727 P.2d 103 | Okla. Civ. App. | 1986
The issue for review is whether a statute of limitations has run against four state actions consolidated for this appeal. The trial court, without saying so, evidently concluded one had and dismissed all of the actions.
We hold, however, that none of the actions is barred by a statute of limitations and vacate the orders of dismissal.
I
These actions were filed by the district attorney for Muskogee County on September 17, 1984, to recover public monies paid by or to defendants pursuant to contracts said to be induced by bribes, laced with kickbacks and executed pursuant to an ongoing conspiratorial scheme to fraudulently divert public funds and convert public property to defendants’ private use between 1970 and 1981.
Only two defendants filed an answer — Eastern Equipment Company and Kenneth Ward — and the closest they came to raising the statute of limitations as a defense was with this language: “the court is without jurisdiction for the reason that said suit has not been timely filed against this Defendant.” (Emphasis added.) Six defendants filed motions to dismiss on the
A journal entry recited that on February 13,1984,’ “all motions pending” came on for hearing before a specially assigned judge. It further stated that “from testimony given, and arguments of counsel and cited authorities, it is the order of the court ... that the above cases [all four] are hereby dismissed.” That’s all. The journal entry reflects no findings of fact or any conclusions of law. We can presume, however, that the basis for the adjudication was the one stated in defendants’ motions to dismiss and argued in support of them— namely, that a statute of limitations had run against the government’s actions at the time they were filed. And the actions were dismissed against all defendants whether a defendant had raised the limitations defense or not.
The plaintiff appeals contending it is proceeding in its sovereign capacity to enforce and protect a public right and is therefore immune from the operation of any statute of limitations. Alternatively, the state argues that in any event no statute of limitations began to run until plaintiff, with the use of diligence, could or should have known of and had access to evidence of facts necessary to prove the essential elements of the causes of actions in question. And in this case, says plaintiff, because of the unrecorded and secret nature of defendants’ illicit activity, it could not have acquired such knowledge, even if it had investigated with reasonable diligence, until defendants either publicly admitted or were convicted of the criminal acts in question. While we consider this alternative argument correct and sound, it will not be necessary to pursue it because of our view of plaintiff’s first contention.
II
The question we address, then, is whether the facts pleaded in the government’s petitions justify the trial court’s presumed conclusionary finding that the sovereign is not immune from the restraints of the statute of limitations.
Defendants concede that the ancient common law doctrine of “Nullum tempus occurrit regi” (lapse of time does not bar the king’s right [to sue]) has been judicially accepted in principle by the courts of this country with this variation in the sophisticated Latin phraseology: “Nullum tem-pus occurrit reipublicae” (no lapse of time bars the right of sovereign governments [to sue]). Defendants also agree that the concept’s application extends to both state and local governments with regard to “public rights of all kinds,” by quoting confirmatory language in Foote v. Town of Watonga, 37 Okl. 43, 130 P. 597 (1913). See also Herndon v. Board of Commissioners, 158 Okl. 14, 11 P.2d 939 (1932).
But after acknowledging the import of Foote defendants turn to and lean heavily on a decision that came down two years later — Board of County Commissioners v. Willett, 49 Okl. 254, 152 P. 365 (1915) — for the proposition that the right which the county is seeking to protect here is a “private” one. In Willett, the court considered whether a county could recover sums of money illegally paid to a county attorney in the form of a salary for over three years. The official’s annual salary was $1250 and he was overpaid $337.50 during calendar year 1908, $100 during 1909 and $100 in 1910. Suit was filed August 3, 1912. The opinion does not disclose why the overpayment occurred but evidently no fraud was alleged because no penalty was sought under the provision of Rev.Laws 1903 § 5900, now 62 O.S.1981 § 372. The trial
The appellate court reversed as to the 1909 and 1910 causes but affirmed as to the 1908 cause. In so ruling the upper court rejected the county’s contention that a public right was being asserted by reason of which the government was immune from any limitations bar. In its opinion the Willett court starts right out with a crucial primal conclusion — that the “right, which is sought to be enforced [by the county], is a private right for the reason that all the people of the state have no interest in the funds of the county illegally paid out and sought thereby to be recovered, but only that part of the public within the confines of the county are interested in the funds.” (Emphasis added). The court then began to quote from various cases across the country and a treatise — J. Dillon, Commentaries on the Law of Municipal Corporations (5th ed., 1911) — in an effort to clarify the seemingly unclarifiable, namely, the distinction between and the meaning of “private” rights of municipalities and their “public” rights. Foote was recognized, approved but then ignored. And to support its private right predilection the Willett court turned to an early Indiana case and an old Virginia decision, each of which had used the private right terminology as a vehicle for reaching the ultimate conclusion that a county enjoyed no sovereign immunity from statutes of limitation in seeking to enforce “private” rights.
There are at least three significant reasons why Willett affords no precedential help in resolving the issue in this case. First of all, Willett was not a § 372 action such as we have here and the court treated it as an action on an oral contract — a theory of recovery entirely different from the tort action in this case.
The second reason is that regardless of whatever validity Willett’s underlying criterion may have had in 1915 — that overpayment of county officials’ salaries is a matter of only local interest primarily because “all the people of the state have no interest in the funds of the county illegally paid out_” — it has long since perished. Today county government, and particularly its road system, is financed in a large part by state funds appropriated by the state legislature. The result is, then, that all the people in the state now have an interest in the honest and proper handling of those funds by county governments.
