135 Ind. 526 | Ind. | 1893
Appellant’s right of action, in this case, rests entirely upon an act of the general assembly of the State of Indiana, entitled “An act to secure the purity and freedom of the ballot. ” Approved March 9th, 1889, Acts 1889, p. 360, Elliott’s Supp., section 1396.
The complaint alleges, in substance, that appellee was a candidate at the general election held on November 4th, 1890, for the office of clerk of the circuit court of Warren county; that the plaintiff’s relator was a qualified voter of said county; that said defendant still being such candidate, and relator still being a resident voter of said county, said defendant hired said relator to vote for him for said office, at the election to he thereafter held on said 4th day of November, 1890, at and for the price of ten dollars to said relator then and there paid by said defendant and by the means aforesaid, and said relator did vote for said defendant and did refrain from voting for any other candidate for said office. Wherefore, relator says an action has accrued to him for the sum of three hundred dollars, with one hundred and fifty dollars attorney’s fees, for which judgment is demanded and other proper relief.
Appellee demurred to the complaint for want of sufficient facts to constitute a cause of action. The demurrer was sustained; appellant excepted and prayed an appeal to this court. 1
He assigns as error that “the Warren Circuit Court erred in sustaining the demurrer to the complaint. ’ ’ This specification brings into review the action of the trial court.
This is an epitome of the argument of the learned counsel for the appellee in their contention that the law in question is invalid: “In the construction of statutes the prime object is to ascertain and carry out the purpose of the Legislature in their enactment, and to do this the words used must be first considered in their literal and ordinary signification, but the courts may go beyond.such meaning of the words, and look to other statutes upon the same subject, to the objects contemplated, the evils to be corrected, and the remedy provided.” City of Evansville v. Summers, 108 Ind. 189, and cases cited.
In the case of the City of Valparaiso v. Gardner, 97 Ind. 1 (6), 49 Am. Rep. 416, in speaking of the rules of construction, this court said: “While it is our duty to yield to the words of the constitution, still, in determining what meaning they were intended to have, it is proper to consider the circumstances under which the provision was adopted and the object it was intended to accomplish. Cooley Const. Lim. (5th ed.), 78, 79.”
It is an historical fact, and, therefore, a matter of which this court will take judicial notice, that at the
When the General Assembly convened, in 1889, vote buying and vote selling were punishable alike, and convictions were extremely difficult, for want of evidence, or even an informant to set the machinery of the law in motion. These facts justify the inference that the object and purpose of both enactments of March 9, 1889, were to detect and punish vote buying, and suppress the traffic in human honor, even, if to do so, it became necessary to offer and bestow a premium on one of the culprits. The sanctity of the ballot, the freedom and purity of our elections, were, to them, of paramount importance to everything else; hence, the one act provided for a civil penalty, and the other for a criminal prosecution for the offense in question, so as to open every avenue to its discovery. Our law-makers, in their wisdom, concluded to exempt the weak from punishment, and inflict it on the. strong. It is an innovation of the policy of the old law, but the act of making merchandise of manhood is of great moral turpitude, the disease was desperate, the remedy heroic, and whether they legislated wisely or not is not for us to say.
It was the common law, and is yet the law of this
It is true that section 59, article 1, of the Bill of Rights provides that "No person shall be put in jeopardy twice for the same offense,” but the jeopardy mentioned is the peril of a second criminal prosecution for the same felony or misdemeanor, and the liability named in section 1396, Elliott’s Supp., is a civil penalty for a tortious act, and not a debt.
Section 67, article 1, of the Bill of Rights, which abolishes imprisonment for debt, expressly excepts cases of fraud.
It will not do to say that a person who is induced to vote for any candidate is not injured. He has sold his birthright. Under temptation to which he was subjected, he has bartered his honor, his manhood, his political freedom, his sovereignty. We can not judicially say he has not been injured. While the body politic has suffered greatly, the loss he has sustained is infinitely more. It is for the Legislature to say what the status of a bribetaker shall be, in this class of offenses, and whether he shall or shall not recover a penalty in a given case, so that the crime may be discovered, and the guilty punished. Such enactments are in harmony with the spirit and genius of the constitution and the preservation of good government.
We are earnestly reminded by appellee that there is
The case of State, ex rel., v. Stevens, 103 Ind. 55, is, in many of its features, closely analogous to the one before us, and completely overthrows the theory of counsel. It was a suit on the bond of a county clerk for a statutory penalty of five times the amount of illegal fees charged, etc. The court below had sustained a demurrer on the ground, among others, that it was a second jeopardy, and, therefore, unconstitutional. This judgment was reversed, and it was held that such officer was bound to answer to the injured party for the penalty, and to the State for the fine. It is said, on page 65, in concluding the reasoning upon this branch of the case, that "All criminal punishment is of necessity punitory, and, in a degreé, exemplary, and when an offender is made the subject of example by being once punished criminally, and is again subjected to exemplary damages in a civil suit for the same offense, for a public example, he is put to the hazard of being set up as an example twice for the same offense. Where, however, a statute makes certain conduct a misdemeanor, and annexes to it a prescribed fine to the State, and also provides that the worngdoer shall be liable to the injured party in a fixed or limited sum, it is certain from the beginning what the consequence may be, and there is no possibility that the penalties may overlap each other so as to put him in
Indeed, we go a step farther, and indorse the reasoning of Judge Elliott, in his dissenting opinion in the same case, in iHiich he says: “I concur in the conclusion reached, but I do not agree with all the reasoning of the prevailing opinion, nor assent to all the propositions laid down. My opinion is * * * that the Legislature may provide for the recovery of punitive damages in cases where an injury is caused by an illegal act, although the same illegal act may subject the defendant to a criminal prosecution. As the Legislature has the power unabridged by constitutional limitation, it has the authority either to limit the amount to be recovered, or to leave it to be ascertained upon trial. It is not a question for the courts whether the power is wisely or unwisely exercised; the only question- for the courts is, does the power exist, and has it been exercised? Once the power is found to exist, all questions of policy and wisdom in its exercise pass outside of the judicial department of the government. ’ ’
We think there is no logical escape from the conclusion that the statute is constitutional. Judgment reversed, with instructions to the circuit court to overrule the demurrer to the complaint.