257 P. 411 | Mont. | 1927
The only question in the case is whether the position of auditor under the board of railroad commissioners is a civil office. For if it is not a civil office, and Reed is a mere employee of the state, he cannot as auditor exercise any of the sovereign powers of the three departments of government. He must be a civil officer in order to confound the legislative function with the executive function.
It will be noted that the prohibition (section 7 of Article V) of the Constitution is addressed against holding by a legislator of "any civil office under the state." The prohibition is not restricted to a public office but is broad enough to cover all civil offices. Our Code (sec. 50, Rev. Codes 1921) classifies the public officials of this state as either (1) legislative, (2) executive, (3) judicial, (4) ministerial, and while the classification, *508 according to section 50, is not to be construed as defining the legal powers of either class, there is a further definition of executive officers as either (1) civil or (2) military (sec. 109, Rev. Codes Mont. 1921). Hence it would seem, in view of the fact that Reed functions under the executive department of state and in view of the fact that he is not a military officer, that he must be a civil officer, for there is no refinement of classification other than civil and military. It is true that the Political Codes abound with phrases making a distinction between officers and employees, but this distinction is not found to be operative in the executive department.
Of course it will be objected that the definitions found in the Codes cannot operate to construe the Constitution. This is true but it should be remembered that these Code definitions are attended by the presumption of constitutional validity and, moreover, they have been acquiesced in by all the departments of the state for many years.
When we consider the constitutional provision and seek to determine the intent of the framers, it is plain that what they had in mind was to forbid the legislative assembly, directly or indirectly, collectively or individually, from leaving its own sphere and attempting control of the other branches of the government. As an incident the framers doubtless had in mind prohibiting members of the assembly from manufacturing positions and offices to be occupied thereafter by themselves, and as another incident the framers doubtless had in mind prohibiting any unhealthy trading between members of the judicial and executive branches of the government and members of the assembly who had the power to pass large appropriations for executive or judicial departments and be repaid by employment during the intervals between sessions of the assembly. Appellant fully appreciates that courts are not to make a Constitution mean one thing at one time and another at some subsequent time. Ita lexscripta est (Weill v. Kenfield,
The duty to take an oath of office is a strong circumstance in distinguishing between an officer and an employee, and in a number of recent cases that circumstance is considered with others in determining the character of the position in question. (Scully v. United States, 193 Fed. 185, 186; State Tax Com.
v. Harrington,
In view of the foregoing criterion and in view of the fact that even ministerial officers are required to take the oath of office in Montana, the auditor of the Railroad Commission must take an oath and having done so wears one of the badges of a civil office.
It is next asserted that the place of auditor is not a civil office, because no official bond is required of the incumbent. But the courts have already decided that the presence or absence of a bond is not an absolute criterion. The fact that a person occupying a position is or is not compelled to give a bond for the faithful performance of his duties does not seem to be an absolute criterion by which to distinguish between an office and an employment, but in several recent cases the presence or absence of a bond has been considered in connection with other circumstances. (Rhoden v. Johnston,
It has been determined, on the highest authority that the term "civil offices" is used in contradistinction to "military offices," and covers all offices whether their duties are executive, legislative or judicial, excluding only those in the army and navy. (Twenty Per Cent Cases, 13 Wall. 568; State v.Clarke,
In support of the view that an incumbent becomes a civil officer or a public officer when appointed by one exercising sovereign powers such as the Railroad Commission, the attention of the court is invited to the following line of decisions from the supreme court of the United States: United States v.Hartwell, 6 Wall. 385,
The following places or positions have been held to be public or civil offices: A rural mail carrier (Groves v. Borden,
Again it is contended that the duties of auditor of the Railroad Commission are not prescribed by law, but the question whether the duties of a position are prescribed by law or otherwise is not an absolute criterion. (Martin v. UnitedStates, 168 Fed. 198, 93 C.C.A. 484; Lucas v. Futrall,
Again it is said that since the compensation of the auditor is not fixed by law the position is not that of a civil or public *512
office, but it has been held that the fact that a person's salary is not fixed by law is immaterial. (Martin v. United States, 168 Fed. 198, 93 C.C.A. 484; Lucas v. Futrall,
The court will soon discover on reading the authorities, and they are most numerous, being gathered in 63 American State Reports, 181, 17 Am. Eng. Annotated Cases, 449, and Annotated Cases 1917D, 316, that very few of the authorities deal with the interpretation of any constitutional provision. They turn on minor questions, and have no bearing in the determination of a particular constitutional prohibition like that involved in this case. This is an action to enjoin the allowance of a salary claim for services rendered the state.
