State ex rel. Attorney-General v. Savage

89 Ala. 1 | Ala. | 1889

CLOPTON, J.

This case, which is an impeachment proceeding against R. R. Savage, judge of probate of Cherokee county, instituted in this court, is submitted on a motion to quash the information on the fourth, fifth, ninth and tenth grounds, and on a demurrer to the other grounds.

In respect to the impeachment of public officer a jurisdiction not theretofore existing is created by the Constitution and statutes, and the mode of its exercise provided, to which the proceeding must substantially conform. Section 4840 of Code 1886 provides: “It shall be the duty of the Attorney-General to institute proceedings under this chapter, and prosecute the same against any officer included in section two, article seven of the Constitution [which includes judges ’ of probate], when the Supreme Court shall so order, or when the Governor shall, in writing, direct the same, or when it appears from the report of any grand jury that any such officer ought to be removed from office, for any cause mentioned in the first section of this chapter.” The causes mentioned are: “Willful neglect of duty, corruption in office, habitual drunkenness, incompetency, or any offense involving moral turpitude, while in office, or committed under color thereof, or connected therewith. ” — § 4818. Whether such proceedings shall be instituted is not rested on the discretion of the Attorney-General; authorization in one of the statutory modes is essential to uphold the proceeding. The present information purports to be founded on the report of a grand jury.

The fourth and fifth objections are substantially the same, though varied in form; namely, it does not appear that the alleged report was made by a grand jury of Cherokee couuty to the Circuit Court for that county. The information recites that the proceeding is instituted on the report’ of a duly organized grand jury of Cherokee county; that it was made to the Circuit Court at the July term, 1889, and entered on the minutes of the court, and that a certified copy, which accompanies the information, was transmitted to the Attorney-General. When the information refers to the report of a grand jury, and is accompanied by it, as the authorization, this is prima facie sufficient to uphold the proceeding, without the contents being specifically set forth in the information itself.

The ninth and tenth grounds of the motion are, that the facts constituting the misconduct with which the defendant is charged are not set forth in the report of the grand jury, as required by the statute. Section 4839 of the Code declares: “It shall be the duty of every grand jury to investigate and make diligent inquiry concerning- any alleged misconduct or incompetency of any public officer in the county, which may be brought to their notice; and if, on such investigation and inquiry, they find that such officer, for any cause mentioned in this chapter, ought to be removed from office, they shall so report to the court, setting forth the facts, which shall be entered on the minutes.” It was held in State v. Sewell, 64 Ala. 235, that setting forth the facts in the report is essential to the authority of the prosecuting officer to institute such proceeeding; and though the facts need not be set forth with the accuracy usually required in pleading, unless the report contains a succinct statement, showing the nature and description of the acts of the official misconduct charged, it is insufficient to uphold the proceedings. In that case, the defendant was charged with extortion and corruption in office, which are conclusions of law from facts which may differ in different cases. The report of the grand jury, on which the present information is based, is as follows: “In the discharge of our duties as a grand jury, we find, and do hereby report, that E. E. Savage, judge of probate in and for the county of Cherokee, ought to be impeached and removed from such office, for and on account of his habitual drunkenness while in such office, prior to and down to the time of making this report.” No greater fullness of description of the acts, and less accuracy of statement, is required in such report, than in an indictment. In an’ indictment, it is sufficient to use the words of the statute creating the offense, when by doing so the fact or facts constituting it are directly and expressly alleged. For instance, an indictment for selling intoxicating liquor to a man of known intemperate habits is sufficient, if it describes the offense in the language of the statute; and a witness, having opportunities and acquaintance, showing knowledge of -a particular person, may state that he is a man of intemperate habits. — Smith v. State, 55 Ala. 1. When being a common drunkard is declared an offense, an indictment sufficiently charges it by the use of the term itself.—Com. v. Whitney, 5 Gray, 87. Habitual drunkenness is the effect of frequent repetition of the excessive use of intoxicating liquors. It is a fact, of which the term itself is descriptive. Specific instances of drunkenness, or the frequency of its repetition, or the effect upon the physical or mental state of the person, need not be alleged. When the official misconduct charged is a fact in itself, and not a conclusion of law from facts, the report conforms to the statutory requirement, if it describes the offense in the words of the statute, by which such act is declared a cause of impeachment and removal from office. — Trigg v. State, 49 Texas, 645.

