94 Wash. 274 | Wash. | 1917
This is an appeal from a judgment entered in the superior court of Thurston county in a proceeding to review an order of the public service commission ordering that appellant railway company pay to respondent warehouse company a certain sum of money, with interest, for the failure to furnish cars in accordance with the reciprocal demurrage rules promulgated by the commission. These rules were issued and made effective as of November 6, 1912, and are numbered from one to twelve, inclusive. Prior to the transaction here involved, rules three and twelve were amended. The questions presented by this appeal relate to the validity of these rules. Rules three and twelve, as amended, are as follows:
“Rule 3. When a shipper makes written application to a railroad company for a car or cars, not exceeding ten cars in number during any one day, to be loaded with any kind of freight embraced in the tariffs of said company, stating in such application the character and approximate amount of the freight and its destination, the said railroad company shall furnish the same within six days from seven A. M. of the day following the receipt of said application; and when a shipper making application specifies a future date on which he desires to make a shipment, giving not less than six days’ notice thereof, computing from seven A. M. the day following*276 the receipt of said application, the railroad company shall furnish said cars on the date specified in the application; Provided, in those cases where less than daily service is afforded, the six days’ time above specified shall be extended to ten days; Provided further, that at the terminal points of Seattle, Tacoma and Spokane the six days’ time above specified shall be reduced to three days; and, provided further, that carriers shall not be required to furnish equipment beyond the ability of the shipper to load, and Provided further, that this rule shall not be construed as requiring carriers to furnish cars for the transportation of freight destined to points upon foreign roads, such question being preserved for determination under section 24, Chapter 117, Laws of 1911 of the State of Washington.
“In case the shipper in his written application requests notification of the date of placement of the car or cars for loading, it shall be incumbent upon the railroad company to notify such shipper not less than twenty-four hours prior to the day and date upon which the car or cars will be placed stating the day and date of placement. When the application does not contain such request, it shall not be obligatory upon the company to give such notice.
“Por failure to furnish cars or to give notice within the time prescribed in this rule, the railroad company shall forfeit and pay to the shipper applying for car or cars, the sum of one dollar per car per day, or fraction thereof.”
“Rule 12. When any dispute or controversy arises between shipper, consignee and carriers with reference to the application or operation of any of these rules, or the collection or payment of demurrage charges thereunder, complaint must be made to the Public Service Commission, and its decision thereof shall have the same effect and be subject to review in the same manner as other decisions and orders of the commission.”
In January, 1913, the warehouse company made application to the railway company, pursuant to rule 3, for cars for loading grain at Castleton, Washington, to be shipped to points on Puget Sound. The cars were not furnished within the time prescribed by the rule. In July, 1913, the warehouse company filed its complaint with the public service commission pursuant to rule 12, alleging the failure of the
“It is ordered, that defendant pay to complainant, H. Schlaefer Warehouse Company, the sum of $67 with interest on $14 from January 31, 1913; on $12 from February 5, 1913; on $41 from February 7, 1913, until paid.”
The railway company petitioned for a writ of review, alleging, among other grounds, that the rules in question were invalid and that the commission had no jurisdiction to enter the order. The writ was issued, return thereon made, the cause was argued before the superior court of Thurston county, and judgment was entered affirming the order of the
I. Appellant railway company- first contends that the commission had no authority to promulgate reciprocal demurrage rule 3 prescribing penalties for failure to furnish cars. This contention is based upon the claim that the sections of the statute conferring the power to make the rules are void as attempting a delegation of legislative power in contravention of section 1, article 2, of the state constitution vesting the legislative power in the senate and house of representatives. Referring to the public service commission law of this state, chapter 117, Laws of 1911, page 538, we find provisions as follows:
“Sec. 10. Every common carrier shall under reasonable rules and regulations promptly and expeditiously receive, transport and deliver all persons or property offered to or received by it for transportation.
“Sec. 11. Evei’y railroad company shall, upon reasonable notice, furnish to all persons and corporations who may apply therefor and offer property for transportation sufficient and suitable cars for the transportation of such property in carload lots. In case at any particular time a railroad company has not sufficient cars to meet all the requirements for transportation of property in carload lots, all cars available for such purpose shall be distributed among the several applicants therefor, without unjust discrimination between shippers, localities or competitive or noncompetitive points.