The third reason is that since 1915 the high court of this state has reassessed and to some extent clarified its position with regard to the tangled and controversial “private” versus “public” right approach to resolving the problem of whether statutes of limitation bar actions by sovereign governments. This it has done mainly by enlarging on the attributes and inherent nature of a public right. An examination of more recent decisions demonstrates that not only has the “private right” ideology of Willett come under judicial attack but the courts’ perception of “public right” has developed to the point of being more realistic and workable in terms of modern social and economic conditions.
In 1940, for instance, the supreme court of this state, in Board of County Commissioners v. Good Township, 188 Okl. 151, 107 P.2d 805, manifested a skepticism about what it referred to as the “so-called private right” theory as it pertained to county government, and associated the des
Finally, the Good court made the following instructive and directional observations: “If this court is to continue to recognize a distinction between a public and private right of a political subdivision of the state with reference to the application of the statute of limitations thereto, the distinction when drawn should be bolstered by every reasonable presumption favorable to government immunity from the limitation.” For the elusive line separating the “public” and “private” right abstractions, if discernible at all, “is invariably indistinct and uncertain,” the court added, and as a consequence such “presumptions should favor the sovereignty of the government and all doubts resolved to the end that all government rights are public rights.”
The nature of a public right as perceived by the supreme court has also been disclosed in decisions involving the illegal expenditure of funds directly from the state treasury. They are helpful because the same diacritical dialectics concerning public versus private rights are used to dispose of the limitations issue as are used in the local government cases. This makes sense, of course, because with regard to official misuse of taxpayers’ money, there is no logical basis for differentiating between funds possessed by the state and those possessed by a county. The most recent case on the subject points this up — State ex rel. Cartwright v. Tidmore, 674 P.2d 14 (Okl.1983). Tidmore dealt with a state contract dispute. While the court did not mention the Good case it traveled the same syllogistic highway and reached the same legal destination. Moreover, the court confirmed the universal applicability of its public right concept by saying that the question of “whether the statute of limitations runs against a cause of action ... [possessed by] the state or a subdivision ... is determined by whether the right affected is a private right or public right.” (Emphasis added.) In Tidmore recovery was sought for money paid out of the state treasury pursuant to oral contracts made without competitive bidding as required by law. The court concluded that the state was suing to “vindicate legal rights which are public in nature....” The ultimate effect of the action is to help assure “the rights of the public to have state contracts for services protected by written contracts and competitive bidding” and that “government officials are accountable to the public, and are discharging their duties competently and responsibly.”
This criteria, when applied to the factual situation in the instant case, prevents escape from the conclusion that the attempt to enforce the provisions of 62 O.S.1981 § 372 against defendants is an attempt to attain an objective consistent with the intent and purpose of § 372, namely, protection of the public’s right to be governed by county officials who perform their duties fraudlessly without bribes, kickbacks or payoffs. To further fortify this important and sacred public right from
Ill
The orders of dismissal are vacated and the causes are reinstated and remanded for further proceedings.
. A separate action was filed by the state against each former county commissioner involved. The defending parties are as follows:
Case No. C-84-1190 is against former commissioner Fred A. Shelton and the following vendors: Henry Peak, Marshall Greenman, Charles Ray, Joe Swank, James J. Skipper, Jack Ford, Muskogee Equipment and Supply Co., Inc., Eastern Equipment Co., Port City Road Supply Co., S & S Supply Co., and Ford Supply Co.
Case No. C-84-1191 is against former commissioner Eddie B. French and the following vendors: All those named in Case No. C-84-1190, except Jack Ford and Ford Supply Co., plus additional defendants Hershell Long and Morris Equipment Co.
Case No. C-84-1192 is against former commissioner Kenneth E. Ward and the following vendors: All those named in Case No. C-84-1190 plus Hershell Long and Morris Equipment Co.
Case No. C-84-1193 is against former commissioner Jesse V. Smith and his vendors: All those named in Case No. C-84-1190 plus Her-shell Long and Morris Equipment Co.
. This statute was amended in 1982 to provide for the recovery of "triple the amount of ... money” fraudulently paid out and "triple the value of property" fraudulently transferred.
. We note in passing the obvious lack of judicial propriety in dismissing actions against defendants who have in no way challenged them.
. 12 O.S.1981 § 95 (Third) specifies a limitation period of two years for "an action for relief on the ground of fraud — the cause of action in such case shall not be deemed to have accrued until the discovery of the fraud.” For application see, for example, Brookshire v. Burkhart, 141 Okl. 1, 283 P. 571, 67 ALR 1059 (1929); and Clover v. Neely, 116 Okl. 155, 243 P. 758 (1926).
. State financing of county government began in the 1920’s and has grown to the point that today the state finances district attorneys’ offices, county jail construction, county schools, county roads and airports, and county offices of various posts, to name but a few. See e,g., Title 3 O.S.Supp.1984 § 256; 3A O.S.Supp.1983 § 207; 19 O.S.Supp.1983 § 215.371; 29 O.S.1981 § 5-402; 37 O.S.Supp.1985 § 563; 47 O.S.Supp. 1985 § 1104; 62 O.S.1981 § 192.1, 204, 491; 62 O.S.Supp.1985 § 193; 63 O.S.Supp.1985 § 804.-14; 68 O.S.1981 §§ 523, 523.1, 706, 1103, 2004, 5104, and 5305; 68 O.S.Supp.1985 §§ 502.2-502.5, 504, 504.1, 519, 602, 604.2-604.5, 704, 707.1, 707.2 and 1004.