The other grounds of the motion, to which a demurrer was interposed, are, that the report was not concurred in by twelve of the grand jurors, and was not based upon the evidence of witnesses examined before the grand jury, or upon legal documentary evidence. By our statute, as well as at common law, the concurrence of twelve grand jurors is requisite to find an indictment. — Code, § 4353. And by section 4350, the grand jury, in the investigation of a charge for an indictable offense, is forbidden to receive any other evidence than is given by witnesses before them, or legal documentary evidence. Under these statutes, it was ruled in Sparrenberger v. State, 53 Ala. 481, that when it appears that a paper, purporting to be an indictment, was not returned into court with the concurrence of twelve of the grand jurors, or was found without the evidence of witnesses or legal documentary evidence, it should be quashed and stricken from the file. It is insisted that these rules and statutory provisions are applicable to the- report of a grand jury, upon which proceedings are to be instituted under section 4850. In respect to impeachment proceedings, the report of the grand jury is an informal accusation, and is in the nature of a presentment, or instructions, upon which to base and frame an information. Whether it is necessary that twelve of the grand jury should concur in such -report, or that it should be made upon other evidence than personal knowledge, it is unnecessary to decide.

In Sparrenberger v. State, supra, it was held, that inasmuch as such objections do not go in abatement, but to the legal existence of the indictment, the motion to quash and strike from the files must be addressed to the court, upon whose records, or into whose files, the paper has been introduced without warrant of law, before pleading to the indictment. Such motion is an invocation of the inherent power of the court over its own records, to make them. speak the truth. That court is clothed with exclusive jurisdiction and power to expunge it from the records. When the proceeding is not void, no other court has authority to declare that the record speaks a falsehood. Its verity can not be collaterally assailed. This court is without authority to quash an indictment, or strike a paper from the files of the Circuit Court, however illegally introduced, unless in the exercise of its appellate or supervisory jurisdiction. So long as it remains a part of the record, we must, except on appeal or writ of error, receive and regard it as absolutely true. It admits of grave doubt, whether the rule as to quashing an indictment on the statutory objections, that twelve of the grand jurors did not concur therein, or that it was' found without legal evidence, should be extended to the report of a grand jury, the basis of an impeachment proceeding. The statute requires that the report shall be entered on the minutes of the court. Judicial action is not necessary. No notice to the officer charged is required, or provided. It is questionable, whether, after the report has been returned and entered on the minutes, the accused will be permitted to go behind it, and show that it was not found by the requisite number of jurors, or without legal evidence. This question we do not decide. Be this as it may, the information being an original proceeding in this court, we hold, that such objections can not be taken advantage of, for the first time, in this court by motion to quash the information. Jackson v. State, 74 Ala. 26.

The motion is overruled as to fourth, fifth, ninth and tenth grounds, and the demurrer to the other grounds is sustained.

On the 16th December, 1889, after the delivery of the foregoing opinion, an order was entered of record by consent, appointing A. D. Sayre as commissioner to take the “depositions of such, witnesses as may be brought before him, substantially in the language of the witnesses,” and commanding him to return and certify the same, under seal, to the court, by the 22d January, 1890; and on that day, the depositions being opened and read, and the defendant having pleaded not guilty, t&e cause was argued and submitted, and held under advisement until February 1st, 1890, when the following opinions were delivered:

STONE, C. J.

