Certiorari. Original proceeding, wherein relator Emil Borberg as justice of the peace of Billings township in Yellowstone county, petitioned for and was granted a writ to review certain proceedings, orders and adjudications of the respondents, the district court of Yellowstone county and the Honorable F. V. Watts, district judge presiding in district court Case No. 25689. Respondents appearing by counsel made return to the writ so issued and filed a brief on which they submitted their case, waiving oral argument. Relator, appearing by the county attorney of his county, filed briefs and orally argued the cause whereupon it was submitted for decision.
Case No. 7576. December 23, 1950, the county attorney of Yellowstone county commenced in the justice court of Billings township, before Emil Borberg, a justice of the peace, criminal case No. 7576, by filing a criminal complaint against the Elmo Club, a corporation and Robert J. Porter, defendants, charging that “on or about the 18th day of Dec., A. D. 1950’’ upon their premises licensed to sell liquor at retail, they committed the crime of selling liquor after closing hours in that they did there sell whisky “after the hour of two o’clock A. M. and before the hour of one o’clock p. m., to-wit at 3:20 o’clock A. M. of said day contrary to the form, force and effect of the statute in such case made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the State of Montana.”
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The allegations of the complaint meet the requirements of the statute. R. C. M. 1947, see. 94-100-1. Therein facts are stated which constitute a public offense and charge a violation of the provisions of R. C. M. 1947, sec. 4-414, being a misdemeanor, R. C. M. 1947, sec. 4-439, within the jurisdiction of the justice of the peace court to try. R. C. M. 1947, secs. 94-4916, 94-114, 94-116; State v. Holt,
On the day the complaint was filed defendants entered a plea of not guilty. Four days later the defendant Porter and the county attorney appeared in such justice’s court, where, on motion of the county attorney and his representation to the court that an error was made in setting forth the time of the commission of the offense the justice of the peace ordered the complaint dismissed.
Case No. 7582. Simultaneously with the dismissal of the foregoing complaint, without objection and in the presence of the defendant Porter, the county attorney commenced in said justice of the peace court criminal case No. 7582 by filing a new criminal complaint against the same two defendants, charging that “on or about the 17th day of December, A. D. 1950,” upon their premises licensed to sell liquor at retail, they committed the crime of selling liquor after closing hours in that they did there sell whisky ‘ ‘ after the hour of two o ’clock A. M., and before the hour of one o’clock P. M., to-wit: at 3:20 o’clock A.'M. of said day.”
Not only is there no statute forbidding the filing of the new complaint but there is an express statute which provides that if a demurrer to any criminal complaint is sustained for any other cause than that of a want of jurisdiction in the court to hear the offense charged “a new complaint may be made against the defendant.” R. C. M. 1947, sec. 94-100-10.
Except for the allegation in the complaint in the first case charging an offense committed “on or about the 18th day of Dec.” and that in the second case charging an offense committed “on or about the 17th day of December” the allegations *485 of the complaint in each case are identical. Immediately upon the filing of the complaint in the second case (No. 7582) the defendant' Porter was arrested, arraigned and released on bail to appear and plead on January 5, 1951.
January 5, 1951, the defendants, appearing by counsel, served and filed an instrument in writing designated “Special Plea in Bar of Defendants” wherein they averred that the justice of the peace was and is without jurisdiction or right to entertain the complaint in the second case (No. 7582) contending that, under the provisions of R. C. M. 1947, sec. 94-9507, the state’s voluntary dismissal of the complaint in the first case (No. 7576) is a bar to the prosecution of defendants for the offense of which they are accused by the complaint in the second case and praying for an order dismissing such second case, — releasing defendants from custody and exonerating their bail.
January 13, 1951, the county attorney filed in the second case an instrument in writing designated “Answer to Special Plea in Bar of Defendants” and upon the same date the defendants filed a written motion to strike therefrom all of the seventh paragraph thereof “as legally insufficient as an answer or defense to the said Defendants’ special plea in Bar” and moved to dismiss the action in accordance with the prayer of defendants’ so-called special plea in bar.
January 19, 1951, the county attorney served and filed an instrument in writing designated “Amended Answer to Special Plea in Bar of Defendants” in the seventh paragraph whereof is set forth the facts, circumstances and reasons for the voluntary dismissal of the complaint in case No. 7576 and for the simultaneous filing of the complaint in case No. 7582, said paragraph of said so-called amended answer concluding: “and consequently the dismissal of the Complaint under case number 7576 is not a bar to the prosecution of the offense as set forth in case number 7582.”
