238 Mo. 189 | Mo. | 1911
Lead Opinion
This is a proceeding by certiorari in this court to quash a judgment entered by respondents as judges of the Kansas- City Court of Appeals.
In effect it is a continuation of a suit instituted in the circuit court of Jackson county, wherein the relator as plaintiff brought suit against one Samuel E. Sexton, as defendant, to enforce a contract to repurchase certain real estate located in Kansas City, Missouri. The first trial was had on January 29, 1903, when the circuit court sustained a demurrer to the plaintiff’s evidence, whereupon the plaintiff, Curtis, appealed to this court. The appeal was heard by us at our October Term, 1906, and a decision rendered, reversing the judgment of the trial court — which decision is found in 201 Mo. 217.
This cause being remanded for a new trial, the same was, on May 12, 1908, submitted, to a jury in the circuit court of Jackson county, which jury returned a verdict for plaintiff Curtis. From a judgment on said verdict, defendant Sexton appealed to this court. By an order of this court said appeal was transferred to the Kansas City Court of Appeals; and upon a hearing of said appeal in that court, the judgment of the circuit court was on January 24, 1910-, reversed, on the alleged ground that plaintiff Curtis had failed to establish a cause of action against defendant Sexton. [142 Mo. App. 179.]
After unsuccessful motions on the part of plaintiff, Curtis, to secure a rehearing in said Kansas City Court of Appeals, and to transfer the appeal to this court, he instituted this action to quash the judgment of said Court of Appeals, for the alleged reason that it is in conflict with the former decision of this court in the same case, wherein we held that said plaintiff Curtis had by his evidence made out a prima-facie
This action was heard by us at our last April term and an opinion filed by Ferriss, J., but as said opinion was not concurred in by a majority of this court, the case was reassigned to the writer.
The issues herein present several important questions of law. First, it is contended by respondents that this court has no power by certiorari to review or correct a final judgment or decision of the Kansas City Court of Appeals because such decision is in conflict with a prior controlling decision of this court. Second, that the decision of the Kansas City Court of Appeals in this case is not in conflict with the prior decision of this court, because the evidence in the second trial was wholly different from the evidence before this court upon the first appeal.
Relator contends that the judgment and decision of the Kansas City Court of Appeals, which he seeks to quash, is not only in conflict with prior controlling decisions of this court, but is contrary to the law of the case, as announced by this court when the action was previously before us.
A careful reading of the former decision of this court and the decision of the Kansas City Court of Appeals herein, lends some plausibility .to respondents’ contention that the decision of the Court of Appeals is not in conflict with our decision. But relator contends that the evidence on the part of the plaintiff given at the first trial and which we held to constitute a prima-faeie case for plaintiff, is substantiallv the same as the evidence upon the second trial; and the relator in his motion for a rehearing in the Kansas City Court of Appeals, filed with the respondents a printed copy of the evidence as presented to this court upon the first appeal, and asked the Court of Appeals to examine the record of the former trial and determine whether or not the evidence on the part of
We have carefully examined the record upon which the decision of the Kansas City Court of Appeals is based, and compared it with the record which was before us on the former appeal, and find that the evidence on the part of the plaintiff in both trials was substantially the same, so far as such evidence tends to make out a case against the defendant Sexton.
OPINION.
At the threshold of this case, our jurisdiction to grant the relief prayed for by relator is challenged. One vital issue which confronts us is, have we the power to correct an error in the final decision of a Court of Appeals unless that court invites us to review its conclusions of law under the provisions of section 6 of the amendment to.article 6 of our State Constitution?
Section 8 of the constitutional amendment of 1884 provides: “The Supreme Court shall have superintending control over the courts of appeals by mandamius, prohibition and certiorari.”
Section 3, article 6 of the Constitution of 1875, provides: ‘ ‘ The Supreme Court shall have a general superintending control over all inferior courts. It shall have power to issue writs of habeas corptis, man-
Under these constitutional provisions the Supreme Court is the final repository of judicial power. Designedly and wisely, there is found in these provisions no attempt to define or limit the superintending control which the people have seen fit, through their Constitution, to delegate to the Supreme Court, save only to indicate the instrumentalities or writs through which this control may he exercised. In harmony with the idea of ultimate judicial power in the Supreme Court, section 6 of the amendment of 1884 requires the Courts of Appeals to decide questions in conformity to the previous decisions of the Supreme Court. This to the end that the law throughout the State may he certain and uniform. Section 6 points out the method by which a Court of Appeals may transfer a cause to the Supreme Court, and in such cases requires this court to “rehear and determine said cause.” The provisions of this section do not, however, in any degree deprive this court of the superintending control given by the Constitution, and which it is the duty of this court to exercise whenever in its judgment the occasion demands it.
A power to supervise presupposes that the tribunal which is to do the supervising may act on its own initiative. If we could only exercise our right to correct errors and judgments of appellate courts when such courts voluntarily invite us to do so, then every appellate court in the State could constitute itself a Supreme Court and refuse to follow our decisions whenever it might see fit to do so. Under such a condition of affairs, statutes and other laws would mean one thing in one part of the State and something quite different in another appellate district of the same Commonwealth ; and this court would be supreme in name only.
In his opinion herein, Judge Ferriss says:
“Our former decisions show that we have not been inclined to interfere with the Courts of Appeals in the performance of the duties which the Constitution has entrusted to them; nor are we disposed to encourage attempts to induce us to review their rulings through the medium of extraordinary writs. . . . The Constitution requires the Courts of Appeals, and each of them, to conform their decisions to ours; yet we have conceded to a Court of Appeals, in some cases where the matter was presented by litigants, the right to decide, upon its own responsibility whether its decision was in conflict with prior decisions of this court. [State ex rel. v. Smith, 173 Mo. 398; State ex rel. v. Broaddus, 207 Mo. 107; Railroad v. Smith, 154 Mo. 300.]”
