152 P. 189 | Idaho | 1915
— This action was commenced by the state of Idaho to recover on the official bond of Vernon W. Platt, former bank commissioner of Idaho, and the Title Guaranty and Surety Company of Scranton, Pennsylvania, his surety, for the use and benefit of O. W. Allen and 218 other depositors in the Boise State Bank, Limited, a separate cause of action being stated in the complaint on behalf of each of - said depositors. The amount in dispute in each cause of action is separate and distinct from every other cause of action and none of the parties claimed any interest whatever in the demand of any other depositor. In none of the causes of action does the state, as a trustee of an express trust, under the statute, ask for any individual depositor for as much as $3,000, exclusive of interest and costs, the sum asked for each depositor being the amount of the balance due on his deposits between October 27, 1911, when it is alleged said bank commissioner, Platt, concluded an examination of the bank, and December 19, 1911, when he closed it.
It is alleged in the complaint that upon making his examination of the bank on the 25th, 26th and 27th of October, 1911, Platt became satisfied and knew its capital was impaired
The trial resulted in a verdict and judgment against the appellants, which judgment was rendered in favor of each of the beneficiaries named, for the several amounts found to be due them, the aggregate amount of which was $30,240.98. From said judgment and an order denying a new trial this appeal is taken.
The appellants, in the preparation of their brief, have failed to conform to rule 45 of the rules of practice, in that it does not contain a distinct enumeration of the several errors relied on. However, we will undertake to dispose of the points presented for our consideration.
The appellants filed a petition for removal of the cause from the state court to* the district court of the United States and alleged therein, among other matters, that the amount in dispute exceeded the sum or value of $3,.000, exclusive of interest and costs; that the controversy was between citizens of different states; that the state of Idaho was but a formal or nominal plaintiff, and that the parties for whose use and benefit the suit was brought were citizens of Idaho; that the defendant, Title Guaranty and Surety Company of Scranton, Pennsylvania, was a citizen of Pennsylvania and that the defendant Platt was a citizen of Oregon. The petition for removal was denied and appellants contend that error was thereby committed.
A number of authorities are cited by appellants in support of their contention that the cause should have been removed to the federal court, but it is believed they are all readily distinguishable from cases of this kind. "What appears to be the correct rule is stated in case of Troy Bank v. G. A. Whitehead & Co., 222 U. S. 39, 32 Sup. Ct. 9, 56 L. ed. 81, as follows:
“When two or more plaintiffs, having separate and distinct demands, unite for convenience and economy in a single suit, it is essential that the demand of each be of the requisite jurisdictional amount; but when several plaintiffs unite to enforce a single title or right, in Avhich they have a common and undivided interest, it is enough if their interests collectively equal the jurisdictional amount.” (See, also, Putney v. Whitmire, 66 Fed. 385; Gibson v. Shufeldt, 122 U. S. 27, 7 Sup. Ct. 1066, 30 L. ed. 1083; Woodside v. Beckham, 216 U. S. 117, 30 Sup. Ct. 367, 54 L. ed. 408; Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co. v. Waterman, 106 U. S. 265, 1 Sup. Ct. 131, 27 L. ed. 115.)
There is in this action, in one sense, a unity of interest, which lies in the fact that all of the causes of action are upon the same bond and for the same breach thereof and on the same default or neglect of duty on the part of the bank commissioner, and the bond runs to the state of Idaho to and for the use and benefit of all parties who are aggrieved by the breach thereof, but the depositors in the bank had separate and distinct demands against appellants, none of which amounted to enough to confer jurisdiction upon the federal court. Each of them might have brought a separate action, but it was not necessary for them to do so. The bond was given to and was made payable to the state of Idaho, the claims were united for convenience and economy, and suit was brought in the name of the state as trustee of an express trust.
Secs. 295 and 296, Rev. Codes, provide:
“See. 295: Every official bond executed by any officer pursuant to law is in force and obligatory upon the principal and sureties therein to and for the state of Idaho, and to and for the use and benefit of all persons who may be injured or aggrieved by the wrongful act or default of such officer in his official capacity, and any person so injured or aggrieved may bring suit on such bond, in his own n-arne, without an assignment thereof. ’ ’
“Sec. 296: No such bond is void on the first recovery of a judgment thereon; but suit may be afterward brought, from time to time, and judgment recovered thereon by the state of Idaho, or by any person to whom a right of action has accrued, against such officer and his sureties, until the whole penalty of the bond is exhausted.”
Sec. 4092, Rev. Codes, provides:
“An executor, or administrator, or trustee of an express trust, or a person expressly authorized by statute, may sue without joining with him the persons for whose benefit the action is prosecuted. A person with whom or in whose name a contract is made for the benefit of another, is a trustee of an express trust, within the meaning of this section. ’ ’
If the other view be taken to the effect that the state is the real party in interest and the amounts could be aggregated for the purpose of federal jurisdiction, the jurisdiction of the federal court would be lacking as to diverse citizenship, since where the state is a party the case is not removable from a state to a federal court on the ground of diverse citizenship. (State v. South Carolina, 117 U. S. 430, 6 Sup. Ct. 799, 29 L. ed. 962.)