“Sec. 59. The commission shall have, and it is hereby given, power to provide by proper rules and regulations the time within which all railroads shSll furnish, after demand therefor, all cars, equipment and facilities for the handling of freight in carload and less than carload lots, .- . . the distance that freight shall be transported each day after receipt, the time within which consignors or persons ordering cars shall load the same, and the time within which consignees and persons to whom freight may be consigned shall unload and discharge the same and receive freight from the freight-rooms, and to pimyideJhe_penalties to be paid to consignors and consignees for delays on the'part’b'f railroads to conform to such rules, and prescribe the penalty to be paid by con*279 signors and consignees to railroads for failure to observe such rules.
“Sec. 85. The commission is hereby authorized and empowered to adopt, . . . rules governing demurrage and reciprocal demurrage, and to provide reasonable penalties to expedite the prompt movement of freight and release of cars, . . . Any public service company affected thereby, and deeming such rules and regulations, or any of them, improper, unjust, unreasonable, or contrary to law, may within twenty days from the date of service of such order upon it file objections thereto with the commission, specifying the particular grounds of such objections. The Commission shall, upon receipt of such obj ections, fix a time and place for hearing the same, and after a full hearing may make such changes or modifications thereto, if any, as the evidence may justify. . . .” Rem. Code, §§ 8626-10, 8626-11, 8626-59, 8626-85.
It is admitted that sections 59 and 85, if themselves free from constitutional objection, sufficiently authorize the commission to promulgate rule 3 here attacked, so far as the objection now under discussion is concerned.
On the general proposition that the legislature cannot delegate the power to make purely, substantive law, there can be no difference of opinion. We shall, therefore, consume no space in discussing the several authorities cited as announcing and sustaining that principle. Nor can there be any difference of opinion as to the soundness of the correlative proposition that the legislature can delegate the power to determine the facts or state of things upon which the law makes its own operation depend. Locke’s Appeal, 72 Pa. St. 491, 13 Am. Rep. 716; Carstens v. DeSellem, 82 Wash. 643, 144 Pac. 934; Cawsey v. Brickey, 82 Wash. 653, 144 Pac. 938. The difficulty lies, not in determining the governing principle, but in its application to concrete cases. The constitutional division of all governmental powers into legislative, executive and judicial is abstract and general. Their complete separation in actual practice is impossible. The many complex relations created by modern society and business have produced many situations which can be adequately met only by vesting
Though the legislature must itself determine a standard for regulation by which the commission must be guided, that standard need not be, and in the nature of the case cannot be, detailed and specific. It may be couched in general terms, as that the rules and orders of the commission shall be just, fair and reasonable. We have repeatedly held that the legislature may constitutionally confer on the commission judicial powers as a mediatory tribunal, since the constitutional division of governmental powers into the three separate departments applies only in a limited sense and does not restrict one set of officers to one department exclusively. State ex rel. Oregon R. & Nav. Co. v. Railroad Commission, 52 Wash. 11, 100 Pac. 179; State ex rel. Railroad Commission v. Oregon R. & Nav. Co., 68 Wash. 160, 123 Pac. 3; State ex rel. Railroad Commission v. Great Northern R. Co., 68 Wash. 257, 123 Pac. 8. It is therefore clear that, before this court can hold that any attempt of the legislature to confer on the commission a given power is void as an unconstitutional delegation of either legislative or judicial power, it must clearly appear that the power in question is puj^ly^Jegkjlative or ^judicial, and not merely incidental to some of the administrative powers for the exercise of which the commission was created.
Appellant’s attack is particularly directed against sections 59 and 85, above quoted. It is argued that the legislature has not prescribed in these sections any duty to be performed by the carrier nor imposed any^penalty for violation of any
Touching the question of the delegation of legislative powers, the almost infinite variety of detail and circumstance, and of the laws intended to meet them, have led to an almost equal variety of judicial decision and utterance which, taken in the abstract, cannot be harmonized. A review in detail of the vast array of authorities cited is manifestly impracticable, and any notice not in detail would be wholly useless. We shall, therefore, confine ourselves to an analysis of those cases which present a near parallel to that before us.