■ In his said separate opinion herein, Judge Ferriss correctly announces the law of this case in the following language:
“Said section 6 of the Amendment of 1884, in speaking of prior decisions of the Supreme Court, is obviously referring to prior decisions in other cases. It has never, so far as we are advised, been contended in this court that when this court has declared the law*204 upon a given state of facts, a court of appeals is at liberty, upon the same facts, in the same case, if it shall come before that court through subsequent proceedings, to refuse to follow the decision of this court. A decision by this court upon a point presented in a case becomes the law of the case upon that point. It is in the nature of res ad judicata upon that question. In further proceedings in the same case before a Court of Appeals, the prior decision of this court must be followed, when the same point is presented upon the same facts. If that court attempts to disregard the decision of this court upon such point, it exceeds its jurisdiction. When a court acts without jurisdiction, or in excess of its jurisdiction, it is in error, and the error may be reached by certiorari. This court said in M., K. & T. Ry. v. Smith, 154 Mo. l. c. 308, ‘Courts at all times are under the imperative duty first to inquire into its authority to try a cause, and then to keep within the proper limits of jurisdiction prescribed by law.’ Therefore, although a court may have jurisdiction of a case, if it, upon any point, exceeds its jurisdiction, the error may be reached by certiorari, there being no remedy by appeal or writ of error in such case. This court has many times decided that a decision by the Supreme Court upon a point becomes the law of the case upon that point, and is controlling upon further proceedings in that case in the lower court, and also that, with rare exceptions, such decision will bind this court upon a second appeal upon the same point. In the ease of May v. Crawford, 150 Mo. l. c. 524, we said: ‘This rule is necessary to the orderly and decent administration of the law, for it would destroy all respect for the law and make judgments of courts of final resort mere mockeries and travesties, if the trial court could be permitted on a trial anew in that court to set aside, disregard or disobey them.’
*205 . “Again, in the case of Gracey v. St. Lonis, 221 Mo. l. c. 5, Lamm, J., speaking upon this question in behalf of the court, says: ‘On a second appeal or writ of error on the same facts and pleadings, the appellate court will not notice questions determined in the previous decision. All such are res adjudicaba and closed. For the practical administration of justice, the former decision is the law of the case;’ citing numerous cases. True, he says further, and properly: ‘Like all general rules, the one in hand has its exceptions. Where manifest and far-reaching error has been committed, no castiron or immutable rule bars a re-examination of a question illy decided. In such case it goes without saying that this court, as a debt due to justice and as one of the foundation stones of its own dignity, reserves to itself the right to reconsider, re-examine and redetermine.’
“It will be perceived, however, that while this court reserves, as it must, the right to re-examine its former decision in the same case, upon the same state of facts, that right is not accorded to the lower court. If this court makes a mistake either as to the law or the facts of the case, as may happen, inasmuch as the court is composed of human judges, it has the power — fortunate that it is so — to correct that mistake by reversing itself on a second appeal; but it by no means follows that the trial court or the Court of Appeals has the same right. in this regard. When' a point, once decided by this court, comes before either the circuit court or the Court of Appeals on further proceedings in the same case, neither of the courts last named has jurisdiction to overrule this court. Here the question is different from that presented in the ease of State ex rel. v. Smith, supra, where the superintending power of this court was invoked upon the Court of Appeals, because that court refused to follow a prior decision of this court in other cases. Here the question is as to the duty of that court to*206 follow the prior decision of this court in the same case. It becomes not a question of whether that court is .right or wrong in its construction of the decision of this court, but whether that court is within its lawful jurisdiction if it disregards the law of the case as previously declared by this court. Upon the question here presented, in view' of the fact that there is no way of bringing the point before this court by appeal or writ of error, we have no hesitation in holding it to be our duty, under the superintending control given this court by the Constitution, to review the action of the Court of Appeals by certiorari.”
The litigation between plaintiff Curtis and defendant Sexton is based upon the following contract:
Kansas City, Mo., Jan. 5th, 1888.
In consideration of W. Espy Curtib purchasing from us one-sixteenth interest in Madison Square, an addition to Kansas City, Mo., we guarantee and promise to purchase it back from him October 6th, 1890, if he so desires and requests, at the price he paid us for same, paying him back all the money he paid into and for same, with interest at the rate of 10 per cent per annum from date of purchase.
Also in consideration of W. Espy Curtis purchasing from us the aforesaid one-sixteenth interest in Madison Square we guarantee to sell or trade Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 in Block (12) James Goodin Place,, an addition to Kansas City, Mo., or else in case these lots are not sold or traded hy April 20th, 1889, we promise and agree to carry the two-fifths interest in those lots belonging to W. Espy Curtis for him without interest, making-the payments for him.
We also agree not to charge said W. Espy Curtis any commission for selling or trading the above mentioned property.
In witness thereof we have placed our hands and seal.
Sexton & Bracking. (Seal).
A casual reading of the foregoing contract demonstrates that it was entered into to evidence two facts: First, that plaintiff Curtis had purchased certain real estate from the partnership of Sexton & Bracking; and, second; that said said Sexton & Bracking, in consideration of said purchase, agreed- to indemnify said
This contract, while containing a Certain option feature, is wholly unlike an unilateral option to purchase real estate whereby the owner of such real estate for a nominal sum obligates himself to hold such real estate and convey the same to a vendee at a future date upon payment of the purchase price. It partakes more of the nature of a loan wherein it became the duty of plaintiff Curtis, within a reasonable time after October 6, 1890, to elect whether he would retain the property or treat Lis investment as a loan secured by note.
The plaintiff Curtis resides in Cincinnati, Ohio, and the defendant Sexton resides in Kansas City, Missouri. The evidence on the part of the plaintiff upon the first trial shows that on September 13, 1890, plaintiff Curtis sent to defendant Sexton at the latter’s address in Kansas City, a letter (postage prepaid), as follows:
9 — 13—’90.
Samuel E. Sexton:
Shall have to let my int. in Mad. Sqr. go as per agreement with you and Frank. Oct. 6, 1890, is the date named in agreement for my decision but I now give you notice that on that day I shall be ready to receive the cash and turn my interest over to you and Frank or to whom you may order. You can get figures off your books. W. Espy Curtis.
That on September 20, 1890, plaintiff also sent by registered mail to defendant Sexton at the latter’s
Sam’l E. Sexton:
Not yet rec’d answer. Shall act on the written agreement between you and Frank and myself concerning Mad. Sq. Oct. 6-90. All money ... for it and-10 per cent per an. ’ I shall be ready to transfer title to you and receive the cash on Oct. 6-90. ■ W. Esny Cuetis.
The registry return receipt shows that; this letter was delivered.to S. E. Sexton at Kansas City on September 23, 1890. The evidence proves in a satisfactory manner that the defendant’s name was signed to the return registry receipt by defendant’s wife.
That on September 30, 1890' plaintiff Curtis sent a third letter to defendant Sexton, postage prepaid, asking defendant to prepare and forward through an express company or bank such deed as he desired for а. reconveyance of the property, such deed'to be executed by Curtis upon payment of $3061,61.