Grant Reed is and, at the time of the commencement of this action, was a representative in the Montana legislature. His term of office as representative will expire, at noon, the first *513 Monday in January, 1929. By appointment of the Board of Railroad Commissioners of Montana, made while he was a representative in the legislature, Reed is and, at the time of the commencement of this action, was holding a position designated as auditor for the Board of Railroad Commissioners and its ex-officio commissions, at a salary, fixed by the board, of $225 per month, which he is and has been and, at the time of the commencement of this action, was drawing from the state of Montana, for his services as such auditor; except that he did not fill such position of auditor or draw the salary thereof while sitting and serving as a representative during the recent session of the legislature but resumed his position of auditor at the end thereof.
The complaint alleges the facts in relation to the foregoing statement. It further alleges that relator is a resident, citizen and taxpayer of Lewis and Clark county and brings the action in behalf of himself and other taxpayers; that the appointment of Reed as auditor was void under section 7 of Article V of the Constitution of Montana and, also, under Article IV of the Constitution; that ever since Reed's appointment as auditor, except during the recent session of the legislature, defendants, as and constituting the State Board of Examiners, have allowed his salary of $225 per month as auditor and they threaten to continue so to do and will continue so to do, unless therefrom enjoined by the court. The complaint prays that, during the remainder of Reed's legislative term, defendants be enjoined from approving, for payment to him, as such auditor, any claim of compensation.
To the complaint defendants interposed a general demurrer. The demurrer was sustained and plaintiff declined to amend or plead further. Whereupon, judgment was rendered against plaintiff. Plaintiff appealed and assigns as error the rulings of the trial court in sustaining the demurrer, rendering judgment against plaintiff and dismissing the action. The issue on appeal is: Was Reed's appointment as auditor violative of the state Constitution? *514
Section 7 of Article V of the Constitution is as follows: "No senator or representative shall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office under the state; and no member of Congress, or other person holding an office (except notary public or in the militia) under the United States or this state, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office."
Article IV of the Constitution is as follows: "The powers of the government of this state are divided into three distinct departments: The legislative, executive and judicial, and no person or collection of persons charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments shall exercise any powers properly belonging to either of the others, except as in this constitution expressly directed or permitted."
The only question for us to decide is — is the position of[1] auditor, held by Grant Reed, a civil office (?); for, if it be a civil office, he is holding it unlawfully; and, if it be not a civil office, he is not an officer but only an employee, subject to the direction of others, and has no power in connection with his position and is not exercising any powers belonging to the executive or judicial department of the state government. In the latter event, Article IV of the Constitution is not involved. What, then, is a civil office?
In one form or another, the Constitutions of all of the states, we believe, contain substantially the same inhibition as that involved in this case. In many of them the words "civil office" are used. There are a number of judicial decisions defining "civil office."
"A civil office has the characteristics of tenure; of definite term; of general duties as a part of the regular administration of the government; of right to emoluments; and of qualification by oath." (State ex rel. Cummings v. Crawford,
"The words `civil office under the state' * * * import an office in which is reposed some portion of the sovereign *515
power of the state." (Shelby v. Alcorn,
"A civil office is a grant and possession of the sovereign power; and the exercise of such power, within the limits prescribed by the law which creates the office, constitutes the discharge of the duties of the office; and it is distinguished in this respect from a mere employment." (State ex rel. AttorneyGeneral v. Valle,
In United States v. Hatch, 1 Pinn. (Wis.) 182, the term "civil officers" is said to embrace only those in whom a portion of the sovereignty is vested or to whom the enforcement of municipal regulations for the control of the general interest of society is confided.