In Southern R. Co. v. Melton, 133 Ga. 277, 65 S. E. 665, the supreme court of Georgia was confronted with the exact question here involved. The second section of the Georgia railroad commission act of 1905, which is quoted in the opinion, so far as the question under discussion is concerned, did not materially differ from § 59 of our statute above quoted. Rule 9 of the Georgia commission, made pursuant to that section, is also quoted in the opinion, and was not materially different from rule 3 of our public service commission above quoted, save that it contained no exception of cars destined for use on foreign roads. It was held, in substance, that, though the statute designated the reciprocal demurrage as a penalty to be fixed by the commission, it was not in fact penal in its nature, but remedial; that, while the legislature could not delegate to the commission the power to_make a penal law, it could delegate the power to fix the time within which cars should be furnished after demand, and a reasonable amount to be recovered by the shipper for the failure to so furnish cars, and that this was no less an administrative detail than the fixing of reasonable rates. The court said:
“The legislature itself enacted the law and outlined the duty and power of the commission on this subject, and indicated the matter to be dealt with by the commission, the pur*283 pose of dealing with it, and the authority of the commission in reference to carrying into effect that purpose. It not only authorized but required the fixing by ‘reasonable rules’ of an amount to be paid per day for failure to furnish cars. It is difficult to see why the reasoning on which the authority of the legislature has been upheld to establish a commission and authorize it to carry into effect the legislative purpose, and, to that end, to make rules and regulations and fix rates which should be ‘reasonable,’ is not applicable to this act. If the legislature itself could provide in general terms for the making of reasonable rates, charges, and regulations, but leave the details to be carried into effect by the commission, for the reasons stated in the case of Georgia Railroad ». Smith, supra, and if the legislature also had authority to require the prompt furnishing of cars by a railroad company, and to name a reasonable amount recoverable by the shipper for a default on the part of the carrier in that respect, why could they not provide for this in general terms, as in the other case, and leave it to the commission to investigate and declare by rule what would be a reasonable time and amount ?”
In State v. Atlantic Coast Line R. Co., 56 Fla. 617, 47 South. 969, 32 L. R. A. (N. S.) 639, was involved rule eight of the Florida railroad commission, which, so far as here concerned, was substantially the same as rule 3 of our commission. The Florida statute, among other things, provided that the commission should have power:
“To regulate the charges for storage, wharfage and demurrage under such just and reasonable conditions as said commissioners may prescribe . . . and to direct and control all other matters pertaining to railroads that shall be for the good of the public. Said commissioners shall have full power and authority to require any railroad, railroad company or common carrier to properly operate its railroad or transportation line and to furnish all the necessary facilities for the convenient and prompt handling, transportation and delivery of all freights offered along its line for transportation, and shall provide and prescribe all such rules and regulations as may be necessary to secure such operation and the furnishing of such facilities and the prompt handling, transportation and delivery of all freights offered.”
“The charge allowed a carrier for cars unduly delayed by a shipper is technically called demurrage, is remedial in its nature, and is clearly not a penalty. So, likewise, the reciprocal charge allowed a shipper for freight unduly delayed on loaded cars by the carrier is in its nature remedial and is not a penalty. The right of a shipper to have his goods promptly transported by a common carrier is a valuable right. See New Mexico ex rel. McLean v. Denver & Rio Grande Railroad Company, 203 U. S. 38; Moore on Carriers, 246. The shipper has as much right to relief from a delay in transporting his freight when it is properly offered as the carrier has to relief from a delay of a car unduly held for loading. There may be no injury or depreciation in the value of the car or the freight by a delay, but the right to promptness and convenience exists and may be enforced, and the public has an interest in the prompt movement of cars needed for other shipments. The purpose designed to be accomplished in allowing this reciprocal charge, or in imposing this reciprocal liability, is to afford the carrier and the shipper a limited cumulative remedy to prevent the delaying of cars and of freight, and to incidentally serve the public welfare by stimulating and facilitating the transportation of freight.”
Counsel for appellant here say that this is mere dictum, but as pointed out by Judge Lumpkin in Southern R. Co. v. Melton, supra, it cannot soundly be so regarded; but even if it were, we agree with the Georgia court in the view that it expresses the true distinction between a penal sanction of the law, which can only be imposed directly by the legislature itself, and remedial redress administrative in its essence, the power to provide for which may be delegated to the administrative commission.