That no answer being received to any of these letters,- plaintiff Curtis went to -Kansas City oh November 20, 1890, and called on defendant Sexton, who .claimed he could not repurchase the property for lack of funds, Curtis claims to have seen in defendant’s -possession during this - interview two of the letters he had written to defendant, electing to resell the property to him and Bracking. ' On' December 1, 1890, plaintiff Curtis tendered to defendant a deed reconveying to defendant and his former partner Bracking the interest he had purchased of them in the Kansas .City real estate and demanded a return of the purchase money paid for the property, with ten per cent ■per annum' interest thereon. Said deed was rejected and repayment of the purchase money refused. This evidence was before us in the former appeal, and on ¡that evidence we held that “before and on October б, 1890, plaintiff asked defendant to prepare such a
Upon a retrial of the cause we find that the plaintiff introduced substantially the same evidence as upon the first trial, whereupon the trial court submitted the case to the jury, who returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff; but the respondents, upon appeal to the Kansas City Court of Appeals, held that this evidence shows that plaintiff has no cause of action; and therefore reversed the judgment of the circuit court without remanding the cause.
From reading the decision filed by respondents as judges of the Kansas City Court of Appeals, we find that they, in the main, base their conclusions upon the fact that the plaintiff Curtis did not on the 6th day of October, 1890, elect to resell the property to defendant and tender a deed of reconveyance on that day. ■
While* a* literal construction of our former decision might lead to the conclusion that, upon a former trial there was evidence that plaintiff did elect to resell the property to defendant on the 6th day of October, 1890, that statement was a mere inadvertence of this court, or rather a statement of the legal effect of the plaintiff’s acts in electing to resell the property to defendant a few days before the 6th day of October, 1890; and it-was not our intention to specifically say that the election was made on the 6th day of October. Our decision was that the election to, resell to defendant made a few days before the 6th of October, 1890, was
Without taking the pains to read the record of the former trial, the respondents were misled in construing our former decision to mean that an election to resell to defendant and the tendering of a deed to defendant was necessary on the 6th day of October, in order to entitle plaintiff to recover. Such is not the law of this case.
This brings us to a consideration of whether or not it was the duty of respondents to read the evidence given by the plaintiff upon the former trial, and determine whether the matter of the election of the plaintiff to resell the property to defendant was res adjudicata in this suit.
We are not aware of any written law which authorized the filing in the Kansas City Court of Appeals by plaintiff Curtis of the printed abstract of the record of the first trial, which abstract was before us on the first appeal, and formed the basis of our former decision in this cause. Yet we see no reason why respondents should have refused to examine the record of the first trial. By Rule 15 of the Kansas City Court of Appeals, respondents permit any reputable attorney authorized to practice before them, in lieu of a complete transcript of the record of the trial court, to file a printed abstract of the record showing such facts as are necessary to a full understanding of the questions presented to them for adjudication, which printed abstract need only be verified by the signature and professional integrity of the attorney who files same; and where such abstract of the record of a trial had in another appellate court is so certified and vouched for, as was done in this case, we are unable to see any substantial reason for refusing to examine same, particularly where the accuracy of such abstract is not challenged by' opposing counsel. If it were so challenged by opposing counsel, respondents
There is no law specifically requiring appellate courts to examine the record in a former appeal in order to ascertain whether the issues decided in such former appeal are res adjudicata upon a second appeal; but owing to the fact that the statement of the evidence and pleadings in the opinions of all appellate courts is necessarily very much abbreviated in order to bring such opinions in reasonable bounds, the only safe method of determining whether or not an issue was determined upon a former appeal is to examine the record of such former appeal. [Hart v. Bank, 27 So. (Miss.) 926.]
The Kansas City Court of Appeals is in certain classes of cases a court of last resort, and courts of last resort not only have the power, but it is their duty, to ascertain in every legitimate way the real truth of every matter submitted to them for adjudication.
There is not one word of constitutional or statute law which authorizes an appellate court in an original proceeding pending before it to appoint a special commissioner to take testimony and certify and file same in the court appointing him; but it being necessary to promote the ends of justice, that such testimony be so taken and certified, appellate courts, proceeding upon their inherent power, do not hesitate to appoint a commissioner to obtain such evidence as is necessary to enable such appellate courts to properly determine and adjudicate such issues as' are tendered in such original proceeding.
On account of the irreparable consequence of erroneous judgments of appellate courts, they not only have the power, but it is their duty, to carefully examine all legal evidence submitted to them before an
doing back to the merits of the case of Curtis v. Sexton, we observe that the respondents in their opinion have laid great stress upon the proposition that time was of the essence of the contract to repurchase the property, holding that the plaintiff cannot recover the money which he paid to defendant unless he tendered a deed to defendant on October 6, 1890. This is a misconstruction of the law of the case, as announced in our former opinion. There is not one word in the contract requiring Curtis to tender a deed of reconveyance on October 6, 1890. At most, it only required him to notify defendant of his desire to resell said property on that day; and the law, looking at the substance rather than the form of things, holds that if a notice was given of plaintiff’s desire to resell said property to defendants a few days before October 6, 1890, and not subsequently withdrawn, that notice was a sufficient compliance with the contract, when followed up, as it was, by a formal offer to reconvey within a reasonable time, regard being had to the situation of the parties.
When plaintiff Curtis purchased the real estate, there was an outstanding deed of trust on same to secure a large,, sum., of money, so that plaintiff only purchased an equity An the property.' The property was advertised under this deed of trust on December 4, 1890, and subsequently-sold. This deed of trust had been placed on the property by defendant Sexton and others; but its existence has no bearing upon Sexton’s liability on the contract sued on.
If plaintiff bad sold the interest in the real estate which be purchased of Sexton & Bracking, or bad allowed the same to become encumbered by judgments or other similar liens, tbis would have afforded a valid excuse for defendant to refuse to repurchase said interest ; but no such defense is pleaded or mentioned in the evidence. Plaintiff tendered a proper deed to defendants before the property was advertised for sale under the deed of trust above mentioned; so that there was no such change in the situation of the parties or the title of the property between October 6th, 1890, and the date of tendering the deed as warranted the respondent in. bolding that time was of "the essence of the contract. [Hunt on Tender, sec. 282; Lawrence v. Miller, 86 N. Y. l. c. 137.]
All payments made by tbe plaintiff Curtis on tbe real estate were in checks payable to the order of Sexton & Bracking, and passed through tbe bands of defendant Sexton, except tbe last payment, which amounted to $415.20, which last payment was received by Bracking. This payment, however, was repaid to Curtis by Bracking and as it does not' form any part of the judgment recovered bv; plaintiff, tbe defendant Sexton has no cause to complain that it was not made to him.
