81 Wash. 480 | Wash. | 1914
— The commissioners of Diking District No. 1 of Skagit county seek, through a proceeding in the superior court for that county, to have the benefits to the lands within the district, resulting from the maintenance of the dikes of the district, again determined; and also to have the benefits
Diking district No. 1 of Skagit county was duly organized, and the benefits to lands lying within its boundaries resulting from the dikes to be constructed and maintained therein were determined by verdict of a jury and judgment of the court rendered in 1897, in pursuance of the provisions of the diking district law as then existing. Rem. & Bal. Code, § 4091 et seq.; Laws of 1895, p. 304. Thereafter, the dikes were constructed as originally contemplated, and the cost thereof, and also the cost of their maintenance since then, made a charge upon the lands within the district in proportion to the benefits so determined. In January, 1914, the commissioners of the district commenced this proceeding in the superior court under the amendatory act of 1913, against
It is first contended by counsel for relators, especially in behalf of those relators owning lands within the district, that the act of 1913 is unconstitutional in that it, in effect, authorizes the disturbing of their vested rights in the verdict and judgment which, at the time of the creation of the district, determined the question of benefits to their lands resulting from the construction and maintenance of the dikes of the district. That judgment, they insist, became the fixed and final basis for all time upon which the expense of maintaining the dikes of the district, as well as the acquisition of lands therefor by eminent domain proceedings and the original construction thereof, must be apportioned and charged against their land's. This burden upon relators’ lands which are within the district will be materially increased and will be materially lessened upon other lands within the district if the present claims of the diking commissioners are successfully maintained; since it will result in determining the benefits to their lands to be greater and the benefits to land of other owners in the district to be less than as determined by the verdict and judgment rendered upon that question at the time of the creation of the district. The relators’ claim of vested rights in the result of the original verdict and judgment is apparently rested upon the theory that such determination has all the force and effect of a judgment rendered in litigation between private parties, wherein the judgment awards money in a specified amount, or specific property to a party. If the judgment determinative of the benefits rendered at the time of the creation of the district is of this nature, the settled rules of constitutional law would seem to support the contention made by counsel for relators, since to disturb such a judgment, other than by the usual modes of review,
This leads to the inquiry, What is the nature of the original determination of the question of benefits by the verdict and judgment of the court, rendered at the time of the creation of the district? Is it a final determination, binding upon the district and the owners of land therein for all time, as to the measure of the contributions to be exacted from them for the maintenance of the dikes of the district, or is the question of benefits to their land subject to be again determined as a basis for charges to be made against their lands for maintenance of the dikes of the district? Now, the original judgment did not finally determine the specific amounts which the owner of each tract of land would be required to pay, either towards the cost of the original construction of the dikes of the district, or towards- the cost of their maintenance thereafter; but only determined, using the language of the diking law, Rem. & Bal. Code, § 4106 (P. C. 151 § 31), “the maximum amount of benefits per acre to be derived by each of the land owners from the construction of said improvement,” which determination became the basis for the assessment tax to be levied from time to time in that proportion against the several tracts of land within the district to pay the cost of the maintenance of the dikes of the district as well as the cost of their original construction. Rem. & Bal. Code, §§ 4110, 4121, 4128 (P. C. 151 §§ 39, 61, 75). In 1913, the legislature passed the act here involved, amending the law as it existed at the time of the
“If at any time it shall appear to the board of diking commissioners that any lands within or without said district as originally established are being benefited by the diking system of said district and that said lands are not being assessed for the benefits received, or that any lands within said district are being assessed out of or not in proportion to the benefits which said lands are receiving from the maintenance of the diking system of said' district, and said board of diking commissioners shall determine that certain lands, either within or without the boundaries of the district as originally established, should be assessed for the purpose of raising funds for the future maintenance of the diking system of the district, or that the assessments on land already assessed should be equalized by diminishing or increasing the same so that said lands shall be assessed in proportion to the benefits received, said commissioners shall file a petition in the superior court in the original cause, setting forth the facts, describing the lands not previously assessed and the lands the assessments on which should be equalized, stating the estimated amount of benefits per acre being received by each tract of land respectively, giving the name of the owner or reputed owner of each such tract of land, and praying that such original cause be opened for further proceedings for the purpose of subjecting new lands to assessment or equalizing the assessments upon lands already assessed or both.” Laws of 1913, p. 267 (3 Rem. & Bal. Code, § 4107).
