23 Wash. 276 | Wash. | 1900
The opinion of the court was delivered by
This is a proceeding in the nature of certiorari, denominated by our statute a “writ of review.” The facts leading up to the issuance of this are as follows: In the late county republican convention for King county, held on the 2d and 3d days of August, 1900, there were four candidates for nomination for the office of justice of the peace in the city of Seattle. The convention had the right to nominate two candidates. There were in the convention, entitled to vote, 252 delegates. In order that any candidate should be nominated, it was necessary that such candidate should have 127 votes, if all the delegates voted. Samuel H. Piles was the chairman of this convention and A. Muchmore the secretary. There were before the convention for nomination R. R. George, T. H. Cann, O. G. Austin and T. H. Calhoun. On the first ballot taken by the convention, R. R. George was declared one of the nominees. The chairman announced that no
It is, in effect, recited in the peremptory writ of mandate, as well as pleaded in the affidavit for the same, that the action of the chairman in failing to announce the nomination of C. Gr. Austin on the first ballot, and in ordering a second ballot, arose through a mistake and misapprehension. Ho protest was made in the convention by any one against the action of the chairman, but the convention acquiesced therein. As to the second ballot, on, which T. H. Cann was declared the other nominee, the peremptory writ recites:
“It appearing to said Piles from the tally sheets submitted to him by A. Muchmore as secretary of said convention, that one hundred and twenty-five votes constituted the majority of the total votes cast; that after the adjournment of said convention the said A. Muchmore discovered that he had made an error in his figures, and that one hundred and twenty-five votes did not constitute the majority of the total votes cast, and, as a matter of fact, Judge Cann did not receive the nomination on said second ballot.”
The respondent has filed a motion to quash the writ of. review. The affidavit upon which the writ issued was filed in this court on October 12, 1900. Ho notice of the application for the writ was given to respondent or to his attorneys. The respondent moves to quash, (1) because no notice of the application was ever given to the respondent or to his attorneys; (2) that no bond was ever given as required by law; (3) that said writ does not contain any recital of the errors to be reviewed, and that no copy of the petition or affidavit for said writ has ever been served upon respondent .or his attorneys; (4) that this court has not acquired jurisdiction to hear this writ; (5) that no errors are pointed out which can be reviewed upon this writ. Section 5742, Bal. Code, provides that the court may require a notice of the application to be given to the adverse party, or may grant an order to show cause why it should not be allowed, or may grant the writ without notice. In this case the court granted the writ without requiring notice. While the writ of review is in the nature of an appeal, it is a special statutory proceed
It is further claimed that the mandate of the lower-court has been carried into effect, and a reversal will therefore be of no avail to the relator. In case of reversal the chairman may still certify the nomination of the relator, and it will then devolve upon the secretary of the board of county commissioners to place the name of the relator upon the official ballot. Bor these reasons, the motion to quash must be denied.
It is apparent from this peremptory writ that the chairman, in announcing that T. H. Cann was the nominee,, did so after consulting the record kept by the secretary. It becomes important to ascertain what effect the announcement made by the chairman had upon the proceedings of the convention. It is a general rule of parliamentary law that every assembly meets with the implied understanding that it will be governed and controlled by the general customs applicable to assemblies, which customs are called “parliamentary law.” An assembly cannot speak for itself. The duty of presiding over its deliberations and ascertaining its will and announcing the same has become the principal and much the most iinportant of all the chairman’s functions. In all his official acts and proceedings he represents and stands for the assembly. A political convention, like any other assembly, speaks through its presiding officer. If mistakes are
“We have then for our decision this question: A ballot is taken by a political party convention for the purpose of selecting a nominee for the office of sheriff. The petitioner in fact receives a majority of the votes, hut without declaring him the nominee, and on the report of the tellers, the convention, without any fraud or oppression in the premises, declares the ballot irregular, and that another ballot he taken, A third party is then declared by the convention to he its nominee. Is the petitioner legally entitled to the peremptory order of this court directing the officers of the convention to issue to him a certificate of nomination? * * * Counsel for the petitioner claims that the rules of law applicable to an election contest must he followed in determining whether the petitioner is in fact and law the party nominee. It is true, as claimed, that, in election contests proper, the vital question is how many votes were cast for or against a candidate, and that the party actually receiving a majority of the votes is entitled to the office, notwithstanding any act or omission of the election offi*284 cers. But such rules have only a limited application to a political convention, which has control over its own proceedings and officers, in the absence of any statutory regulations, and may proceed according to party usages and customs. The questions which such a convention deals with are essentially political, and it would be a menace to the right of the members of a political party to select their own party nominees, and to the respect which should be entertained for judicial tribunals, for the courts to review and reverse the proceedings of a political convention, in the absence of fraud or oppression on its part or of its officers. The delegates in a nominating convention meet for the purpose of selecting and agreeing upon candidates for office, to be supported by the party. The discharge of this duty involves the exercise of judgment and discretion on the part of the members of the convention, and a majority of them have, in the absence of fraud or oppression, the right to control the action of the convention, and to correct or reverse any action taken by it. Such a convention is a deliberative body, and unless it acts arbitrarily, oppressively, or fraudulently, its final determination as to candidates, or any other question of which it has jurisdiction, will be followed by the courts. See State, Childs v. Kiichli, 53 Minn. 154, 19 L. R. A. 779; Manston v. McIntosh, 58 Minn. 528, 28 L. R. A. 605; Re Fairchild, 151 N. Y. 359. Any other rule would be intolerable and permit the courts to impose upon a party a nominee contrary to the wishes of its members, as finally expressed by their representatives in convention. It follows that the mere fact, if it be one, that the petitioner in this ease received a majority of the votes on the first ballot, did not necessarily make him the party nominee; for it was entirely competent for the convention to declare the ballot informal or irregular, and take another. To deny the convention this right would deprive it of the right to deliberate, and correct or reverse its proceedings. * * * In the case at bar the action of the convention as to the ballot in question was taken while the subject of the nomination of a candidate for sheriff was still pending, and before any final conclusion had*285 been, reached. It is true, as claimed, that the tellers were not authorized to declare the ballot foul, but should have reported the facts, unless there was some party usage to the contrary; yet the fact remains that after hearing the report the convention acquiesced in the chairman’s ruling that another ballot vías in order, and voted that the ballot was irregular, and that another one be taken, which was done, resulting in the nomination, not of the petitioner, but the intervenor. Such action of the convention was taken without fraud or oppression, and the court will not reverse it.”