Defendant Sexton’s resourceful attorney contends that an inspection of tbe record shows that tbe evi
This contention must be overruled, for while it is true defendant did testify upon the second trial and not upon the first and that his evidence is to the effect that he never received any letters from' plaintiff before October 6, 1890, asking him to repurchase the property, the evidence of plaintiff in respect to his election to resell the property to defendant was the same upon the second trial as upon the first so far as it related directly to defendant Sexton. It was for the jury to pass upon the probative force of such evidence. One prominent fact looms up in the record of the last trial of this case, to-wit, that between January 5, 1888', when plaintiff Curtis purchased the real estate of defendant Sexton and his partner, and the 6th day of October, 1890, the property had very greatly depreciated in value and was not worth as much as the encumbrance which Sexton and others had placed thereon before the sale to plaintiff. It was evidently just such a contingency which the plaintiff and defendant had in mind when the contract of repurchase was entered into. The contract is plain and unambiguous. It was sufficient to enable defendant and his partner Bracking to obtain plaintiff’s money; and being intended to indemnify him against loss by the in
It follows that the judgment entered by respondents as the judges of the Kansas City Court of Appeals in the case of Curtis v. Sexton should be quashed and held for naught, to the end that respondents as such judges may recall their mandate, if one has issued on the judgment so quashed, and retry said cause upon the appeal filed with them, and determine the issues therein in conformity with the law as announced herein and in our former opinion in said cause. It is so ordered.
Dissenting Opinion
DISSENTING OPINION.
Relator sued out of this court, at the October Term, 1910, a writ of certiorari directed to respondents, Judges of the Kansas City Court of Appeals. The writ was made returnable January 20, 1911.
The facts which led up to this proceeding are substantially as follows:
On October 4, 1900, relator sued one Samuel E. Sexton in the circuit court of Jackson county, charging in his petition that on January 5, 1888, and prior and subsequent thereto, including all of the year 1890, defendant (Sexton) and one Frank Bracking were partners engaged in the real estate and loan business in Kansas City under the firm name of Sexton & Bracking, and as such partners owned an interest in a tract of* land known as Madison Square, in Kansas City, Missouri; that on said January 5, 1888, plaintiff entered into a written contract with the said firm of Sexton & Bracking to purchase a one-sixteenth inter
Kansas City, Mo., Jan'. 5th, 1888.
In consideration of W. Espy Curtis purchasing from us one-sixteenth interest in Madison Square, an addition to Kansas City, Missouri, we guarantee and promise to purchase it back from him October '6, 1890, if he so desires and requests, at the price he paid us for same, paying him back all the money he paid into and for the same, with interest at the rate of 10 per cent per annum from date of purchase.
Also, in consideration of W. Espy Curtis purchasing from us the aforesaid one-sixteenth interest in Madison Square, we guarantee to sell or trade lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,, 6 and 7, in Block (12), James Goodin Place, an addition to Kansas City, Missouri, or else in case these lots are not sold or traded by April 20, 1889, we promise and agree to carry the two-fifths interest in those lots belonging to W. Espy Curtis for him without interest, making the payment for him.
We also agree not to charge said W. Espy Curtis any commission for selling or trading the above mentioned property.
In witness whereof, we have placed our hands and seal.
Sexton & Bracking. (Seal).
The plaintiff in Ms said petition further stated that he had performed his part of said contracts in all respects; that prior to October 6, 1890, he notified Sexton & Bracking, and each of them, that he desired them to purchase said property back from him, in accordance with said contract, on October 6, 1890, and requested them to forward him such form of deed which they desired him to execute to them for said property, but that they neglected and refused to forward such form of deed, and informed plaintiff that they would not purchase said property back from him; that 'On October 6, 1890, and at different times thereafter,
To this petition the defendant filed an amended answer, setting up, first, the Statute of- Limitations; second, a general denial; third, that the contract of January 5 was a personal contract with Bracking, in which the defendant had no interest, and that he, the defendant, had complied with all his obligations.
The cause coming on for trial at Kansas City in January, 1903, plaintiff introduced his evidence, and at the close thereof a demurrer to the same was sustained by the court, whereupon plaintiff took a nonsuit with leave to move to set the same aside. The motion to-set aside being overruled, plaintiff perfected his ap
The evidence given at the trial in the circuit court, - and preserved in the record subsequently filed here, shows that no offer to resell, or tender of deed, was made by plaintiff on October 6, 1890. Our published opinion in that appeal states the fact to be that plaintiff, on October 6, notified the defendant of his desire to resell. The opinion is published in 201 Mo. 217. It says on page 229: “Before and on October 6, 1890, plaintiff asked defendant to prepare such a deed as he desired and offered to execute it;” and on page 226: “Plaintiff had previous to that date and on that date notified them that he desired them to so repurchase, and requested them to do so.”
On May 11, 1908, the said cause came up again for hearing in the circuit court on substantially the same pleadings as before. That was had before a jury, the evidence being substantially the same as that given at the first trial, and resulted in a verdict for plaintiff for $4543.75, for which amount judgment was entered against the defendant. From this judgment defendant appealed to this court. Pending such appeal the Legislature enlarged the jurisdiction of the Courts of Appeals to $7500, and, upon propér proceedings, the cause was transferred by this court to the Kansas City Court of Appeals. On January 24, 1910, the case having been argued in the Kansas City Court of Appeals-, that court rendered its decision and judgment, holding that time was of the essencó of the contract, and that plaintiff could not recover without showing that he had tendered a deed or offered to convey the property to defendant on October 6, 1890, reversing the case without remanding. In due time the plaintiff (relator) filed this motion for rehearing in the Court of Appeals:
*219 “1. The decision of the court is in conflict with a controlling decision of the Supreme Court in this same case, reported in 201 Mo. 217.
• ££2. This court has overlooked or misconceived the decision of the Supreme Court above referred to. especially the binding force and effect thereof on this court.
“3. This court is in error in holding that the Supreme Court, in the same case above referred to, did not consider and decide £the matter of election of plaintiff to sell back, and his tender of deed. ’
“4. This court has misconceived the law of this case, in this: (1) In holding that time is of the essence of-the contract to be performed by the parties thereto; (2) in holding that plaintiff should have tendered a deed October 6,1890; (3) in holding that plaintiff had failed to perform his part of the contract; (4) in holding that Bracking’s letter of September 26, 1890, was not a waiver as to the time of tender; (5) in holding that plaintiff accompanied his notice by a demand, as a condition to making a deed, for more than was due him, and thereby deprived himself of a right to recover; (6) in holding that the evidence did not entitle plaintiff to go to the jury.”
