215 N.W. 697 | S.D. | 1927
In appellant’s application for a writ of habeas -corpus, she states that she is the daughter of one Shenkle, and that she makes her petition for the purpose of securing his release from the warden of the state penitentiary. No reason is given therein why she, and not Shenkle, signed- and verified the complaint; nor was any statement made therein that the application was made on his behalf. 'Ain examination of the 29 -cases of ■habeas corpus thus far considered by this court or its territorial predecessor discloses no precedent for such procedure. True, sec
Shenkle was convicted of rape in the second degree, the punishment -for which, under section 4098, R. C., is “imprisonment in the state penitentiary not exceeding twenty years.” He was given an indeterminate sentence of not less than 10 nor more than 20 years. The warden and board of charities and corrections later fixed the term at 10 years. It is conceivable that the trial judge, who, on the day of sentence, was of the belief that the protection of society demanded an imprisonment of not less than 10 years and possibly 15 or 20 years, might now, if the responsibility of
But, even though Shenkle had himself signed the application, has the proper remedy been used to right the error complained of? Appellant contends herein that section 4966, being our Indeterminate Sentence Raw, gave to the trial judge no right to fix the limits “of not less than ten nor more than twenty years” in the sentence. This court has many times stated that the writ of habeas corpus cannot be substituted for the writ of error. State v. Pratt, 20 S. D. 440, 107 N. W. 538, 11 Ann. Cas. 1049; In re Taylor, 7 S. D. 382, 64 N. W. 253, 45 L. R. A. 136, 58 Am. St. Rep. 843; Richards v. Matteson, 8 S. D. 77, 65 N. W. 428; Ex parte Nesson, 25 S. D. 330, 126 N. W. 594; State ex rel. Haff v. Schlachter, 21 S. D. 276, 111 N. W. 566; Ex parte Dunn, 50 S. D. 48, 208 N. W. 224. See, also, Knewel, Sheriff, v. Egan, 268 U. S. 442, 45 S. Ct. 522, 69. R. ed. 1036; and In re Bonner, 151 U. S. 242, 14 S. Ct. 323, 38 R. ed. 149. In the note to State v. Pratt, supra, 11 Ann. Cas. 1033, it is said:
“It is the rule that where a court has jurisdiction of the person and of the offense, and errs merely in regard to the punishment imposed, relief will not be granted by habeas corpus. The remedy in such case is by writ of error.”
Furthermore, our statute leaves little ground for speculation. In section 4980 it is said:
“If it appears that the applicant is in custody by virtue of process from any court legally constituted, he can be discharged only for one or more of the following causes: 1. When the court has exceeded the limit of its jurisdiction either as to the matter, place, sum or person.
Then six other reasons are specified, none of which are urged by appellant herein. Then comes a paragraph which begins thus:
“No court or judge, on the return of a writ of habeas corpus,
The writ of habeas corpus, which has for centuries been esteemed the best and only sufficient defense of personal freedom, has for its object the speedy release by judicial decree of persons illegally restrained of their liberty. 12 R. C. L. 1179; Ferris, Extraordinary Legal Remedies, § 4, p. 23. It is not a mere corrective remedy and. is not to -be employed as a writ of quo warranto, nor as a writ of certiorari, nor permitted to perform the functions of an appeal. “Proceedings on habeas corpus to obtain release from custody under final judgment being in the nature of a collateral attack, the writ deals only with such radical defects as render the proceeding or judgment absolutely void.” 12 R. C. L. 1192.
In the case at bar, the circuit court of Beadle county had unquestioned jurisdiction of the person and the offense. For this offense it had jurisdiction to imprison in the state penitentiary for not exceeding 20 years. Upon a conviction, the validity of which is not questioned, it sentenced the prisoner to. the state penitentiary for not less than 10 nor more than 20 years. Because the court fixed a minimum of xo years when the statute fixes no minimum, appellant contends that the judgment is void and the prisoner is entitled to his liberty. Appellant is not without authority to support this contention; but—
“The majority of the decisions, and especially those more in consonance with reason and justice, are averse to the discharge of criminals who have been duly convicted when the application for their release is by petition for habeas corpus based on some error, omission or mistake in the judgment or sentence which might have been cured or corrected by writ of error or appeal.” 12 R. C. L. 1207.
