66 N.J.L. 197 | N.J. | 1901
On the argument before the Supreme Court and in this court the contention was that the act in question was unconstitutional, on which it was insisted in this court that the judgment of the Supreme Court was erroneous.
The main ground on which this contention was rested was that the act is special and local, regulating the internal affairs of cities, in contravention of article IV., section 7, paragraph 11, of the constitution. This constitutional provision interdicts private, local or special laws in a number of enumerated cases, among which is contained “regulating the internal affairs of towns and counties.” It also provides that the legislature shall pass general laws providing for the cases enumerated in the paragraph, and for all other eases which, in its judgment, may be provided for by general laws.
As was said by Chief Justice Beasley, in Van Riper v. Parsons, 11 Vroom 1, 10: “The purpose of this constitutional clause was not to limit legislation, but to forbid only the doing, by special or local laws, those things that can be done by general laws. The provision relates to the methods and not to the substance of legislation; and the substitution of general laws, in the stead of those that are special or local, necessarily indicates the limits and extent of the prohibition; for as the mandate is to do, by general legislation, that which is interdicted to special or local legislation, it seems unavoidably to follow that it is only those things that can be accomplished by the former method that are forbidden to the latter method.” The Chief Justice also said, in another part of his opinion, that “all legislation is based, of necessity, on a classification of its subjects, and when such classification is fairly made, and the legislation founded upon it is appropriate to such classification, such legislation is as legitimate now as it would have been prior to the amendments to the constitution.” Id. 8.
There are two sorts of classifications known to the law for the purposes of legislation. First, the common law classification of municipalities into counties, cities, boroughs, towns,
The first time that Van Riper v. Parsons, 11 Vroom 1, was before the Supreme Court it was held that, within the sense of these prohibitory clauses, a general law, as contradistinguished from one special or local, is a law that embraces a class of subjects or places, and does not omit any subject or place naturally belonging to such class. The second time that ease passed under judicial examination the holding was that a law framed in general terms, restricted to no locality, and operating equally upon all of a group of objects which, having regard to the purpose of the legislation, are distinguished by characteristics sufficiently marked and important to make them a class by themselves, is not a special or local law, but a general law, without regard to the consideration that within this state there happens to be but one individual of that class or one place where it produces effects. Id. 123. To the same effect is Rutgers v. New Brunswick, 13 Id. 51.
These rules for determining the constitutionality of acts of the legislature relating to the internal affairs of municipalities apply only to statutory classifications which are adopted by the legislature to answer some purpose not within the range of the common law classifications of counties, cities, boroughs, towns, townships and villages.
'Legislation applicable to all the counties, or all the cities, or all the boroughs, towns, townships or villages in this state, is not subject to the principle which has been mentioned, for the reason that they are common law classifications recognized by the constitution. The law now in question is applicable to all the cities of this state.
As early as Anderson v. Trenton, 13 Vroom 486, decided November Term, 1880, the distinction above referred to was recognized. A statute purporting to confer upon all cities
New Brunswick v. Fitzgerald, 19 Vroom 457, 487, 488, was affirmed in this court. On the argument here it was earnestly contended that the act in question was not a general law, on the ground that it was based upon a defective classification. The opinion in this court was delivered by Chief Justice Beasley. The contention just referred to was disposed of by the Chief Justice in these words: “In the Supreme Court, so far as this point was concerned, the subject was disposed of on the ground that this classification had been so repeatedly recognized in judicial decisions and in acts of legislation as not to be open to further discussion, but that it was to be treated as res adjudicaba. In that view this court entirely concurs.” The opinion of the Chief Justice is given more importance by the fact that one clause in the section of the act which was quoted was held to be special, from the fact that there were words in it which limited the effect of it to cities where the police department held office quam bene se gesserint, which made the law, to that extent, special.
In re Commissioners of Elizabeth, 20 Vroom 488, it was held that, for the purposes of legislation, cities constitute a class, and a law applicable to cities only is not in contravention of the constitution. The legislation rmder consideration in this case was the well-known Martin act, the provisions of which would be equally appropriate to boroughs, towns and townships as to cities. This case was recently affirmed in this court. An act applying to every county in the state, empowering the board of chosen freeholders to perform certain duties in relation to public roads, has been held to be constitutional. Miles v. Freeholders of Bergen, 23 Id. 302. The principle adjudged in the foregoing cases is sustained by all the decisions, without a single dissent. Noonan v. County of Hudson, 23 Id. 398; Bowyer v. Camden, 21 Id. 87; State v. Borough of Clayton, 24 Id. 277.
In Johnson v. Asbury Park, 29 Vroom 604, an act respecting licenses in boroughs of this state was held by the Supreme
In Crookall v. Matthews, 32 Vroom 349; affirmed in this court, 33 Id. 799, it was decided that townships form a proper class for legislation affecting the term of office of assessors. This decision was also rested on the principle that towns, townships, boroughs and cities in legislation are treated as municipalities belonging to different classes; hence, an act of the legislature which applies to one class only is, within the meaning of the constitution, a general law. An act relating to the improvement of streets and the construction of sewers in the cities of this state was held to be a general law, although it applied only to cities. Jelliff v. Newark, 19 Id. 101. In the prior case of Green v. Hotaling, 15 Id. 347, an act providing for assessment for the construction and continuation of sewers, which applied to cities only, was held to be constitutional. The decision in this case was affirmed in this court. Green v. Hotaling, 17 Id. 207.