The motion for a rehearing was overruled, the court stating that the opinion theretofore reached by it was based principally on the ground that plaintiff’s option to sell was not exercised on October 6, 1890, the day named in the contract, and that no tender of a deed was made by him on that date; that in the record before the Court of Appeals there was no proof of any tender on October 6, 1890; that in this respect the evidence before the Supreme Court was altogether different;-that the evidence presented to the Supreme Court disclosed that the plaintiff did exercise his option, and make his request on the" date named in the contract; that the court could not enter into a controversy between the parties as to whether the evidence
When the relator filed his motion for rehearing in the Court of Appeals, as above stated, he also filed with that court a copy of the abstract of the record which had been filed in this court when the case was, here upon the first appeal, and requested the Court of Appeals to examine same in order to determine whether the record was substantially the same in the two appeals. The decision of the Kansas City Court of Appeals, on the .second appeal, together with the court’s ruling on the motion for rehearing, will be found in 142 Mo. App. 179.
Relator sued out this writ, charging in his petition the making of the contract above set out; the fact that the circuit court, at the first trial, nonsuited the plaintiff; that'the Supreme Court reversed the judgment and remanded the cause; that there was no substantial change in the pleadings. The petition then sets out the fact of the second trial in the circuit court and the judgment for the relator, and the appeal to this court; the transfer to the Court of Appeals, and the action of that court in reversing the case and holding that the plaintiff (relator) had no cause of action; sets out the opinion of the Court of Appeals, the motion for rehearing and the ruling of the Court of Appeals thereon, and then sets out the substance of the evidence on the matter of plaintiff’s election to sell •back and his tender of deed, on the first trial, as found in the abstract of the record on the appeal to the Supreme Court. Relator then sets out the evidence on the same point on the second appeal, as shown by the record of the case in the Court of Appeals, by which
Relator charges that upon the question of the compliance by plaintiff with, the terms of the contract, by tender of deed and demand of his money, the evidence in both records is the same. In other words, that the decision of the Court of Appeals was based upon the same evidence as was before this court when we held that the evidence made out a prima-facie case for the plaintiff. Relator states further in his petition herein that in neither record is any claim made that plaintiff took any action on October 6, 1890, either by notifying the defendant on that date, or by tendering a deed on that date.
Relator charges, in substance, that upon the same proof and substantially the same record the Supreme Court held on the first appeal that plaintiff had a cause of action, while the Court of Appeals, on the second appeal, held that he had no cause of action; and further charges that he filed with his brief on the motion for rehearing in the Court of Appeals a copy of the record of the case in the Supreme Court, and that the Court of Appeals refused to examine the same.
Relator claims that his rights must be determined upon the record itself which was before the Supreme Court, and not upon the statement of facts contained in the opinion; that the law of the case, as declared by this court on the first appeal, is res adjudicata on this question and binding upon the Court of Appeals, and that in passing judgment upon the same question contrary to the opinion heretofore expressed by this court, the Court of Appeals acted in excess of its jurisdiction; that an inspection of the records before the two courts shows that the evidence introduced by plaintiff upon the question of tender of deed and notification by plaintiff to defendant was substantially the same in both cases.
The Court of Appeals in its ruling on the motion for rehearing refers to the language used by this court in our published opinion, and says that it shows that on a point which that court considered vital to the case, namely, whether an offer to resell and- tender were made on October 6, the facts before the Supreme Court were essentially different from the facts in tbe record before that court, and that as the judgment of the Supreme' Court was based upon the evidence as the court stated it, there was no conflict between the-rulings of the two courts.
Relator says in his brief: ‘‘ The point upon which the Court of Appeals -reversed the case, namely, because a deed was not tendered or offered to be tendered on the exact day named in the contract, October 6, 1890, was practically raised on the former appeal to the Supreme Court, and was res adjudicate.” He claims further that, regardless of whether it was practically raised on the former appeal, it was concluded by the judgment of this court rendered upon that appeal; that the Court of Appeals cannot overrule the Supreme Court on the same evidence; that the record in the Supreme Court was the proper source from which the Court of Appeals should secure the facts in evidence in the former trial, and that the opinion- of the Supreme Court was not competent evidence to establish the facts in the case.
The respondents contend that the motion to quash the writ should be sustained because the Kansas City Court of Appeals had jurisdiction of the case, and whether its decision was right or wrong, its action cannot be reached by certiorari; that the evidence in the two records was not substantially the same; that in any event the law as declared by this court depends upon
I. Respondents contend that the writ should be quased on the ground that this court cannot by certiorari review the decision of the Court of Appeals in a case of which that court has jurisdiction.
Section 8 of the constitutional amendment of 1884 provides: “The Supreme Court shall have superintending control over the Courts of Appeals by mandamus, prohibition and certiorari ”
Section 3, article 6, of the Constitution of 1875, provides: “The Supreme Court shall have a general superintending control .over all inferior court's. It shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, quo tvarranio, certiorari and other original remedial writs, and to hear and determine the same. ’ ’
Under these constitutional provisions the Supreme Court is the final repository of judicial power. Designedly and wisely, there is found in these provisions no attempt to define or limit the superintending control which the people have seen fit, through their Constitution, to delegate to the Supreme Court, save only to indicate the instrumentalities or writs through which this control may be exercised. In harmony with the idea of ultimate judicial power in the Supreme Court, section 6 of the amendment of 1884 requires the Court of Appeals to decide questions in conformity to the previous decisions of the Supreme Court. This to the end that the law throughout the State may be certain and uniform. Section 6 points out the method by which a Court of Appeals may transfer a cause to the Supreme Court, and in such case requires this court to ‘ ‘ rehear and determine said cause. ’ ’ The provisions of this section do not, however, in .any degree deprive this court of the superintending control given.by the
Our former decisions show that we have not been inclined to interfere with the Courts of Appeals in the performance of the duties which the Constitution has •intrusted to them; nor are we disposed to encourage attempts to induce us to review their rulings through the medium of extraordinary writs. But that we have the power, in the exercise of our superintending control, to review their rulings in any 'case we can have no doubt. Nor can we doubt it to be our duty, under the Constitution, to exert this power whenever in our judgment justice demands its exercise.
The Constitution requires the Courts of Appeals, and each of them, to conform their decisions to ours; yet we have conceded to a Court of Appeals, in some cases where the matter was presented by litigants, the right to decide, upon its own responsibility, whether its dicision was in conflict with prior decisions of this court. [State ex rel. v. Smith, 173 Mo. 398; State ex rel. v. Broaddus, 207 Mo. 107; Railroad v. Smith, 154 Mo. 300.]