This court, in State v. Schaller, supra, quotes with approval from In re Bonner, supra, as follows:
“The common law embodies in itself sufficient reason and common sense to reject the monstrous doctrine that a prisoner, whose guilt is established, by a regular verdict, is to escape punishment altogether,' because the court committed an error in passing the sentence.”
In State v. Schaller, supra, the case was remanded to the trial
But, assuming that the question had been properly presented, and assuming that an indeterminate sentence could properly have been pronounced, had the trial court the authority to fix a minimum limit of 10 years on the term of imprisonment? Section 4966 contains this language:
“The term of sentence more than the minimum and less than the maximum fixed by law shall be determined by the warden and board of charities and corrections upon facts and conclusions established by a scientific study and observation of the habits, disposition, character, conduct and general tendencies of the convict.”'
If, in addition to the foregoing, it contained language similar to that of section 10943, Rev. Statutes of North Dakota (as amended by Daws 19.23, c. 262), it would, indeed, be difficult to determine whether the trial judge or the prison board had the higher authority in determining within what limits thé term should be fixed. The North Dakota statute is, in part, as follows:
“In all cases where an indeterminate sentence is imposed, the court imposing the sentence 'shall adjudge that the person so sentenced be imprisoned for not less than a stated minimum nor more than a stated maximum period of time; provided, that in all cases the minimum period shall not be less than the minimum term nor shall the maximum be more than the maximum term provided by law for the offense comitted.”
We quote from the North Dakota statute for two reasons r (1) The Attorney General, in his brief, states that his efforts to-find an Indeterminate Sentence Daw like our section 4966 have ■been futile. No better fortune has rewarded our efforts; but it appears that our statute enacted in 1911 is more like the North Dakota statute, originally enacted in 1907, than that of any other state. (2) The trial judge in the case at bar, and, we believe, other trial judges in the past, followed a practice which would be sanctioned by the North Dakota law.
“The court, in its discretion, may sentence such person to the penitentiary for a term that shall be without limit as to time; such term, however, shall not be less than the minimum nor longer than the maximum term provided by law for the crime of which the prisoner was' convicted.”
There is a vast difference between a sentence of imprisonment “for not less than a stated minimum nor more than a stated maximum period of time,” and a sentence of imprisonment “for a term that shall be without limit as to time.” Certainly our section 4966 provides that the warden and board of charities and corrections, rather than the trial judge, shall 'determine the term which the convict shall serve. The warden and board of charities and corrections 'determine this period within the limits fixed “by law for the crime of which the prisoner was convicted.” Our statute, unlike the Indeterminate Sentence Laws of the majority of states, does not compel the trial judge to avail himself of its provisions and thereby make of himself a mere ministerial officer whose discretion is largely limited in some states to naming in which of several prisons the confinement shall be. People v. Ure, 68 Cal. App. 545, 229 P. 987; Lee v. State, 103 Neb. 87, 170 N. W. 359. The words “may” and “in his discretion,” which appear in our statute as well as in North Dakota and in the recent Nebraska law, are not generally found in the Indeterminate Sentence Laws of other states. The trial judge had the authority, in the case at bar, to sentence to the penitentiary for any definite term, so long as 'he did not exceed the maximum term of 20 years. If he chose, however, to make use of section 4966, he had no authority to limit the power or the responsibility of the warden and board of charities and corrections, who are charged by law with the duty of determining, within the limits of the law, the period of imprisonment.
However, in the case at bar, the warden and board of charities and corrections fixed the period of imprisonment at 10 years. We must presume that they determined this period “upon facts and conclusions established by a scientific study and observation of the habits, disposition, character, conduct and general tendencies of the convict.” The prisoner has not, therefore, shown
Appellant also questions the authority of the trial.court to make use of the Indeterminate Sentence Law- in sentencing this prisoner; the claim being that he is not one to whom its provisions are applicable. This objection could only be raised by the state or by the person so sentenced, neither of whom 'have raised it. Justice does not demand its consideration in this opinion.
We therefore hold that the circuit court to whom the application for writ of habeas corpus was addressed committed no error in remanding the prisoner to his former imprisonment.
The order appealed from is affirmed.