January 22, 1951, the defendants jointly and severally served and filed a second written motion to strike from the county at *486 tomey’s so-called amended answer the above last quoted portions of the seventh paragraph thereof, as being redundant and irrelevant matter, and also moved for the dismissal of the action in accordance with the prayer of the so-called special plea in bar.
We find no authority in the law of this jurisdiction for such procedure in a criminal case .brought and prosecuted in a justice’s court. Here both the defendants and the state departed from the prescribed practice and this we may not condone. In a criminal prosecution the only pleading on the part of the defendant is either a demurrer or a plea. R. C. M. 1947, sec. 94-6701, To a criminal complaint in a justice’s court the defendant may make the same plea as upon indictment or information. “His plea mtist be oral, and entered in the minutes.” R. C. M. 1947, sec. 94-100-4. (Emphasis supplied.) The four kinds of pleas authorized by the Codes are enumerated in R. C. M. 1947, sec. 94-6801, while R. C. M. 1947, sec. 94-6802 prescribes the form for each plea and provides that every plea “must be oral”.
February 19, 1951, the justice of the peace denied defendants’ above motions of January 13th and 22nd, — overruled the so-called “Special Plea in Bar of Defendants” and ordered defendants to make their pleas to the complaint.
Case -No. 25689. February 26, 1951, the defendants commenced, in the district court of Yellowstone county, cause No. 25689, wherein they petitioned for and, by order that day made by the Honorable Ben Harwood, a judge thereof, were granted a writ of certiorari directed to Emil Borberg, as justice of the peace of Billings township in said county, requiring such justice of the peace to certify and return to said district court a .complete transcript of the record and proceedings had before him in criminal cases Nos. 7576 and 7582, the district court proceeding being entitled “State of Montana, ex rel. The Elmo Club, a corporation and Robert J. Porter, Relators v. Emil Borberg, as Justice of the Peace for Billings Township, Yellowstone County, State of Montana, Respondent.”
*487 March 3, 1951, the justice of the peace made his return to the writ and filed in the district court a certified copy of the proceedings had and done in criminal eases Nos. 7576 and 7582.
March 8, 1951, the county attorney, appearing on behalf of the justice of the peace, interposed a motion to quash the writ so issued out of the district court on the grounds that certiorari is not the proper remedy; that the affidavit initiating the proceeding fails to state facts sufficient to authorize the issuance of the writ; that such affidavit fails to state facts sufficient to show that adequate relief could not be obtained in the justice, of the peace court; that such affidavit fails to state any facts sufficient to show that adequate relief would not be afforded by appeal and that it fails to state any facts showing that there is no plain, speedy, or adequate remedy other than by certiorari.
April 9, 1951, the justice of the peace was served with defendants’ notice of a motion to strike from the files the motion to quash the writ or, in the alternative, to dismiss such motion to quash. At this stage of the proceeding the Honorable F. V. Watts, district judge of the fourteenth judicial district of the state of Montana, was called to preside in the ease and on April 17, 1951, he assumed jurisdiction and ordered the motions and other matters then pending continued to a date to be subsequently fixed and thereafter set July 19, 1951, for hearing the matters at which time, pursuant to stipulation of counsel, same were submitted to the court on briefs.
October 3, 1951, Judge Watts denied the defendant’s motion to strike the motion to quash the writ, — denied the motion of the justice of the peace to quash the writ and rendered a formal judgment wherein he specifically found, inter alia, “that the Special Plea in Bar * * * should have been sustained and said action dismissed by the Justice of the Peace * # * for the reason that a prosecution under the complaint therein is barred under the provisions of Title 94, section 9507, Revised Codes of Montana * * * and that the * * * Justice of the Peace * * * has exceeded his jurisdiction in said matter, and cannot, for lack of jurisdiction render a valid judgment in said cause No. 7582.”
*488 After reciting the foregoing and other findings the judgment then ordered, adjudged and decreed:
1. That the action of the justice of the peace in overruling and denying defendants’ special plea in bar in action No. 7582 “is contrary to law”;
2. That “said Special Plea in Bar is a good and sufficient legal bar to the further prosecution of said action”;
3. That the order made by the justice of the peace, in case No. 7582, “requiring the defendants therein * * * be held and to be and appear in said Justice of the Peace Court to answer the charges set forth in the complaint therein, should be and hereby is annulled and set aside”;
4. That “the said Emil Borberg, as Justice of the Peace in and for Billings Township * * * is without jurisdiction to further proceed in said cause No. 7582”;
5. “And that said action be dismissed and the defendants discharged and their bail released.”