Where it appears that the state is a formal or nominal plaintiff only, then the citizenship of the state is not controlling as to federal jurisdiction. It is the citizenship of the real parties in interest that controls.
Appellants also contend that their demurrer should have been sustained upon the ground of misjoinder of parties plaintiff and misjoinder of causes of action, in that no joint
What has already been said disposes of this contention. There could be no misjoinder of parties plaintiff, for the state alone was plaintiff for the use and benefit of the depositor’s. There was no misjoinder of causes of action, for see. 4169, Rev. Codes, as amended by chap. 23, Sess. Laws, 1913 (p. 92), provides that the plaintiff may unite several causes of action in the same complaint where they arise out of contracts, express or implied, if the causes of action so united affect all the parties to the action and do not require different places of trial. While the state of Idaho was not beneficially interested, financially, in any of the causes of action in the complaint stated, it was the proper party plaintiff under see. 4092, above quoted, for the use and benefit of the depositors in the bank. The demurrer was properly overruled.
At the close of the respondents’ ease in chief appellants moved for a nonsuit, and at the close of the testimony upon the part of both parties a motion for a directed verdict in their favor was made upon the following grounds:
“1. That the evidence was insufficient to show liability on the part of the defendants.
“2. That there was no proof of loss or injury on the part of the plaintiffs caused by the defendant Platt for which the surety company would be liable.
“3. That there was no evidence that Platt became satisfied that the capital of the bank was impaired, or that the bank was insolvent, or that he neglected any official duty in respect to the bank.
“4. That the closing of the bank was a matter of discretion or judgment and no recovery could be had against the defendant Platt in such a matter,’ and, therefore, no recovery against the surety company.
“5. That there was no proof that the failure to close the bank arose from any corrupt motive or from malice, or any improper thing on the part of the defendant Platt.
*762 “6. That the complaint does not state a cause of action and no proof beyond the complaint has been offered.”
Their motions were denied by the court and appellants contend that the rulings thereon were erroneous. This contention seems to arise from a misinterpretation of the law.
This action is based upon the provisions of chap. 124 (p. 386), Sess. Laws 1911. It becomes the duty of the bank commissioner, under see. 72 of that chapter, upon being satisfied that the capital of any bank or trust company is impaired or reduced below the amount required by law or the articles of incorporation or below the amount certified to the commissioner as paid in, to require such bank or trust company to make good such impairment or deficiency. If any bank or trust company shall refuse or fail for thirty days after written notice to make good such impairment of or deficiency in its capital, the bank commissioner is authorized and empowered to take charge of its affairs and to wind up its business under the direction of the court in the judicial district in which the bank or trust company is located. Secs. 73 and 74 of said chapter provide:
“Sec. 73. On becoming satisfied that any bank or trust company has unlawfully refused to pay its depositors in accordance with the terms on which such deposits were received, or that any bank or trust company has become insolvent, the bank commissioner may forthwith take possession of the books, records and assets of every description of such bank or trust company and hold the same, and no action or proceeding shall be commenced or maintained for the recovery of the possession of said books, records and assets, or to require a lien thereon except in the proceedings of the district court having jurisdiction over the winding up of the affairs of said bank or trust company. The bank commissioner shall at once proceed to collect all debts, dues and claims, and to sell or compound all doubtful debts, and to sell all real and personal property, on such. terms as the court shall direct. Said bank commissioner shall pay over all money, by him received under the order of the court.”
*763 “Sec. 74. To carry out the provisions of sections 72 and 73, the bank commissioner is hereby authorized, and it is made his duty, to take charge of such bank or trust company personally or by his deputy, or by a special deputy appointed by the commissioner for that specific purpose; and the person so taking charge of the affairs of any such bank or trust company shall give a good and sufficient bond to be approved by the court. All expenses incident to such duties as are hereby imposed, including a per diem not to exceed ten dollars ($10), shall be paid under the order of the court out of the assets of the bank or trust company whose affairs are being administered, and the moneys so received shall, after providing for the compensation of a special deputy and all incidental expenses, be turned into the state treasury. The compensation of a special deputy, as herein provided for, shall not exceed that allowed regularly appointed deputies connected with the banking department.”
It readily appears that if the capital of a bank is found to be impaired and its depleted condition does not amount to insolvency, it becomes the duty of the commissioner to give the notice provided for in sec. 72, but if he should become satisfied that it has unlawfully refused to pay its depositors or that it has become insolvent it is his duty, although the law says he may do so, to forthwith take possession of its books, records and assets as provided for in sec. 73.
Where power is given by statute to public officers in permissive language — as that they may do a certain thing — -the language used will be regarded as peremptory if the public interest or individual rights require- that it should be so regarded. (Supervisors v. United States, 4 Wall. 435, 18 L. ed. 419; Hayes v. County of Los Angeles, 99 Cal. 74, 33 Pac. 766; State v. Kent, 4 N. D. 577, 62 N. W. 631; Ralston v. Crittenden, 13 Fed. 508, 3 McCrary, 344.)
