happening of a future contingency. In the former case, the act takes immediate effect on the day" fixed. * * * And until the day when an act is to take effect arrives the law has no force, even as notice to the persons to be affected by it.” Const., Art. 4, §28; Rice v. Ruddiman, 10 Mich. 125; Price v. Hopkins, 13 Mich. 318; Larrabee v. Talbott, 5 Gill (Md.) 426, 46 Am. Dec. 637, 645; Commonwealth v. Fowler, 10 Mass. 290; People v. Johnston, 6 Cal. 673; State, ex rel., v. Wells, 144 Ind. 231, 236; Clem v. State, 33 Ind. 418, 423; State, ex rel., v. Menaugh, 151 Ind. 260, 43 L. R. A. 408, 418; State, ex rel., v. Mount, 151 Ind. 679; 23 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 225.
The power of the legislature to fix the length of the term of office of a municipal judge, subject only to the constitutional restriction that it cannot exceed four years, is indisputable. Legislative authority to fix the times and intervals at which general city elections shall be held is equally well established. Such elections may be required to be held every year, every two years, every three years, or every four years; and an interval of four years is quite as regular and as fully within the competence of the legislature to establish as an interval of one year.
The motives of the legislative body in enacting that the office of municipal judge should come into existence two days after the general city election of 1901, and that future general city elections should be held on the first Tuesday of May, 1905, and on the first Tuesday of May in every fourth year thereafter, are not proper subjects of judicial examination. Neither can the court, consider the policy or expediency of these regulations. State, ex rel., v. Kolsem, 130 Ind. 434, 14 L. R. A. 566; Parker v. State, ex rel., 132 Ind. 419; State, ex rel., v. McClelland, 138 Ind. 395; Townsend v. State, 147 Ind. 624, 37 L. R. A. 294, 62 Am. St. 477; City of Chicago v. Manhattan Cement Co., 178 Ill. 372, 45 L. R. A. 848, 69 Am. St. 321.
For the reasons herein stated, we are constrained to hold that the acts of March 7, 1901, creating the office of munic
Judgment reversed, with instructions to sustain the demurrers to the answer and return, and for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.