Case No. 9137. October 29-, 1951, the relator, Emil Borberg, as justice of the peace of Billings township commenced the instant proceeding in this court against the respondent district court and the judge therein presiding, being cause No. 9137 herein.
The complaint in ease No. 7576, as well as that in case No. 7582, charges that the defendants, “on or about” a designated day in December 1950, sold whisky upon their premises licensed to sell liquor at retail, “after the hour of two o’clock A. M. and before the hour of one o’clock P. M., to-wit at 3:20 o’clock A. M. of said day.”
The law of this state makes it a misdemeanor to sell liquor on such licensed premises “to-wit: at 3 :20 o’clock” in the morning of any day of any month of the year. R. C. M. 1947, sees. 4-414 and 4-439.
The precise day of the commission of the crime of selling liquor at a prohibited and unlawful hour in the morning is not of the essence of the offense and the use of the phrase “on or about” a certain day of a certain month in the year
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1950 in charging such offense simply indicates that the time alleged was stated with approximate accuracy. State v. Terry,
Perfection is not required in the pleading of a criminal cause in the justice’s court any more than in a district court. Perfection in pleading is seldom attained in either forum. Amendments to eliminate clerical errors or in the furtherance of justice are common. Ordinarily the ends of justice are best observed by disposing of criminal causes in a justice’s court upon their substantial merits rather than with too strict regard to technical rules of procedure. It is quite common, in the exercise of a sound discretion, to allow a criminal complaint to be amended in conformity with the spirit of the law and in such a manner as will subserve rather than impede the ends of justice by preserving to the party claiming in good faith to have his substantial defense to the charge an opportunity to present it.
In the first ease the defendants made a plea of not guilty thereby putting in issue every material allegation of the complaint but before any trial was had or even commenced the county attorney discovered that the particular day on which *490 lie had accused defendants of making an illegal sale was Sunday the 17th rather than the 18th of December 1950, whereupon to further particularize the time of the alleged sale and to fully inform the defendants and the court well in advance of trial he made the motion to dismiss his first complaint and upon the granting of such motion immediately commenced ease No. 7582 by filing his second complaint charging an unlawful sale made “on or about the 17th day of December, A. D., 1950.”
The complaint in the first case required neither amendment nor dismissal. It was good as it stood.
The complaint in the second case is equally good. The law disregards trifles, see. 49-125, and in a criminal complaint, information or indictment it does not require particularity to the point of absurdity. State v. Gondeiro,
In the first case defendants complied with the requirements prescribed by sections 94-100-4, 94-6701, 94-6801 and 94-6803, R. C. M. 1947, but in the second ease they made no such compliance. Instead of orally making one of the four pleas prescribed by section 94-6801 they filed an elaborate written instrument termed a special plea in bar which, with the exhibits attached, comprises seven typewritten pages wherein they contend that by reason of its dismissal of the complaint in the first case the justice’s court is without jurisdiction or right to entertain and the state and county attorney are barred from prosecuting the second case.
To support such contentions defendants cite and rely upon R. C. M. 1947, sec. 94-9507, which provides: “An order for the *491 dismissal of an action, as provided in this chapter, is a bar to any other prosecution for the same offense if it is a misdemeanor, but it is not a bar if the offense is a felony.” (Emphasis supplied.)
The phrase “as provided in this chapter” means as provided. in Chapter 95 of Title 94, being sections 94-9501 to 94-9507, inclusive, of the Revised Codes of 1947.
The only section of Chapter 95 of Title 94 of the Codes which provides for an order for the dismissal of an action is the first section of the Chapter which reads:
“94-9501. (12223) When action may be dismissed. The court, unless good cause to the contrary is shown, must order the prosecution to be dismissed in the following cases:
“1. Where a person has been held to answer for a public offense, if an information is not filed against him, within thirty days thereafter, or such time has not been extended by the court or judge.
“2. If a defendant, whose trial has not been postponed upon his application, is not brought to trial within six months after the finding of the indictment, or filing of the information.”