This is followed by provisions for service of summons upon the owners of lands within the district, and the owners of lands without the district sought to be charged, and for a new trial of the question of benefits, substantially as in the original diking district law. While the question of benefits was, under the provisions of the diking district law as it existed at the time of the creation of the district, determined by a jury in a proceeding in the superior court, upon which a judgment was rendered in that court, we are constrained to hold that such verdict and judgment was not conclusive for all time upon the question of benefits to be used as the basis
Counsel for relators call attention to our recent decision in Seattle v. Krwtz, 78 Wash. 553, 139 Pac. 498, where we said, “Judgments in condemnation procedure do not differ from judgments in the ordinary proceedings in law or equity. They become final and any errors contained in them can only be corrected on appeal.” Counsel invoke this rule, resting upon the assumption that the finding of the jury and judgment of the court thereon determining the benefits at the time of the creation of the district was a condemnation judgment, and therefore resulted in the relators acquiring vested rights thereunder. We do not so view that verdict and judgment. It is true that, under the procedure provided in the diking district law, the matter of the condemnation of land for the construction of the dikes and the question of benefits resulting to lands within the district from the construction of the dikes, to be used as a basis for future levies of the assessment tax, are triable in one proceeding by the same jury and court. Rem. & Bal. Code, § 4106 (P. C. 151 § 31), upon that subject, provides as follows:
“The jurors at such trial shall make in each case a separate assessment of damages which shall result to any person, corporation or company, or to the state, by reason of the appropriation and use of such land, real estate, premises or other property for said improvement, and shall ascertain, determine and award the amount of damages to be paid to said owner or owners, respectively, and to all tenants, encumbrancers and others interested, for the taking or injuriously affecting such land, real estate, premises or other property for the establishment of said improvement; and shall further*488 find the maximum amount of benefits, per acre, to be derived by each of the land owners from the construction of said improvement.”
This manner of combining the trial of these questions, however, does not give to that portion of the verdict and judgment determining benefits any different force or effect than as if the question were determined by administrative officers apart from the questions of the award which pertain strictly to the condemnation proceeding. Of course, the award made by the jury, upon which the judgment was rendered, determining the amount the district should pay for land appropriated for the construction of the dikes, was a final determination upon that question, and resulted in vested rights being acquired both by the landowner and the district, which could not thereafter be disturbed by subsequent legislation; but that, so far as vested rights thereunder are concerned, is quite apart from the question of vested rights in the determination of benefits as a basis for the levying of future maintenance charges. We have had occasion to point out the distinction between eminent domain and local assessment proceedings,, which must often be recognized in determining the rights of parties, even when there is, under the law, one proceeding, in form, wherein is tried both condemnation and special assessment issues. Clearly the question of benefits belongs to the latter. Commissioners etc. v. Seattle Factory Sites Co., supra. We are of the opinion that the act of 1913 is not in violation of any constitutional provision, as authorizing an interference with vested rights resting upon judgments rendered in pure judicial proceedings.
It is next contended, in behalf of owners of land outside of the district, that the act of 1913 is unconstitutional in that it, in effect, authorized the diking district, which, it is assumed, is a municipal corporation, to levy and collect taxes on lands lying without its boundaries, and thereby to impose taxes upon owners of land who have no voice in the election of its officers, nor in the management of its affairs. This does,
“The legislature shall have no power to impose taxes upon counties, cities, towns, or other municipal corporations, or upon the inhabitants or property thereof, for county city, town, or other municipal purposes, but may by general laws vest in the corporate authorities thereof the power to assess and collect taxes for such purposes.”