In South Carolina, it has been held that the words "civil officers" simply mean and are synonymous with public officers who hold offices of a civil nature. (The State v. O'Driscoll, 3 Brev. (S.C.) 526.)
In Nevada, it has been held substantially to the same effect, i.e., that civil offices mean all public offices not of a military character. (State ex rel. Summerfield v. Clarke,
We hold, likewise, that the words "civil office" in our Constitution mean any public office not of a military character. It is the obvious meaning. What, then, is a public office?
In some states the decisions simply assume that civil offices are public offices of a civil nature and proceed to decide what is a public office. In other states the Constitutions use the[2, 3] words "public office." Hence, judicial definitions of office or public office are much more numerous than are decisions confined to defining civil office.
There are a great many judicial decisions defining the word "office" or the words "public office." The subject is an old one and decisions extend far back. Some of the decisions stress one test; others, some other. However, in nearly all are found certain common features that stand out prominently. To quote from all examined would extend this opinion much beyond reasonable *516 length. However, we shall quote here from some decisions and definitions which illustrate, to some extent, the various essentials of public office, emphasized by the courts and other authorities, and which state some of the things that have been held requisite.
"An `office' is defined by good authority as involving a delegation to the individual of some of the sovereign functions of government, to be exercised by him for the benefit of the public, by which it is distinguished from employment." (State exrel. Barnhill v. Thompson,
"It embraces the ideas of tenure, duration, emoluments and duties and these ideas or elements cannot be separated and each considered abstractly. All, taken together, constitute the office." (Kendall v. Raybould,
"There must be some fixed term prescribed for his continuance in office; he must give a bond and take an oath faithfully to discharge the duties of his office; a commission must issue, investing him with authority to enter upon the office." (Lindsey v. Attorney General,
"Where the legislature creates the position, prescribes the duties and fixes the compensation and these duties pertain to the public and are continuing and permanent, not occasional or temporary, such position or employment is an office." (Patton
v. Board of Health,
"Where the officer exercises important public duties and has delegated to him some of the functions of government and his office is for a fixed term and the powers, duties and emoluments become vested in a successor when the office becomes vacant, such an official may properly be called a public officer." (Richie
v. Philadelphia,
"His duties must not be merely clerical or those only of an agent or servant but must be performed in the execution or administration of the law, in the exercise of power and *517
authority bestowed by law." (Attorney General v. Tillinghast,
"An individual who has been appointed or elected in a manner prescribed by law and exercises functions concerning the public, assigned to him by law, must be regarded as a public officer." (Bradford v. Justices of Inferior Court,
"The most general distinction of a public office is that it embraces the performance, by the incumbent, of a public function, delegated to him as a part of the sovereignty of the state." (State v. Jennings,
"Every office under the Constitution implies an authority to exercise some portion of the sovereign power of the state, either in making, executing or administering the laws." (Olmstead v.Mayor, 42 N.Y. Super. Ct. 481.)
"The idea of an officer clearly embraces the idea of tenure, duration, fees or emoluments, rights and powers, as well as that of duty." (Burrill's Law Dictionary.)
"The most important characteristic which distinguishes an office from an employment or contract is that the creation and conferring of an office involve a delegation to the individual of some of the sovereign functions of government, to be exercised by him for the benefit of the public; that some portion of the sovereignty of the country, either legislative, executive or judicial, attaches, for the time being, to be exercised for the public benefit. Unless the powers conferred are of this nature, the individual is not a public officer." (Mechem on Public Offices, par. 4.)
"An office * * * may be defined as a public position, to which a portion of the sovereignty of the country, either legislative, executive or judicial, attaches, for the time being, and which is exercised for the benefit of the public." (High on Extra. Rem., par. 625.)