Said section 6 of the Amendment of 1884, in sneaking of prior decisions of the Supreme Court, is obviously referring to prior decisions in other Cases. It has never, so far as we are advised, been contended in this court that when this court has declared the law upon a given state of facts, a Court of Appeals is at liberty, upon the same facts, in the same case, if it shall come before that court through subsequent proceedings, to refuse to follow the decision of this court. A decision by this court upon a point presented in a case becomes the law of the case upon that point. It is in the -nature of res adjudicata upon that question. In further proceedings in the same case before a Court of Appeals, the prior decisions of this court must be followed, when the same point is pre
Again, in the case of Gracey v. St. Louis, 221 Mo. l. e. 5, Lamm, J., speaking upon this question in behalf of the court, says: “On a second appeal or writ of error on the same facts and pleadings,, the appellate court will not notice questions determined in the previous decision. All such are res judicata and closed. For the practical administration of justice, the former decision is the law of the case; ’ ’ citing numerous cases. True, he says further, and properly, “Like all general rules, the one in hand has its exceptions. Where manifest and far-reaching error has been committed, no castiron or immutable rule bars a re-examination of a question illy decided. In such case it goes without saying that this court, as a debt due to justice and as one of the foundation stones of its own dignity, reserves to itself the right to reconsider, reexamine and redetermine.”
It will be perceived, however, that while this court reserves, as it must, the right to re-examine its former decision in the same case, upon the same state, of facts, that right is not accorded to the lower court. If this court makes a mistake either as to the law or the facts of the case, as may happen, inasmuch as the court is composed of,human judges, it has the power— fortunate that it is so — to correct that mistake by reversing itself on a second appeal; but it by no means follows that the trial court or the Court of Appeals
In view of the above considerations, we hold against the respondents on this contention, that this court has no power to review the action of the Court of Appeals by certiorari.
II. We come now to the controlling question in the case, that is whether, under the facts, the Court of Appeals has disregarded the decision of this court upon a point in judgment before both courts in the same case. In other, words, is the judgment of the Court of Appeals on the question as to whether or not plaintiff made a case, based upon the facts which this court held in judgment upon the same proposition?
Relator contends that the records before the two courts on the two separate appeals were substantially
On the motion for rehearing in the Court of Appeals relator placed before that court an abstract of the record in the Supreme Court, and called the attention of that court to the fact that the two records upon the proposition involved were substantially alike, and complains now that the court refused to look into that record to ascertain what facts were before this court upon the first appeal. Had the opinion of this court not shown the facts on which it was based, it would be fair to assume that our decision was based upon the facts contained in the record, and there would be a great deal of force in the contention of relator that the Court of Appeals, having before it both records, should have examined the record which had been filed in this court to ascertain whether the facts were the same; but whether the statement of facts made by this court in its opinion was correct or not, there can be no doubt that our decision was properly regarded by the Court of Appeals as applying to the facts stated in the opinion.
Relator attempts with great skill and industry to show that his cause of action did not depend upon an offer and tender of a deed being made on October 6, 1890, and contends that this court so decided. Ought we to now say that our decision was independent of the question whether the plaintiff acted on October 6, and that it would have been the same had we not had
It follows from the foregoing that the writ should be quashed.
The foregoing opinion was written under the original assignment of the case. As the conclusion reached did not meet the approval of the majority of the court, the case was reassigned to Brother Brown, who has written the opinion of the court. The present opinion is, therefore, filed as a dissenting opinion, in which
Dissenting Opinion
DISSENTING OPINION.
I am unable to concur with the opinion of the court in this case for the following reasons :
First. Because it is in conflict with the well known judicial system of this State, and in express terms overrules some of the earlier decisions construing the Constitution governing that question, and by necessary implication overrules scores of others placing the same construction upon the Constitution as those do, which are in terms overruled.
That provision of the Constitution governing this matter is section 6 of the Amendment of the Constitution in the year 1884, found on page 101 of volume 1 of the Revised Statutes 1909. That section reads as follows:
“When any one of said courts of appeals shall in any cause or proceeding render a decision which any one of the judges therein sitting shall deem contrary to any previous decision of any one of said courts of appeals, or of the' Supreme Court, the said court of appeals must, of its own motion, pending the same term and not afterward, certify and transfer said cause or proceeding and the original transcript therein to the Supreme Court, and thereupon the Supreme Court must rehear and determine said cause or proceeding, as in case of jurisdiction obtained by ordinary appellate process; and the last previous rulings of the Supreme Court on any question of law or equity shall, in all cases, be controlling authority in said courts of appeals. ’ ’
In the case of State ex rel. v. Smith, 173 Mo. 398, the petition for the writ of certiorari alleged that the judgment of the Kansas City Court of Appeals was in
In the case of M., K. & T. Ry. Co. v. Smith, 154 Mo. 300, the plaintiff, among other things, sought to prohibit the Kansas City Court of Appeals from transcending its constitutional power by undertaking to decide the case in disregard of and contrary to the last previous rulings of the Supreme Court. This court, in'its opinion, after referring to section 6, article 6, and section 3, article 6, of the Constitution, declares the law as follows: “While the virtue of that constitutional provision is to be commended, and its mandatory - direction should be obeyed by the Court of Appeals under all circumstances, still this court by constitutional limitations and restrictions, not less binding upon it than those upon the Courts of Appeals, can assert its jurisdiction over cases properly in that Court of Appeals for determination in the first instance, only as provided by section 6 of the Amendment of the Constitution of Missouri adopted in 1884, establishing that court and defining its jurisdiction, when ‘one of the judges therein sitting shall deem any judgment rendered by that court contrary to any previous decision of any one of the said Courts of Appeals of the State, or of the Supreme Court,’ that court must, of its own motion, pending the same term and not afterwards, certify and transfer said cause or proceeding and the original transcript therein, to the Supreme Court, and thereupon' this court must rehear and determine said cause or proceeding as in case of jurisdiction obtained -by ordinary appellate process.” . . . And, also, l. c. 321, that the writ “will be denied, when the reason assigned for its exercise is that the Court of Appeals has decided the case before it contrary to and in disregard of the last previous ruling of
In State ex rel. v. Broaddus, 207 Mo. 107, an alternative writ of mandamus was issued by this court against the Court of Appeals. There, -as here, relator charged that the Court of Appeals had disregarded the decisions of this court, and had disposed of the case contrary to our rulings thereon. In disposing of that question this court, on page 124 said: “Within the limits of its constitutional authority, the Court of Appeals has the same authority to hear and determine questions of law which the particular case before it involves as has any other court of this State «over which it may have jurisdiction. ’ ’
In State ex rel. v. Smith, 101 Mo. 174, the opinion is as follows: “This is an application for a writ of certiorari directed to the judges of the Kansas City Court of Appeals. This writ, under constitutional provisions, is strictly the common law writ of that name; it only brings up the record, and can only reach errors or defects which appear on the face of the record of the tribunal to which it is issued, and which' are jurisdictional in their nature. [Railroad v. State Board, 64 Mo. 294.] As the Kansas City Court of Appeals confessedly had jurisdiction this must prevent the issuance of the writ prayed for, and it is denied.
