State ex rel. Conway v. District Board of Joint School District No. 6

162 Wis. 482 | Wis. | 1916

Baenes, J.

It is fortunate that the present hapless controversy is of a genus that seldom makes its appearance in this court. Our population is made up of many people divided into many religious sects, as well as many people who belong to no sect, all of whom contribute to the maintenance of our state school system in proportion to their ability to pay. The number of our people who do not believe in the existence of a Supreme Being and in Life Hereafter is almost negligible. Of the vast majority who do, some think Eternal Bliss can be most safely insured by pursuing one route and others by pursuing other routes, and hence the number of sects into which we are divided.'' There is no subject on which people are more touchy than on that of religion. We may think that there is small reason for such a state of mind, but it is a “condition and not a theory” which confronts us. It may well be said that the grievance here complained of is trifling, but human nature is much the same whether the individual be Catholic or Protestant. Reverse conditions and let a Catholic school board select a church or building devoted to Catholic services in which to hold graduating exercises and engage a Catholic clergyman to deliver a nonsectarian prayer or invocation, and the devout Lutheran, Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, or other member of a Protestant communion would be just as likely to take ■umbrage at what was done as were tbe petitioners in the present case. Our constitution makers wisely sought to prevent as far as they could the injection into the affairs of state of anything that would tend to germinate or foster religious rancor or bitterness. It is wise and just that its provisions be adhered to in spirit as well as in letter. For reasons that will be stated later, we conclude that the petitioners are not entitled to relief on the facts stated. Nevertheless, we think it would be a wise exercise of official discretion to discontinue such practices as are here complained of when objection thereto is made by any substantial number of school patrons. We do not underrate the efficacy of prayer. Neither are we prepared to say that the average high school graduate may not need it. But whenever it is likely to do more harm than good, it might well be dispensed with. It is not at all times wise or politic to do certain things although no legal rights would be invaded by doing them.

Turning aside from ethical considerations and taking up the legal questions involved, it is clear that if the plaintiffs have a cause of action they did not pursue the proper remedy. It was here sought to use the writ of mandamus to compel the school board to do away with the practices complained of at the graduation exercises to be held for that year. The writ is not granted to take effect prospectively. 2 Spelling, Injunctions, § 1385; High, Extr. Leg. Rem. (3d ed.) §§ 12, 36; Tapping, Mandamus, 10 (74 Law Lib. 63); Wood, Mandamus (2d ed.) 51. In State ex rel. Board of Ed. v. Hunter, 111 Wis. 582, 588, 87 N. W. 485, this court said:

“The general principle is frequently stated that mandamus will not lie to compel performance of an act by a public officer unless the act be one that is actually due from the officer at the time of the application. Until the time arrives when the duty should be performed, there is no default of duty; and mere threats not to "perform the duty will not take the place of default.”

This rule was again announced in State ex rel. Cook v. Houser, 122 Wis. 534, 100 N. W. 964. It is in accordance with the well nigh uniform current of authority and may well be said to he elementary.

Oounsel on both sides expressed the desire that the court should take up the case on the merits and dispose of it if possible. The request is a commendable one. If the plaintiffs have a cause of action but have mistaken their remedy, it is a better administration of justice to permit them to amend their pleading than it is to turn them out of court and compel them to begin anew. Ample power has been conferred on the court to pursue such practice by sec. 2836A Stats. 1915 (ch. 219, Laws 1915), if such power did not exist independently of statute.

The plaintiffs’ contentions are twofold: (1) that the acts complained of violate the constitutional rights guaranteed to them by sec. 3 .of art. X of our constitution, and (2) that they violate the rights guaranteed by sec. 18 of art. I of that instrument.

The provision first referred to reads as follows:

“The legislature shall provide by law for the establishment of district schools, which shall be as nearly uniform as practicable; and such schools shall be free and without charge for tuition to all children between the ages of four and twenty years; and no sectarian instruction shall be allowed therein.”

Sec. 18 of art. I provides:

“The right of every man to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of his own conscience shall never be infringed; nor shall any man be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry, against his consent; nor shall any control of, or interference with, the rights of conscience be permitted, or any preference be given by law to any religious establishments or modes of worship; nor shall any money be drawn from the treasury for the benefit of religions societies, or religions or theological seminaries.”