Many more definitions to like effect might be quoted. From the foregoing and many other authorities examined, it appears *518
that various elements are considered requisite to a public office. Some decisions hold that the taking of an official oath is necessary to constitute a position an office; others hold that the giving of an official bond is necessary; still others hold that the issuance of a commission or certificate of appointment is necessary; some decisions hold all three requisite. The Constitution (Art. XIX, sec. 1) and statutes (sec. 430, Rev. Codes, 1921) of Montana provide that all officers must take and subscribe an oath or affirmation and, the statutes say, file it. (Sec. 431, Rev. Codes, 1921.) The statutes provide for the issuance to all officers of commissions or written evidence of appointment. (Secs. 426-429, Rev. Codes, 1921.) The record does not disclose that either of these things was done in the case of Grant Reed, in connection with his appointment as auditor. We may not presume they were done. In order to do that, we would first have to presume he is an officer and we may not presume he is an officer, — it must be shown, therefore, we may not presume anything was done by him or for him as an officer. It must appear in the record. (Trainor v. Board of County Auditors,
Some decisions hold that, in an office, there must be tenure, duration, a definite term of service; others, that the character of the service does much to determine if a position is an office. Not all employment constitutes an office and, the employee an officer. (Farley v. Board of Education,
Practically all of the authorities, however, hold that to an officer are granted some of the sovereign powers of the government, to be exercised for the benefit of the public. They hold, also, quite generally that an officer's duties must be prescribed *519 by law and that he must be independent in the exercise of them and not subject to orders from a superior as to the nature or discharge of his duties, with the exception of some assistants, such as assistant attorneys general, secretaries, and the like, created by law, with salaries fixed by law. Some authorities hold deputies to be officers; others, not. Those two rules, stated above, delegation of sovereign power and independent exercise of it, with the stated exception in the latter, appear to be general.
In accordance therewith, in Robertson v. Ellis County,
"The powers of all officers are defined and conferred by law." (Georgia Penitentiary Co. No. 2 v. Gordon,
"It also appears from an examination of the charter that all the executive power relating to educational matters is vested in a department known as the `Department of Education' and this department is composed of the Board of School Commissioners. The superintendent of public instruction exercises no power except what is derived from and through this board." (Mayor v.Lyman, supra.) He was held, therefore, not to be an officer.
"The act in question makes it incumbent upon the legislature to fix compensation of all officers and, as this term, `officers,' is used in the Constitution, we are satisfied that deputies, assistants, bookkeepers, clerks and other employees are not officers. * * * The officer in question is the individual who *520 takes the oath of office and is responsible for his official acts, as well as those of his various employees." (Theobald v.State ex rel. Hall, 20 Ohio Cir. Dec. 414.)
"The term `office' implies a delegation of a portion of the sovereign power and the possession of it by the person filling the office. This definition carries with it ex vi termini the further idea that the power delegated must be exercised by the person in his own and not in another's right." (State ex rel.Brown v. Christman,
"The duties of an officer are fixed by law and an employment arising out of a contract, whereby the person employed acts under the direction or control of others and which employment depends for its duration and extent upon the terms of such contract, is not an office. * * * While an officer may be appointed by constituted authority, yet, in the discharge of his duties, he knows no guide but the established law and cannot be lawfully directed by others in the conduct of his office." (Farley v.Board of Education, supra.)
Darley v. Reg., 12 Clark F. (Eng.) 520, is an English case of long standing, much quoted and relied upon in this country, which holds to the same effect.
A leading case in point is that of People ex rel. Throop v.Langdon,
An early case in this country is that of In re Opinion ofJudges, 3 Greenl. (Me.) 481. The legislature empowered the governor to appoint an agent for the preservation of timber on the public lands and he did so. Of the agent the court said: "He is to be clothed with no powers but those of superintending the public lands and performing certain acts in relation to them, under the discretionary regulations of the governor." He was held to be merely an employee of the state, not an officer.