The answer to this contention is found, however, in the fact that the levy of the cost of maintenance of the dikes of the district, as well as the cost of their original construction, is measurable by proportionate benefits resulting to the several tracts of land to be charged therewith, and not according to value as general taxes are required to be levied. In Seanor v. County Commissioners, 13 Wash. 48, 42 Pac. 552, this constitutional provision was held not to have any reference to special taxes levied according to benefits. It is, therefore, not constitutionally imperative that local special assessments be imposed only by officers elected by the owners of land against which such assessments are charged. The tax being measurable by benefits, the legislature, we think, had the power to cause dikes to be constructed and maintained at the expense of benefited lands through any agency it deemed wise to provide for the creation of, even though the owners of the land to be so taxed have no voice whatever in the choosing of the persons composing such agency. We know of no constitutional provision standing in the way of such an exercise of legislative power, though it must be conceded that such an exercise of legislative power as this evidences in this particular seems to violate the spirit of our institutions ; yet not so plainly in violation of any provision of our constitution as to warrant our holding the law void upon that ground.
It is also contended in this connection that the act of 1913 is unconstitutional in that it, in elfect, not only enables the commissioners of the diking district to exercise extra-territorial jurisdiction, but it enables them in this case to exer
We conclude that the act of 1913 is not unconstitutional because of its seeming authorization of the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction by the officers of a diking district, nor because of the authorization of the charging of the maintenance of the dikes of one district upon lands which may be in another district, since such charges are measurable only by benefits resulting to the land charged therewith.
“An act relating to dikes and drains, providing for assessments according to benefits, authorizing the incurring of additional obligations in cases of emergency, and validating certain warrants heretofore issued for such purposes, and amending sections 4107 and 4121 of Remington & Ballinger’s Annotated Codes and Statutes of Washington.”
The act consists of but two sections. Section 1 relates to the retrial of the question of benefits, and section 2 reads as follows:
*491 “The board of commissioners of any diking district organized under the provisions of this act shall, on or before the first day of November, of each year, make an estimate of the cost of maintenance of the diking system in such district, which estimate shall include the cost of making any necessary repairs that it might become necessary to make in the maintenance of such system. Such estimate shall be for the succeeding year, and the amount so estimated shall be certified by the board of . . . commissioners to the auditor of the county in which such district is located, on or before said date, and the amount thereof shall be levied against and apportioned to the land in such district benefited by said improvement, in proportion to the maximum benefit originally assessed, and such amount shall be added to the general taxes against said lands and collected therewith: Provided, however, That in case of emergency not in contemplation at the time of making such annual estimate the diking commissioners may incur additional obligations and issue valid warrants therefor in excess of such estimate, and all such warrants so issued shall be valid and legal obligations of such district; and all warrants heretofore issued for such purposes under the provisions of this act, are hereby declared to be valid and legal obligations of the district so issuing the same.”
“. . . an act of the legislature will not be declared void except in cases where the violation of this constitutional inhibition is most clear, and sound policy and legislative convenience require that this provision should be liberally construed.”
Applying this rule to the case in hand, it seems quite clear to us that the question of validity of previously issued warrants for the payment of maintenance charges, which is claimed to be an independent subject, is sufficiently akin to the general subject being legislated upon that it should not be regarded as a separate subject within the meaning of the constitutional provision requiring legislative acts to be confined to one subject. State ex rel. Puget Mill Co. v. Superior Court, 68 Wash. 425, 123 Pac. 791. We conclude that the act of 1913 is not unconstitutional upon this ground urged by counsel for relators.
We conclude that the learned trial court was not proceeding in violation of any constitutional limitation, but lawfully; and that its orders must be affirmed, and the cause remanded for further proceeding.
It is so ordered.
Crow, C. J., Mount, Morris, and Fullerton, JJ., concur.