The two things complained of are the use of a church building in which to hold graduation exercises and the delivery of an invocation or prayer thereat by a denominational clergyman. The holding of graduation exercises in a church is not in itself the giving of sectarian instruction, within the meaning of sec. 3 of art. X above quoted. This is obvious, and presently eliminates from consideration the constitutional provision first quoted. Neither is it shown that the taxpayers were called upon to pay for the use of the churches in which the exercises were held, nor that the clergymen who gave the invocations were paid for doing so. Such being the case, no one has been called upon against his will to erect or support any place of worship or maintain any ministry, nor has any money been -drawn from the treasury for the benefit of a religious society. A man may feel constrained to enter a house of worship belonging to a different sect from the one with which he affiliates, but if no sectarian services are carried on he is not compelled to worship God contrary to the dictates of his conscience and is not obliged to do so at all. The only clauses of sec. 18 of art. I that are at all applicable to the question under discussion are those which provide that no person shall be compelled to attend any place of worship, against his consent and which forbid interference with the rights of conscience. Obviously graduation exercises are a part of the school curriculum and are under the direction and control of school boards. They may be dispensed with, but so long as they are not, school boards cannot escape responsibility for them. Parents and pupils of all denominations have a right to attend such exercises without their legal rights being invaded. It would be far-fetched, however, to say that by so doing they are compelled to attend a place of worship. True, the building is one ordinarily used for conducting religious services. Other buildings that are not churches are often used for like purposes. So are our pub-lie streets. Indeed, at the present day, churches are largely used for social gatherings of various kinds at which no religious services of any kind are carried on. The kind of a building is hardly the significant thing from the legal standpoint, hut the fact that worship is carried on when there is actual or moral compulsion.- Graduation exercises take place hut once a year. Often in smaller places church auditoriums are more commodious and better calculated to take •care of the overflow crowds that congregate at such times than any other building that is available. To say that a person attending such place once a year is compelled to attend a place of worship would be giving prominence to form rather than to substance. When the constitution protects the individual from being compelled to attend a place of worship, it undoubtedly means that he shall not be required to attend a place where religious instruction is being given at the time he is required to be present. It protects a man from being obliged to attend the services of the Salvation Army in our public streets, or from being, compelled to enter a hall or opera house while such services are being carried on, just as much as it does against being forced to enter a ■church. It is what is done, not the name of the place where it is done, that is significant.

The fact that certain persons desire to' attend graduation ■exercises with their children, and that they say that being compelled to enter a church of a different denomination from that to which they belong is violative of their assured rights of conscience, does not make it so. If it is clear that the thing complained of does not violate any right guaranteed by the constitution, then the courts cannot interfere in their behalf, because the final decision on this question must necessarily rest with the courts and not with the individual. The individual must decide for himself whether his conscience tells him that he must not frequent a certain place. If it does, he should punctiliously regard its behests and stay away. But the court cannot turn casuist further than to determine whether a legal right has heen invaded in any given case. Neither can it say that a thing offends against' conscience when there is no substantial reason why it should. It is not sufficient for a person to say: “This thing is contrary to what my conscience tells me to he right, therefore it must he stopped.” The individual cannot foreclose inquiry into the reasonableness of his request by his bare assertion. Some consciences are very tender and very highly developed, so much so that the possessor regards as being wrong many things that the law regards as harmless. Some refrain from playing cards for amusement, some from dancing, some from attending places of amusement, and some from all these things, because they consider it wrong to participate in or countenance them. The law regards none of these things as being essentially wrong in itself. At the same time it recognizes the right of any one to stay away from them where the promptings of conscience indicate that it would be wrong to attend.