Article YU, section 1 of the Constitution — § 4818 of the Code of 1886 — must be interpreted in the light of the object the law-making power had in view in their adoption and enactment. They pertain to official qualification and fitness, and require that the incumbents of the enumerated offices shall be free from the vices therein interdicted. In reference to habitual drunkenness — the gravamen of the present information — the purpose was to secure a calm, wise and faithful administration of the law, uninfluenced by the endangering effects of habitual intoxication. It is implied and assumed that drunkenness so clouds the intellect and inflames the passions, as that official trust can not be safely confided to those with whom excessive indulgence in intoxicating drinks has become a habit.

Drunkenness is that effect produced on the mind, passions, or body, by intoxicants taken into the system, which so far changes the normal condition, as to materially disturb and impair the capacity for healthy, rational action or conduct; which causes abnormal results, or such as would not ensue, in the absence of the intoxicants — the changed effect produced by the immoderate, or excessive use of intoxicants, as contrasted with normal status and conduct.

Habit is customary state, or disposition, acquired by frequent repetition; aptitude by doing frequently the same thing; usage; established manner. When a person has repeatedly acted in a particular way, at intervals, whether regular or irregular, for such length of time as that we can predicate with reasonable assurance that he will continue so to act, we may affirm that this is his habit.

The testimony, taken in its entirety, proves that the accused drank to excess — to drunkenness — six or eight times a year, and that this, with intervals of from one to two months, has, with the exception of about a year immediately succeeding his last election in 1886, been kept up for much more than three years before these proceedings were instituted; that his sprees, or fits of intoxication, lasted from one to two or more days, and once for two or more weeks; and that during his spells, or sprees, he frequently staggered in walking, sometimes fell to the ground, had to be led or assisted home, and was abnormally loud, if not boisterous in his conversation. Even after the present proceedings were set on foot, he took one or more sprees. Under the definitions given above, we hold that drunkenness had become a habit with the respondent, and that at and before the commencement of this proceeding he was and is guilty of habitual drunkenness. ¥e, therefore, find the charge and specification of habitual drunkenness, made against respondent, to be true, and that he is guilty as charged in the information. — Blaney v. Blaney, 26 Mass. 205.

It is therefore the order and judgment of the court, that the said B. It. Savage, judge of probate of Cherokee county, be, and he is hereby, removed from the said office of judge of probate, and that he is disqualified from holding office under the authority of this State, for the term for which he was elected.

SOMERVILLE, J.

-The information addressed by the grand jury of Cherokee county to this court, and filed by the Attorney-General, which is analogous to the ordinary articles of impeachment, charges the defendant, R. R. Savage, as probate judge of said county, with habitual drunkenness as a ground of impeachment, which is one of the several causes, specified in the Constitution and statute, which may be made the basis of such a proceeding.

Certain State officers, including judges of probate, are subject to impeachment and removal from office, on the following grounds: willful neglect of duty, corruption in office, habitual drunkenness, incompetency, or any offense involving moral turpitude while in office, or committed under color thereof, or connected therewith. — Const, of Ala., 1875, Art. VII, §§1-4; Code, 1886, §§ 4818-4819.

It is not practicable, nor, so far as I know, has any court attempted to lay down, any fixed rule accurately defining what is habitual drunkenness, or who may be deemed an habitual drunkard.

The two phrases “habitual drunkard,” and “common drunkard,” have been held in some States tobe synonymous in meaning, in construing statutes regulating the liquor traffic, relating to the subject o£ granting divorces, and providing for the custody of the estates of persons of this class. Either of the expressions may, in general terms, be defined as meaning one who drinks- intoxicating liquors to excess with habitual frequency. Indulgence by a person, on the one hand, in occasional acts of drunkenness, would not be sufficient to bring him within the sphere of this definition. Nor, on the other hand, need he be constantly drunk every day or week in a year. Nor would I be willing to say that the term necessarily involves the idea of the victim of the habit yielding to the temptation of drink whenever the opportunity is afforded, as has sometimes been intimated. Common observation shows that there are persons who are in the habit of getting drunk almost regularly every week, while they indulge in drink at no other time. There are others whose formed habit it is to fall into drunken debauches, lasting for days, and even weeks, and repeated from one year to another with a periodicity more or less regular according to the peculiar temperament of the man. This form of alcoholism often becomes a disease, formerly characterized as a species of dipsomania, and more recently known in scientific nomenclature as methomania — an irresistible craving for alcoholic or other intoxicating liquors, accompanied by peculiar symptoms described by medical authors, the discussion of which, however, is foreign to the scope of this opinion. The victim acquires the habit of being attacked by these drunken sprees, or fits of intoxication. I can see no good reason why such a man would not properly come within the definition of an habitual drunkard, or should be exempt from being classed as a man of intemperate habits. In popular parlance, he certainly would be so classed.