In the criminal cases here involved no information was filed against defendants nor have they been held to answer for any public offense requiring the filing of an information or indictment under Article III, section 8, of the Constitution or under R. C. M. 1947, sections 94-6201, 94-6206 and 94-6332. The first complaint was filed within five days after the offense was alleged to have been committed while the second complaint was filed within nine days after the offense therein was alleged to have been committed. Fifty-four days after filing the second complaint the justice of the peace overruled defendants’ so-called special plea in bar and ordered defendants to make their plea to the complaint. One week thereafter, on the application and affidavit of defendants, the respondent district court issued and caused to be served upon the relator as justice of the peace, a writ of certiorari commanding and requiring him and his court, inter alia, “to desist from further proceedings in action *492 No. 7582” and upon such, application of defendants and by reason of the order and command of the respondent district court no further proceedings have been had or done in said cause by relator or in the justice’s court over which he presides-except as directed and commanded by the respondent district court. The postponement of entering pleas and the postponement of the trial of case No. 7582 has been had and done upon defendants’ application to and the consequent interference by the respondent district court and of such delay and postponement defendants may not now nor hereafter be heard to complain. Clearly the provisions of Chapter 95 of the Revised Codes of Montana of 1947, being sections 94-9501 to 94-9507, both inclusive, have no application whatever herein.
Sections 94-9501 and 94-9507, supra, are substantially the same as sections 1382 and 1387 of the Penal Code of California, construed in People v. Hrjak,
In Parks v. Superior County, Cal. App. 1951,
So in this jurisdiction the only orders for dismissal to which R. C. M. 1947, sec. 94-9507, applies are those orders for dismissal provided in Chapter 95 of Title 94 of the Revised Codes of 1947, being such orders as are enumerated in subdivisions 1 and 2 of section 94-9501.
The provisions of sections 94-9501 and 94-9507, supra, are wholly inapplicable to the dismissal of the criminal complaint in ease No. 7576 upon the grounds and under the facts and circumstances above shown or to the filing of a new complaint in ease No. 7582 or to the prosecution of the defendants on the accusation therein made and defendants’ so-called special plea in bar, being unauthorized by law and wholly lacking in merit, the justice of the peace was acting within jurisdiction and in accordance with law in overruling the purported plea and in ordering defendants to make proper plea to the second complaint as is provided for in sections 94-100-4, 94-6801 and 94-6802, supra.
*494 Upon a plea other than guilty, the cause would have been set for trial and tried in a manner provided for in Chapter 100 of Title 94 of the Revised Codes and should defendants then deem themselves aggrieved by the judgment entered, they may take a timely appeal to the district court, R. C. M. 1947, sec. 94-100-33, where the cause would be tried anew. R. C. M. 1947, sec. 94-100-38.
R. C. M. 1947, sec. 93-9002, sets forth the facts and circumstances which must exist before a court is authorized to grant a writ of review. Since the record before us shows (1) that in disallowing defendants’ so-called plea in bar and in ordering them to make a plea as prescribed by the Codes the justice of the peace was acting within jurisdiction; (2) that the defendants may appeal to the district court from any judgment entered against them in the justice’s court; (3) that on such appeal the cause will be tried anew in the district court and (4) that such remedies so available to defendants are plain, speedy and adequate, it is apparent that the respondent district court exceeded its jurisdiction in ordering the issuance of the writ of review and in making the orders and rendering the judgment so entered against such justice of the peace.
The jurisdiction and powers of a judge extend and are limited to those fixed by law. Beyond that he cannot act. State v. Israel,
Sections 94-9501 and 94-9502 authorize a prescribed procedure relating to the dismissal of certain limited actions under specified conditions and the respondent district court applied such sections to an entirely different situation than is provided for thereby exceeding the jurisdiction of such tribunal. The law is as stated in Rodman v. Superior Court, 13 Cal. (2d) 262, 269,
In 4 Cal. Jur., Certiorari, p. 1025, in discussing section 1068
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of the California Code of Civil Procedure, which, is the same as R. C. M. 1947, sec. 93-9002, it is said: “It is also clear that if the court or board acts in an unauthorized mode and thereby exceeds the bounds of its power, its action may be reviewed on certiorari.” Citing: Carpenter v. Superior Court,
We are sending this criminal cause back to the justice’s court for plea and for trial without further delay should the plea raise an issue. Accordingly the rulings and orders made and entered on or about the 19th day of February 1951, by the relator as justice of the peace presiding in criminal case No. 7582 are approved and made effective from date of original entry by relator, — the findings and orders of the respondent district court in case No. 25689 are annulled, — its judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded with directions to dismiss ab initio the proceedings had and done in the respondent district court against the relator, Emil Borberg, as justice of the peace and his court. It is so ordered.