And this court in the case of Zellars v. Surety Co., 210 Mo. 86 l. c. 106, held that: “The utterance of one court within its own bounds is as much the utterance of the judicial department of the State, is as much the utterance of the State itself, as that of any other constituent member of the same judicial system. It is the State in its sovereignty that renders the judgment, and if it chooses to change the jurisdiction from
And in the case of Smith v. Mo. Pac. Ry. Co., 143 Mo. 33, this court in construing the same section of the Constitution held that where one of the judges of the Kansas City Court of Appeals appended to the unanimous opinion of that court the words, “While concurring in the foregoing opinion, ... I yet feel doubtful as to whether or not the conclusion reached can be harmonized with” a former opinion of the Supreme Court, that those words did not meet the requirements of the Constitution which says, that when one of the judges of a Court of Appeals deems its decision contrary to any previous decision of the Supreme Court, the cause should be transferred to the Supreme Court. This -court also held that in that opinion the word “deem” as used in the Constitution, meant that the judge of the Court of Appeals must believe or be of the opinion that the decision is contrary to a former decision of the Supreme Court, and not merely “feel doubtful” about it. Continuing, this court said: “In this case the court [meaning the Court of Appeals] has made the order. But the order is not the fact that confers the jurisdiction upon this court. Jurisdiction is conferred by the fact that one of the judges deems the decision contrary to a former decision; the jurisdiction vests whether an order is made or not. If the order was made for the reason appearing upon the record that one of the judges deems the decision contrary to a former decision of one of the courts, we might presume the existence of the jurisdictional fact, though the record did not otherwise show it. But when the judgment shows upon its face that no cause, for the transfer existed, that the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court did not vest, we have no right to.presume the-contrary. ‘Within the sphere of its constitutional authority, a court of ap
In Clark v. Railroad, 179 Mo. l. c. 72, this court said: “The respondent has filed a motion to remand the cause to the St. Louis Court of Appeals, because he claims that an analysis of the cases with which the decision of the Court of Appeals in this case was deemed by said judge of said court to conflict, shows that no such conflict exists. But this motion must be overruled, because the jurisdiction of this court in such cases does not depend upon the fact that there.is in reality any such conflict, but depends solely upon the fact that one of the judges of the Court of Appeals deemed such conflict to exist. This court may be fully satisfied that there is no such conflict, but it can not remand the case, because the Constitution makes it the duty of this court, in such cases, to rehear and determine the causé as in case of jurisdiction obtained by ordinary appellate process.” In State ex rel. v. Rombauer, 140 Mo. l. c. 124, this court said: “The Constitution (and art. 6, sec. 6) requires the Court of Appeals to certify to this court, for decision, all cases wherein a judge of the former shall deem the opinion therein to be ‘contrary to any previous decision of any one of said Courts of Appeals or of the Supreme Court.’ In the case of the State ex rel. v. Smith 107 Mo. 527, it was ruled that whether such conflict exists is a question for the sole determination of the judges of the Courts of Appeals, and the Supreme Court is given no power to determine it for them. Respondents each say, in return to this writ, that, in their opinion, no such conflict exists. On the authority of the case cited, a peremptory writ of mandamus, claimed on the. ground that there is such conflict in the decisions, must be denied.”
To the same effect are tbe cases of Bradley v. Milwaukee Merchants Ins. Co., 163 Mo. 553; Bradley v. German American Ins. Co., 163 Mo. 559; Gipson v. Powell, 167 Mo. 192; Railroad v. Smith, 154 Mo. 300; Schafer v. Railroad, 144 Mo. 170; Seaboard Bank v. Woesten, 144 Mo. 407; Wilden v. McAllister, 178 Mo.
There are many other decisions of similar import rendered by this court, extending down almost to the present time; and they unanimously hold that this court has no power or authority by writ of certiorari, mandamus or prohibition, to review, direct or control the decisions of the various Courts-of Appeals, so long as they act within their respective jurisdictions, even though their decisions may be erroneous or in conflict with the opinions of this court, except where causes' are certified by those courts, or one or more of the judges thereof, to this court in the manner designated by said section 6 of the Amendment to the Constitution in the year 1884. That has been the settled law of this State ever since the adoption of the amendment mentioned, more than a quarter of a century ago. Not only has this been the settled law of this State during that long period of time, but it is the basis and one of the chief corner-stones upon which the judicial system of the State is bottomed, and upon that basis the Legislature has organized and reorganized that system.
With that construction repeatedly placed upon said section of the Constitution by this court, the lawmaking power of the State, in the exercise of its sovereign power, has created another Court of Appeals, namely, the Springfield Court of Appeals, thereby giving the State three such courts, whose jurisdictions combined covers the entire State. Not only that, the Legislature first increased the jurisdiction of the various Courts of Appeals from $2500 in amount to $4500, and recently from the latter sum to $7500.
Clearly these enactments of the Legislature respecting the Courts of Appeals had for their object the speedy administration of justice, solemnly guaranteed to every citizen by the Constitution of the State.
No one can foretell what the end would be. There are probably three or four times as many cases appealed to, and finally disposed of by, those courts, as are disposed of by this; and it is safe to say that under the unsettled and conflicting decisions of this court, a very.large percentage of the cases disposed of by those courts would naturally find themselves knocking at the doors of this court for admission, and doubtless many of them would find lodgment herein. Even though this court should refuse the majority of the writs applied for against the Courts of Appeals, nevertheless, it would take almost as much of the time of this court to investigate the record briefs and authorities presented with the applications for the writs, as it would to dispose of the cases upon their merits.
As it is, more than one-third of the time and labor of this court is now devoted to the consideration and
Not only this, but such a policy or course would practically destroy the usefulness of the various Courts of Appeals themselves, because each and every one of their decisions would become the subject of review by this court, on a writ of certiorari, mandamus or prohibition, instead of by appeal, as was generally the case when we had only the St. Louis Court of Appeals.