The case of Blaney v. Blaney, 126 Mass. 205, is an authority on this point. The Massachusetts statute makes “gross and confirmed habits of intoxication” a ground of divorce, without undertaking to define those terms. The evidence showed, using the language of the court in that case, that the defendant, “for a period of twelve or fifteen years, had, as often as three or four times a year, yielded to an impulse to drink to excess; that on such occasions he became grossly intoxicated, continuing in that condition a week or ten days together; that at such times he went or was sent to an asylum for inebriates; that when the desire for drink came upon him, he could not resist, and that a single glass would bring on excessive drinking, and a renewal of gross intoxication. It was also shown that there had been no apparent improvement in his habits in this respect, and that any undue excitement' would make him drink.” Upon this state of facts, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts concurred in sustaining a judgment finding the defendant to have been a person of gross and confirmed habits of intoxication.

In this case, the phrase “habitual drunkenness” must-be construed with reference to the particular mischief intended to be remedied by the law-makers. Being one of several causes of impeachment in office, it mnst be interpreted in connection with the other grounds associated with it, which are also made causes of impeachment and removal from office. They are as above stated: (1) Willful neglect of duty; (2) corruption in office; (3) incompeténcy; or (4) any offense involving moral turpitude. These are causes which would seem to render the incumbent practically or morally unfit for office. They all tend, more or less, to reflect upon the dignity of office, to generate disrespect for the law, through the want of worth, moral or intellectual, in the officer, to create dissatisfaction among the people with their government, and to thus seriously cripple the administration of justice in all its departments.

Any indulgence in excessive intoxication, with such habitual frequency as to produce this result, ought, in my judgment, to bring a given case within both the letter and spirit of the law.

The summary of the testimony in this case, as made in the opinion of the Chief-Justice, is fully supported by the record. It satisfactorily shows that the respondent has, during his present term of office, been guilty of drunkenness which may properly be characterized as habitual within the meaning of the Constitution and statutes of this State.

On these grounds I concur in the judgment of impeachment rendered by the court.

McCLELLAN, J.-

-I am unable to concur with the majority of the court in the conclusion reached-in this case. We are substantially agreed as to the facts. It is not, I understand, contended by my associates that the evidence shows more than this: that the respondent, for the last two years, and for two or three years prior to the third year back, during which he did not drink at all, has indulged in the use of intoxicating liquors to excess, as often as from six to eight times a year; that on the occasions of such indulgence he would be more or less drunk for periods of from one to two, and sometimes three days; that these sprees, thus irregular in duration, were also irregular and spasmodic in their recurrence, the periods between them being in some instances, perhaps, less than a month, and in others as long as three months; and that they were not traceable to any common cause, so far as the evidence shows, or custom, or the result of any habit, or of any fixed and ever present appetite or desire. The case presented, then, by the aspect of the testimony most unfavorable to the respondent, is simply no more or less than that of a man who gets drunk from six to eight times a year, at irregular intervals, without any connection or relation between the different occasions of excessive indulgence, and without these indulgencies being referable to any fixed mental or physical condition of the man. Without enlarging on the matter, it will suffice to say that, to my mind, this state of facts affords as apt an illustration of occasional, as distinguished from habitual drunkenness, as could be desired; and I am therefore very clear in my own conviction that the charge of being an habitual drunkard has not been made out.