In Keystone Lumber Yard v. Yazoo & M. V. R. Co., 97 Miss. 433, 53 South. 8, 10, the supreme court of Mississippi, adopting the reasoning and much of the language of the Florida court in State v. Atlantic Coast Line R. Co., supra,
Appellant seeks to distinguish the first of these cases from that before us by the fact that the Georgia statute apparently made the exercise of the power by the commission mandatory, while our statute confers the power to make the rule but does not expressly make its exercise mandatory. We think, however, that the conferring of the power, when construed in the light of the entire purpose of our railroad commission law, impliedly imposes the duty to exercise it. But be that as it may, the mere fact that a power is discretionary does not change its nature. Not every discretionary power is essentially legislative. If, as we have seen, the power conferred by the statute here in question is a power incidental to the administrative functions, of the commission, it was validly conferred, and the circumstance that its exercise is discretionary with the commission does not alter that fact. Both on reason and authority, we are constrained to hold that neither the statute here in question nor rule 3 made thereunder is void as an unconstitutional delegation of the legislative function.
II. Appellant’s second contention is that the commission had no jurisdiction to entertain respondent’s complaint or to make the order awarding reparation. This contention is based upon the claim that the public service commission law, chapter 111, Laws 1911, p. 538 (Rem. Code, § 8626-1 et seq.), does not provide for any such hearing, and that rule 12 of the commission providing for such hearing is therefore void as an unconstitutional assumption by the commission of legislative power granting to itself judicial power. If the sole objection were that the making of this rule was unauthorized by the public service commission law, appellant would be precluded from raising it by its failure to contest the rule within twenty days after its promulgation, as provided in § 8626-85 of that law. But the objection goes
But it does not follow that respondent warehouse company was without remedy. The public service commission law made it the duty of the railroad company to furnish cars. It conferred upon the commission the authority to prescribe the time within which such cars should be furnished and the compensation to be paid to the shipper by the railroad company for its failure to perform that duty. Buie 3 is, therefore, a valid rule. Its violation created a right in the shipper to recover the prescribed compensation from the railroad company. It is the boast of our law that there can be no right without a corresponding remedy. When the right is once created, the common law furnishes the remedy.
The case of Southern R. Co. v. Atlanta Sand & Supply Co., supra, involved a suit by one claiming to have been damaged by the failure of a railroad company to furnish cars under rule 9 of the Georgia railroad commission which, so far as this question is concerned, was substantially the same as rule 3 here involved. In addition to section % of the Georgia statute authorizing the making of rule 9, the statute contained another section, 3, giving to the railroad a hearing before the commission on any complaint that the rules had been violated. After the suit had been commenced, the shipper made complaint to the commission under the latter section of the statute. The commission issued citation to the railroad company to show cause why the rule should not be enforced. The railroad company answered by letter, stating that all orders for cars had been promptly filled and no discrimination practiced, and that, inasmuch as a suit had been commenced, it was not worth while to answer further. The commission thereupon treated this letter as a waiver of further hearing, and entered an order “that sufficient cause had not been shown to relieve said company of the penalty claimed.” The supreme court of Georgia held that, since
“The act of this state of August 23, 1905 (Acts 1905, p. 120), does not in terms provide how the shipper is to obtain payment of the ‘forfeitures or penalties’ prescribed in the second section thereof. This being so, impliedly he must resort to the courts and bring suit therefor.”
and again:
“It could not have been the legislative purpose to provide for the obtaining by a shipper of a conclusive judgment against a railroad company, before the commission. That body could not, like a court, render conclusive money judgments between parties. The shipper would have to go to the court finally and seek to recover by suit. The section did not in terms provide for any notice to the shipper or for any hearing on his part. It declared that ‘if sufficient cause is shown,’ the company ‘shall be relieved from any further liability under this act;’ but it said nothing as to what would happen if sufficient cause were not shown. It would seem that the shipper could then go ahead and sue.”
So far as the question here involved is concerned, the case quoted and that here are identical. Respondent warehouse company must be remitted to its action at law for a recovery. What period of limitation would apply to such an action, and whether the things set up in the answer of the railroad company in the proceeding now before us would state a defense to such an action, we shall not prejudge.
III. Appellant’s third contention is that reciprocal demurrage rule 3 is void as an interference with and regulation of interstate commerce. Though the cars here involved were ordered for intrastate use, we cannot avoid a consideration of this question. The rule is indivisible in its provisions. If it must be held to apply to both kinds of commerce and is
For the reasons stated in our discussion of the second question involved in this appeal, the order complained of is void. For that reason alone, the judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded with direction to dismiss the proceeding.
Morris, Main, Parker, and Chadwick, JJ., concur.