The right and authority of this court to review the decisions of the St. Louis Court of Appeals, as it was originally organized, practically destroyed its usefulness as a court. Proportionately as many cases were appealed from that court to this, as were appealed from the circuit courts comprising that district. While a large per cent of them were not appealed, however, the extra expense incurred and delay caused by those appeals practically offset and out-weighed the good produced by the decisions not appealed from. In other words, insofar as the public at large was concerned, the good accomplished by that court was practically- destroyed by the delays and expenses
While it is true in all probability we would and should refuse the issuance of such writs in the great majority of such cases, however, no one who is at all familiar with the lavish hand with which this court issues such writs would for a moment doubt but what multitudes of them would issue and bring to this court innumerable cases which should find a final resting place in the various courts of appeals. ' By so doing we would not only deestroy the importance of those courts, but would practically destroy their usefulness, as previously stated, by announcing in advance to the world that their opinions and decisions are of little or no value until they receive the sanction of this court. In other words, we would relegate them to the same plane, practically, upon which rest the various circuit courts of the State, however, with a much more limited jurisdiction. That being true, then why not abolish them altogether and be done with them, and confer upon this court in the first instance all the duties now resting upon the Courts of Appeals?
In order to reach the conclusions stated in the majority opinion, it was necessary to, and the court has overruled the unbroken line of cases before cited, and has practically nullified said section 6 of the Amendment of the Constitution.
For that authority the court relies upon section 3 of article 6 of the Constitution, which reads as follows: “The Supreme Court shall have a general superintending control over all inferior courts. It
That section of the Constitution is almost a literal copy of section 3 of article 6 of the Constitution of 1865, and consequently had no application to the Courts of Appeals at the time of its adoption, for the reason that then we had no such court. However, when it was reincorporated into the Constitution and adopted in 1875, its provisions were sufficiently comprehensive to embrace the St. Louis Court of Appeals, which was-created by the same instrument. See section 12, article 6, Constitution 1875.
But clearly it was not intended that it should apply to them, for the simple reason that section 8 of the amendment of 1884, presently to be quoted, was adopted-for that purpose.
And it must be remembered that that court at that time had no final appellate jurisdiction, except in cases where the amount in dispute exceeded the sum of $2500. Appeals might be taken from its decisions in all other cases to this court, and writs of error were issuable from this court to it. [Sec. 12, article 6, Constitution 1875.] Consequently there was no necessity to resort to an original writ under that section or any other to bring its proceedings before this court for review, except in those cases where the amount in dispute was less than $2500; and in so far as I have been able, I haye found no case where this court ever issued an original writ against that court for the purpose of reviewing its decisions upon the merits thereof, but were limited in each and every case for the purpose of keeping that court within its - jurisdiction, in the same sense and for the same purpose that we issued them to the circuit courts. But in 1884, when our judicial system was reorganized, by the amendment of the Constitution, and the various Courts of Appeals were created or -authorized, a different system was
I have italicized the words of the Constitution which gives to this court the power and authority to review the decisions of the Courts of Appeals, and no other words or language of like character or import are to be found in that authoritative instrument.
That the words of the Constitution so italicized mean just what this court has so frequently held that they do, namely, that the Supreme Court has no authority to review the decisions of the Courts of Appeals, except when certified to it, by one of the judges thereof, as provided for by section 6 of said amendment, is strengthened by a careful consideration of section 12 of article 6 of the Constitution of 1875, which created the St. Louis Court of Appeals. By an inspection thereof and a comparison of it with the section to be presently mentioned, it will be seen that the framers thereof did not think that section 3 of the same article 6, which was borrowed from the Constitution of 1865, was sufficient to authorize this court to review the decisions of that court, for the reason that by section 12 they expressly provided for appeals
It seems to me, independent of the former rulings of this court upon this question, that if there ever, was a case in the world where the maxim, “Expressio unius est exclusio alterius,” should and does apply, this is that case. And especially should that be true at this late date, after our judicial system has been bottomed upon and reconstructed upon and along that idea, and that too, when we know what dire results a departure therefrom, at this time, will have upon our judicial system, the courts of the State, litigants and the business interests generally.
As previously stated, while the language of section 3 of article 6 of the Constitution of 1875 is broad enough to embrace the St. Louis Court of Appeals, when created, however, I am clearly of the opinion that it has no application whatever to the present Court of Appeals, for the reason that, when they were created, section 8 of the Amendment of 1884 was adopted especially for the government of those' courts. That section reads as follows: “The Supreme Court shall have superintending control over the courts of appeals by mandamus, prohibition and certiorari.”
According to all constitutional and statutory canons of construction, when a court is created and special constitutional provisions are adopted prescribing its jurisdiction and mode of procedure, as is true of the Courts of Appeals, those provisions will control, and if there is any conflict between those special pro-. visions and the general provisions of the Constitution, the former and not the latter should control. That being true, I am unable to see in what possible manner it can be seriously contended that section 3 of article 6 authorizes this court to invade the exclusive jurisdiction of the Courts of Appeals and review the decisions thereof.
And again, said section 3, in express terms, applies as well to circuit courts and all inferior courts as it does to the Courts of Appeals (if it applies at all to the latter, which I deny), and now, would it be contended for a minute that this court by writ of mandamus,
Viewing this case from whatever standpoint you may, there is no authority or reason, in my judgment, upon which the majority opinion can be predicated, except that the court has the physical power to so do.
And I predict, that the opinion of the court will be no less startling to the Bench and Bar of' the State than'would be a clap of thunder from a clear sky; certainly the former would be less expected.
There are several other legal propositions presented by this record, but for the reasons before stated, I am perfectly satisfied that this court has no jurisdiction of the cause, or authority to decide them; and I therefore express no opinion upon any of them.
I am also of the opinion, that the writ of certiorari should be quashed, and that the respondents should recover their costs incurred or expended.
Since writing the foregoing dissenting opinion, the following paragraph has been stricken from the majority opinion written by Judge Brown, viz.: “How-, ever, it is the opinion of the writer and a majority of his associates, that the rule of law announced in these last named cases, confines the superintending power of this court within too narrow a channel, and we refuse to follow that rule in this case.”
“The Constitution requires the Courts of Appeals, and each of them, to confer their decisions to ours; yet we have conceded to a Court of Appeals, in some cases, where the matter was presented by litigants, the right to decide upon its own responsibility, whether its decision was in conflict with prior decisions of this court. ”
Also since writing my dissenting opinion, the opinion written by Judge Ferriss has been filed herein.
By that alteration made in Judge Brown’s opinion, and the filing of that of Judge Ferriss, they have changed the form of the opinion of the majority of the court, but they have not changed the legal effect of the opinion of the majority, as it was originally written by Judge Brown.
I therefore adhere to the views as originally expressed by me in the dissenting opinion filed.