The facts in this case were found by his Honor, by consent, and are as follows: “The defendant was duly elected a county commissioner for Bladen County at the general election held in 1896 and duly qualified as such on the 1st Monday in December, 1896, and has since continued to hold the office, and now holds and exercises the duties thereof. Cn the 1st Monday of June, 1897, the defendant was elected by the duly constituted election board a member of the Board of Education for Bladen County and qualified as such member by entering upon the discharge of the duties thereof and still continues to exercise the same. An action was brought to Fall Term, 1897, of Bladen Superior Court by the Attorney General on the relation of one L. P. Cromartie against the defendant and others, to turn said defendant out of the office of county commissioner. The Superior Court sustained the defendant’s demurrer and gave judgment dismissing the action, and the relator appealed to the Supreme Court, and at September Term, 1897 thereof the said judgment was affirmed
(Cromartie
v. Parker,
.It is also admittled that the plaintiff is a citizen, property owner and tax payer of Bladen county, and that in June, 1897, the defendant Thompson and 0. W. Lyon and John F. Groom proceeded to elect themselves members of the Board of Education for the county. The plaintiff institutes this action in the nature of
quo
warranto, which he may do
(Hines
v. Vann,
In obedience to that Section, and in order to observe and perpetuate the “fitness of things,” the defendant and his two associates proceeded to elect themselves as members of the Board of Education, and the defendant accepted and entered upon the discharge of the duties thereof.
One ground of defence is that the Board of Education is not an office. This was not seriously urged by the defendant’s counsel in this Court. An office is defined by good authority as involving a delegation to the indi
*496
vidual of some of the sovereign functions of government, to be exercised by him for the benefit of the public, by which it is distinguished from employment or contract. Mecham on Public Offices, Section 1, 4;
U. S.
v.
Martwell,
6 Wallace, 385, 393;
Eliason
v.
Coleman,
At common law there was no limit on the right of a citizen to hold several offices, except the incompatibility of the duties of the several offices, and much learning was invoked in England and in this country on the cpiestion of “incompatibility.” We are relieved however, from much labor on that subject by our constitution. Article XIV, Section 7: ‘No person, who shall hold any office or place of trust or profit under the United States, or any department thereof, or under this State, or under any other State, or government, shall hold or exercise any other office or place of trust or profit under the authority of this State, or be eligible to a seat in either House of the General Assembly; provided that nothing herein contained shall extend to officers in the militia, Justices of the Peace, Commissioners of Public Charities, or commission era for special purposes.”
This provision is plain and leaves no room for construction, whenever the two places under consideration are found to be public offices.
Another position of the defendant is that his acceptance of the second office does not forfeit or vacate the first office. That is true in one class of cases, that is, *497 where the officer holds a Federal office and accepts a State office, and the reason is that the State court has no authority to declare the Federal office vacant. The general rule however, is otherwise in the States. It is the acceptance of the second that vacates the first. Throop on Public Officers, Section 39, 31.
‘‘Where, however, it is the holding of two offices at the same time which is forbidden by the Constitution or the statutes, a statutory incompatibility is created, similar in its effect to that of the common law, and, as in the case of the latter, it is well settled that the acceptance of a second office of the kind prohibited operates ipso facto to absolutely vacate the first. His acceptance of the one was an absolute determination of bis right to the other.” Mechem, supra, Section 429, citing numerous State decisions.
“The officer has a right to elect which of the two he will have and retain, but his election must be deemed to be made when he accepts and qualifies for the second. The public has a right to know which is held and which is surrendered. It should not be left to chance or to the uncertain and fluctuating whim of the office holder to determine.”
State
v.
Brinkerhoof,
In re
Martin, 1 Winston, 153, appendix, was considered by this Court at the request of the Governor, with the aid of an excellent brief filed by Mi-. Moore. The facts were that Martin wa.s Adjutant General of North Carolina and accepted the office of Brigadier General in the Army of the Confederate States: Held, that the office of Adjutant General was vacant. This ruling was approved in
McNeill
v.
Somers,
The right of election must be admitted in all such *498 ■cases. If the acceptance in this case and. entry did not ■vacate the first, what did it do? It is difficult to understand how the defendant could accept the second and hold the first in the same breath, and thereby do what is expressly forbidden by the Constitution. Reason as well as public policy forbids it. The exceptions in Throop, supra, Section 32, do not include the defendant’s case, because they relate to appointments made in violation of a statute and were therefore void; whereas the defendant’s election was regular and valid, and was ratified by his acceptance.
His Honor’s conclusion was erroneous and his judgment must be reversed. The question in this State does not turn upon the incompatibility of the duties of the two offices alone, as it did at common law, but upon the plain and positive language of the Constitution.
Reversed.
Let final judgment be entered ,here.
Caldwell
v.
Wilson,