A case much in point is State v. Spaulding,
An outstanding case, much in point, is Olmstead v. Mayor, supra (New York). The department of public parks was a department of the state government of New York. It was conducted by officials known as Commissioners of Public Parks. The department appointed Olmstead to a position, known as landscape architect, in the department, at a salary of $6,000 per year, and he served therein a number of years. Of him the court said: "The plaintiff * * * had no term or tenure of office, discharged no duties and exercised no powers depending directly upon the authority of law. He was simply the servant of the commissioners of the park and responsible only to them. His responsibility was limited to them. * * * The distinction is plainly taken between a person acting as a servant or employee, who does not discharge independent duties but acts by direction of others, and an officer empowered to act in the discharge of a duty or trust, under obligations imposed by the sanctions and restraints of legal authority in official life." Olmstead was held to be only an employee, not a public officer. That case cites many cases in support of the position taken and it has been followed by a number of New York cases, citing it and holding to the same effect.
A completely analogous case, in which the subject is exhaustively treated and a vast number of cases are cited in support of the court's decision, is that of State v. Cole,
Other cases to the same effect and to quote from which we cannot afford the space are: State ex rel. Attorney General v.Brennan,
Applying to the case at bar the doctrines of the foregoing cases quoted from, what do we find? Do we find Reed's position a delegation of the power of sovereignty and his services the exercise thereof? Are his duties prescribed by law? Are they fixed and definite? In the discharge thereof, is he independent of any superior will or power, save that of the law? Has he any of the attributes of an officer? Does he fill an office? If so, who created the office? We must turn to the record for enlightenment. *524
We are not informed if he took an oath of office and, sharing the views of Judge Cooley, above quoted, we hold it is not decisive if he did. Taking an official oath cannot make a position an office; although an office cannot be held legally in this state without the taking of the oath; but we look for other tests.
There is but one section of the Montana Codes authorizing the Board of Railroad Commissioners to employ anyone. It is section 3783, Revised Codes, 1921, and is as follows: "The board shall, immediately after its members have qualified, organize by electing one of its members as chairman and shall appoint a secretary, who shall possess the same qualifications as members of said board, to serve during the pleasure of the board. Said board shall also have the power to appoint stenographers, inspectors, experts and other persons whenever deemed expedient or necessary by said board to the proper performance of its duties."
After the Board of Railroad Commissioners had been in existence for some time, it was made, by law, ex officio the Public Service Commission of Montana. There is but one section of the Montana Codes authorizing that body to employ anyone. It is section 3896, Revised Codes, 1921, and is as follows: "The commission is authorized to employ an engineer at a salary of four thousand dollars per annum, also examiners, experts, clerks, accountants or other assistants as it may deem necessary, at such rates of compensation as it may determine upon; and it is further provided that the secretary of the public service commission shall receive an annual salary of six hundred dollars, such salary to be in addition to the salary now provided by law to be paid to the secretary of the board of railroad commissioners of the state of Montana."
The Board of Railroad Commissioners has also been made, by law, ex officio the Montana Trade Commission. There is but one section of the Montana Codes authorizing the last named body to employ anyone. It is section 3983, Revised Codes, 1921, and is as follows: "The commission is authorized *525 to employ an accountant, at a salary of not to exceed three thousand dollars per annum, also examiners, experts, clerks and accountants or other assistants, as it may deem necessary, at such rates of compensation as may be determined upon."
There is no provision in any of the foregoing sections for employment of an auditor but we do not consider that particularly material. It is what Reed does, not what he is called, that counts. "The character of an office cannot be attached to a position by a name merely; whether it be an office or not will depend upon the nature and character of the duties attached to it by law." (State v. Jennings, supra.) The record sheds no light on the nature of Reed's duties. There is no showing that they are fixed by law or that they are made definite and regular even by the Board of Railroad Commissioners or one of the ex-officio commissions. We are left to surmise. An auditor not being specifically mentioned in any of the foregoing sections, we assume Reed was employed under the provision, found in those sections, for "other assistants," or "other persons." He is called an auditor. We may surmise, and can only surmise, he does the work of an auditor; but, if so, it is merely clerical work and we cannot see that it involves any administrative, executive or judicial power, such as must come from delegation of power of sovereignty. (Attorney General v. Tillinghast, supra.)