After two ineffectual ballots of a joint convention of a city council held on January 5, 1892, to elect a collector of taxes, a third was had, all the members voting. X. received fifteen, and P. thirteen, votes, and the mayor, who presided, declared X. elected. A dispute arose over the second ballot, in which P. received fourteen, X. ten, and B. three, votes, and there was one scattering vote, which the tellers and the mayor declared to be illegible, and the mayor decided that no choice had been made. Some members thought that the vote was intended for P. and that it should be counted for him. At a joint convention held two weeks thereafter, P. was declared elected tax collector; the convention voting that the third ballot, being the one which resulted in the choice of X. as collector at the meeting of January 5th, be declared void. The board of aldermen refused to accept X/s bond. Mandamus was brought by X. against the board of aldermen for the purpose of declaring P. not elected, and X. elected, and to compel the board to accept X.’s bond. The court, in rendering its decision, says:
“The justice who heard the case has found, if it was competent for him so to find, That the paper [illegible ballot] should be counted as a ballot, and that the voter who cast it had not legibly expressed his choice/ Without considering whether there is any absolute rule*286 of law as to what should be done with a vote of this kind, it is plain that the mayor’s decision on the facts was a reasonable one, and that it was for the tellers in the first instance, and then for the mayor, to make the decision. If the name on the vote could not be made out with reasonable certainty, it ought not to have been counted for any person; if the vote was east by a-member of the convention as a vote for a real, and not a fictitious person, it should have been counted in ascertaining the whole number of votes cast. The convention, by proceeding to another ballot, in which all the members voted, assented to the decision of the mayor, and the petitioner, having been elected on that ballot, and having been duly declared elected, and the convention then having been dissolved without taking any action affecting this declared result, the petitioner must be held to have been duly elected to the office.” Keough v. Holyoke, 156 Mass. 403 (31 N. E. 387).
In the case under consideration, the chairman’s ruling on the first ballot, that Mr. George, only, had been nominated and another ballot was in order, and his announcement on the second ballot that T. H. Gann had been nominated, were acquiesced in by the convention, and were its final determination as to the candidates. Phillips v. Gallagher, supra; Keough v. Holyoke, supra.
The supreme court of Michigan, in the case of Stephenson v. Boards of Election Commissioners, reported in 42 L. R. A. 214 (76 N. W. 914), uses the following language:
“Among the dangers that courts should guard against is the unwarranted assumption of power under the false impression that they, and they only, can right all the wrongs which arise from the conduct of public affairs. They have only such powers and authority as the constitution and laws confer upon them. We have seen that several courts, have held that not until the intention of the legislature is clearly manifested will they undertake to control political action.”
The court of appeals of New York, in the recent case of In re Fairchild, 151 N. Y. 359 (45 N. E. 943), uses the following language:
“It is much more proper that questions which relate to the regularity of conventions, to the nomination of candidates * * * should be determined by the regularly constituted party authorities, than to have every question relating to a caucus, convention or nomination determined by the courts, and thus, in effect, compel them to make party nominations, and regulate the details of party procedure instead of having them controlled by party authorities.”
If courts are to be called upon to rectify mistakes of the kind complained of, there will be no end to questions that might arise. Sonie disappointed candidate might, after the convention had adjourned, question the correctness of an announcement by the chairman of the ward or precinct delegation of the vote of such ward or precinct. All these questions are matters which should be settled in the convention. When these matters have not been called to the attention of the convention, it is too late, after the convention has adjourned, to seek for the first time to rectify such mistakes in the courts; for
Tor the reasons given in this opinion, the court below should have sustained the demurrer of relator to the affidavit and petition for the writ of mandamus on the ground that the same did not state a cause of action entitling O. Gk Austin, the relator in that proceeding, to the relief prayed for. It follows that the judgment of the court below, in granting the peremptory writ of mandate, must be reversed, and it is so ordered.