To the lay mind there is very little difference in principle between the case before us and Dorner v. School Dist. 137 Wis. 147, 118 N. W. 353. There a Catholic parochial school was built adjacent to a Catholic church and some of the school rooms were rented and used for the purposes of a public school'. The Catholic school children attended church services before school hours in the morning, and prayers were recited and hymhs were sung during school hours in the portion of the school building used for parochial school purposes and in rooms either adjoining or adjacent to those rented by the public school authorities. The parochial school was taught by Sisters clad in the conventional garb of the order to which they belonged. The lower court found that the public school conducted in the parochial school building had at times been pervaded and characterized by sectarian instruction, and very properly enjoined the continuance of such practices. It held, however, that the school board was acting within its legal rights in renting and using a part of the parochial school building for the purposes of a public school, and .such decision was affirmed in this court. There are points of dissimilarity between the two cases, but it would be difficult to say that those who felt aggrieved in the Dorner Case did not have at least as strong a ground for complaint as did the plaintiffs in the present case. It is true that the public school was not conducted in-the church building and that certain rooms in the parochial school were exclusively devoted to the use of the public school. Rut it is also true that the school building was one in which sectarian instruction was given and was within the shadow of a church which was attended daily by the children attending the parochial school; that the teachers in such school were clad in a religious garb, and that the public school attendants or many of them were within the hearing of prayers recited aloud in the parochial school rooms, as well as within the hearing of sectarian hymns sung in such rooms. We conclude that the holding of graduation exercises in a church building is not in and of itself contrary to either of the constitutional provisions relied on by the plaintiffs.

A somewhat different question is raised by the complaint about prayers being offered at graduation exercises by denominational clergymen. A prayer may be either sectarian or nonsectarian in character. The sessions of our national Congress, of our state legislature, and of our great party conventions are customarily opened with prayer. These prayers are almost invariably nonsectarian in character, so much so that a person reading them or listening to them would be entirely at a loss to discover to what denomination the clergyman belonged. The enthusiast who places his desire to mate proselytes to the faith he professes above his sense of propriety may occasionally “slop over,” but it is only just to say that our clergy rarely offend in this regard. To be sure, offense may be very adroitly given if the clergyman is so minded, but there is no claim that any such thing has occurred in this case.

The court decided in the Edgerton Bible Case that the giving of a nonsectarian prayer was not sectarian instruction. We quote from the opinion:

“The term ‘sectarian instruction,’ in the constitution, manifestly refers exclusively to instruction in religious doctrines, and the prohibition is only aimed at such instruction as is sectarian; that is to say, instruction in religious doctrines which are believed by some religious sects and rejected by others. Hence, to teach the existence of a Supreme Being, of infinite wisdom, power, and goodness, and that it is the highest duty of all men to adore, obey, and love Him, is not sectarian, because all religious sects so believe and teach. The instruction becomes sectarian when it goes further, and inculcates doctrine or dogma concerning which the religious sects are in conflict. This we understand to be the meaning of the constitutional prohibition.” State ex rel. Weiss v. District Board, 76 Wis. 177, 193, 194, 44 N. W. 967.

In the case before us it appears from the allegations of the petition that both Catholic priests and Protestant ministers had at different times been selected to deliver the invocation at graduation exercises. There is no claim that on any of these occasions any unseemly hint -or suggestion was made by any of the reverend gentlemen who were so honored. In fact the contrary appears by inference at least. So it is clear that no showing was made that sectarian instruction was given as that term is defined in the case last cited. Had it appeared that the invocations given were sectarian in character and that the school board threatened to continue or permit such practices in the future, we do not wish to be understood as intimating that a court of equity would not enjoin the continuance of such practice.

We think it would be difficult to pick out any clause of sec. 18, art. I, of the constitution which by any fair or reasonable construction could be said to be violated by the delivery of a nonsectarian prayer at a graduation exercise. No man is compelled to worship, nor compelled to attend a place of worship, nor does he, as before stated, attend such a place except in tbe most technical sense when he attends graduation exercises. Pnpils do not congregate .on such an occasion for the purpose of worship, and the short nonsectarian invocation that is usually given is a mere incident which occupies but a few moments of the two hours or more that is usually occupied with the program prepared for such occasions. If the prayer be nonsectarian it does not interfere with any right of conscience that the law recognizes, and neither is the matter of permitting it the giving of any preference to any religious establishment or religious mode of worship in a constitutional sense. A very different question would arise if an attempt were made to introduce the practice of having prayer as part of the daily routine in our public schools. Considering what has. been done here and the rare occasions on which it has been or can be done, the matter complained of seems to be too inconsequential to furnish the subject of a lawsuit. It follows from what has been said that the judgment of the lower court was right.

By the Court. — Judgment afi&rmed.