Finally, in Hermann v. Guttenberg, 34 Vroom 616, 621, 624, it was decided by this court that incorporated cities, boroughs, towns and villages, as well as townships, are recognized by the constitution as classes for legislation, and that
It will be observed that in all these cases the legislation sustained applied to, some one of the common law classifications, and that the subject-matter of such legislation would have been as appropriate to other subdivisions as to those specifically embraced in it. Such acts of the legislature are, in a constitutional sense, general laws.
The act now in question requires that all the officers to be elected at any municipal or charter election shall be voted for and elected on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of November in each year. The act applies to all the cities in this state. The court has been furnished with a list of the cities, with the population of each, and also of the towns, townships and boroughs of the state with a population of over three thousand. It appears from this schedule that in the different counties of this state there are towns, townships, boroughs, &c., each containing a population in excess of some of the cities in the same county. If the classifiea
The subdivision of the common law municipalities into subordinate classes is a legislative classification,. and legislation with respect to any of such classes depends upon the appropriateness of such legislative classification. Classification acts have been passed dividing cities, towns, townships, boroughs and villages into classes on the basis of population. The office of these classification acts is simply to provide a rule of construction for municipal legislation. A statute framed in compliance with such acts will be construed accordingly, and upon such a construction the question will arise whether the classification adopted is such, in substance, as to bring the statute within the category of general laws. They are statutes for interpreting enactments concerning municipalities. Beyond this effect, legislation conforming to such subdivisions is incapable of exercising any force or controlling effect upon either the legislature or the courts. In all such cases the validity or invalidity of the statute which is the product of these classifications depends upon those considerations which will confer upon a statute, local and special on its face, the quality of a general law. Warner v. Hoagland, 22 Vroom 62; Calvo v. Westcott, 26 Id. 78; Wanser v. Hoos, 31 Id. 482, 525; Foley v. Hoboken, 32 Id. 478, 481.
In Mortland v. Christian, 23 Vroom 521, 537, Mr. Justice Garrison, delivering the opinion of this court, in a case where the legislation was directed to counties of the first class, said: “That the counties to be affected are referred to as of the first class does not touch the constitutionality of the act, if its subject-matter be one having a natural relation to popu
Uor is this act obnoxious to the constitutional prescription which provides that “to avoid improper influences which may result from intermixing in one and the same act such things as have no proper relation to each other, every law shall em
The title of the act in question is “An act relative to the time of election and appointment and terms of office of officers elected or appointed in cities in this state.” It is only in a plain case that a statute will be declared void because its title does not express the object of the law. State, ex rel. Richards, v. Hammer, 13 Vroom 435. In the case last cited, in a statute under the title of “An act relating to the assessment and revision of taxes in cities of .this state,” it was held to be competent to include provisions changing the mode of appointing members of boards of assessment and revision. Where the subject of legislation is of a general character, all matters reasonably connected with it, which are appropriate to accomplish or facilitate the object of the act, maybe embraced in it without infringing the constitutional interdict which prohibits the intermixing of such things as have no proper relation to each other. In re Commissioners of Elizabeth, supra. “The constitutional requirement that the object of every law shall be expressed in its title is satisfied when the title fairly indicates the general object of the statute, although it does not indicate the means or method of attaining that object.” Bumsted v. Govern, 18 Vroom 368.
In giving effect to this clause of the constitution the courts give paramount consideration to the general object of the act. The general object of the act being ascertained, the legislature may include in it provisions of multiform character, designed to carry into execution the legislative purpose, which are not inconsistent with or foreign to the general object of the act. Thus, under an act entitled “An act to cede to the mayor and common council of Jersey City certain lands of the state now and heretofore under the tidewaters of Communipaw bay, and to establish a tide-water basin adjacent thereto,” it was held that the grant to Jersey City of that part of it next to* the city, with a duty to improve the same for a basin, with power to erect wharves and to regulate and control the use of such basin and wharves, and to charge dockage and wharfage, and the dedication of
The object of this statute was to change the time of the ■ holding of elections for local officers in the cities of this state •from the spring to the fall. Every provision contained in it is cognate to the subject-matter of this legislation. In Warner v. Hoagland, 22 Vroom 62, under an act entitled “An act concerning the construction, care and improvement of the public ways, parks and sewers in certain of the cities of this state, and assessment for the same,” powers over this subject were conferred upon the common council or board of •aldermen. A section of the statute provided that the office of every officer, commission or board possessing any of the powers mentioned in the act should cease, determine and be abolished. It was held that abolishing the offices of other officers having the jurisdiction and powers conferred on the common council or board of aldermen, was cognate to the object of the act, and that the purpose to abolish such offices need not be expressly mentioned in the title of the act. By a parity of reasoning, the extension of the terms of office of the several city officials until successors could be elected at the election provided for, is cognate to this legislation, and is embraced in the title.
Finding no infirmity in this legislation, -on constitutional grounds, the judgment of the Supreme Court should bé affirmed.
For affirmance — The Chancellor; Chief Justice, Yan Syckel, Dixon, Garrison, Gummere, Collins, Fort, Hendrickson, Adams, Yredenburgh, Yoorhees. 12
For reversal — Yroojm. 1.