However, be his duties what they may, they are subject absolutely to the control of the board; so there is no certainty, nothing fixed or definite, about them. The complaint says he discharges them "under the directions and orders of said board." The board can change them as it may see fit. The board can tell him, any time, his sole duty is to do the work of a janitor or a messenger. If he should not be pleased, in such event, his only recourse would be to quit. The board can put him to bookkeeping; if a stenographer, at stenographic work. The board can do with him as it will. As an employee, he is the creature of the board; it can discharge him or abolish his position, any day, without cause or previous *526 notice. The complaint says he receives a salary "at the pleasure of the board." The complaint says the board "fixed the salary"; then, of course, the board can reduce it or stop it. Do those conditions show in Reed the possession of a part of the sovereign power of the state? We cannot see it.
If Reed holds an office, who created the office? "An office does not spring into existence, spontaneously. It is brought into existence either under the terms of the Constitution, by legislative enactment or by some municipal body, pursuant to authority delegated to it." (State v. Cole, supra.) In the complaint, no authority for creation of an office is shown nor is it shown that one was created. An office must be created before it can be filled. (White v. City of Alameda,
Counsel for plaintiff urges we should extend the language of the Constitution so as to include in the inhibition employment of members of the legislature, as well as appointment to civil office; but we may not extend the language of the Constitution. That is beyond our legitimate power. (State v. Cole, supra.) Formerly, the Constitution of California, in a similar inhibition, used the words "any civil office of profit." Not satisfied with that, the people of California, apparently to render impossible such a condition as that presented in the case at bar, amended their Constitution so as to change those words to "any office, trust or employment." (Chenoweth v. *527 Chambers,
There are a few isolated cases which, at first glance and until analyzed, appear to lend some color to plaintiff's contention, but the only case we have found which is well in point and favorable to plaintiff is that of Vaughn v.English,
In Lacey v. State,
The term "officer" or the term "office" does not appear to have been defined heretofore by this court nor is there, in this state, any statutory general definition of either. Apparently there are only two Montana cases bearing upon the question of whether or not certain public servants are officers. In State exrel. Driffill v. City of Anaconda,
With the policy of making such appointments as that here involved we have nothing to do. That belongs to another department of the state government. We are only to decide the law and we must declare it as we find it. After an exhaustive examination of the authorities, we hold that five elements are indispensable in any position of public employment, in order to make it a public office of a civil nature: (1) It must be created by the Constitution or by the legislature or created by a municipality or other body through authority conferred by the legislature; (2) it must possess a delegation of a portion of the sovereign power of government, to be exercised for the benefit of the public; (3) the powers conferred and the duties to be discharged must be defined, directly or impliedly, by the legislature or through legislative authority; (4) the duties must be performed independently and without control of a superior power, other than the law, unless they be those of an inferior or subordinate office, created or authorized by the *529 legislature and by it placed under the general control of a superior officer or body; (5) it must have some permanency and continuity and not be only temporary or occasional. In addition, in this state, an officer must take and file an official oath, hold a commission or other written authority and give an official bond, if the latter be required by proper authority.
In conclusion, we hold that Grant Reed does not hold a civil office under the state; that the position he holds does not possess a delegation of a portion of the sovereign power of government. In our opinion, he is only an employee; holding a position of employment, terminable at the pleasure of the employing power, the Board of Railroad Commissioners. We hold his appointment not violative of section 7 of Article V of the Constitution. That being the case, he has, in himself, by virtue of his appointment, no powers properly belonging to the judicial or executive department of the state government, for he is wholly subject to the power of the board, and, having no powers, he can exercise none; and, therefore, his appointment was not violative of Article IV of the Constitution.
The judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE CALLAWAY and ASSOCIATE JUSTICES STARK, MATTHEWS and GALEN concur. *530