There was abundant evidence to justify the jury in reaching the conclusion that on October 27, 1911, Platt was satisfied the bank was insolvent, and it is undisputed that he did not take possession of its books, records and assets until December 19th following; also that in the meantime the persons
The law invests the bank commissioner with discretion while he is making his investigation and up to the point where he reaches the conclusion and becomes satisfied that the bank has unlawfully refused to pay its depositors or has become insolvent, but at this point his discretion ends and it becomes his mandatory duty to close it, a duty the failure to perform which renders him and the surety upon his official bond liable to depositors who lose their money as a direct result thereof. (State v. American Surety Co., 26 Ida. 652, 145 Pac. 1097.)
In their motion for a directed verdict appellants also raised the question of the validity of see. 73, above quoted. They contend that the law under consideration contemplates that a court proceeding must first be instituted by the bank commissioner before he takes possession of the books, records and assets of a bank or trust company found by him to be insolvent or which has unlawfully refused to pay its depositors; that the theory of respondents is, in effect, that it is the duty of the bank commissioner upon becoming satisfied of one or more of the above-mentioned facts to immediately take charge without instituting a proceeding in court to procure judicial authority so to do. It is appellants’ further contention that if said sections 72 and 73 are construed to authorize the commissioner to seize the property and wind up the affairs of the bank without any judicial proceedings, then these sections are in violation of the 14th amendment of the constitution of the United States and of sec. 13, art. 1, and sees. 2 and 13, art. 5, of the constitution of Idaho. We are not in accord with appellants’ contention. Clearly, sec. 72 of the act in question contemplates that the bank commissioner shall, under the circumstances described therein, act under the direction of the district court. It is clear that sees. 73 and 74 contemplate that under circumstances described in see. 73 he shall first take charge of the bank and then proceed in the district court to wind up its affairs.
Appellants urge that since it appears there may and probably will be other moneys distributed to the creditors of the bank when its assets can be realized upon, that this action is prematurely brought and cannot be maintained until the loss of each depositor has been determined after the affairs of the bank have been wound up. It does not appear that this contention was made in the district court and the question cannot be raised for the first time upon appeal. (Atkinson v. Singer Mfg. Co., 14 Misc. 630, 35 N. Y. Supp. 117; Logan v. Slade, 28 Fla. 699, 10 So. 25; Johnson v. Meyer, 54 Ark. 442, 16 S. W. 123.) Furthermore, should additional funds arise from the disposal of such assets as still remain in the hands of the receiver, the surety company, upon payment of the judgment, may be subrogated to the rights of the persons in whose behalf this action is brought.
Appellants complain that the judgment includes interest from the date of closing the bank and that interest should only be allowed as against the surety from the date of demand upon it. It is alleged in the complaint and admitted in the answer that it would have been useless, and .vain to have demanded payment of the claims here sued upon from Platt; that he would have refused to pay and was unable to do so; that a demand was made upon the surety for payment and was refused, but no date of demand is fixed and none is shown in the evidence.
It is contended that the following instruction given by the trial judge is erroneous:
“If you find for the plaintiff on any of the causes of action, the measure of damages will be the amount deposited by any of the parties beneficially interested between the time when you find that the defendant Platt became satisfied that the bank was insolvent or had failed to pay its depositors in*766 accordance with the terms of their deposits, and failed to close the bank, if yon so find, and the time when the bank was closed, minus any amount which you find such depositors have received as a dividend, or drew out before the bank closed, with interest upon such amount in the sum of 7% per annum from the time of the respective deposits.”
There is error in the instruction above quoted in that it contemplates the collection of interest upon the amount of each deposit made between the date Platt should have closed the bank and the date he did close it from the time of the deposit. Interest is only allowable from the date the bank was closed. This error was cured by the verdict, for it appears that the jury allowed interest upon these deposits from the date of the closing of the bank instead of from the dates the deposits were made.
There is lack of harmony among the authorities as to the time interest begins to run against the surety upon a bond. It is decided in some cases that a surety is not liable for interest prior to demand made for payment, and that in the absence of such demand the interest period commences with the filing of the action to recover the principal debt. Other cases hold that interest may be allowed against the surety from the date of the breach in the conditions of the bond, even though by so doing the judgment exceeds the amount specified in the bond as the penalty thereof. In this case the amount of the judgment is less than the penalty of the bond, so that question does not arise here.
The reasonable rule seems to be that in cases of this kind where the amount of the claim is definite and.certain or can be readily ascertained — of a character not wholly unliquidated — in the absence of a stipulation in the bond to the contrary and in the absence of a controlling statutory provision, interest begins to accumulate as against the surety at the same time as against the principal obligor. If a breach in the conditions of a bond creates a debt on the part of the principal, it becomes the debt of the surety as well, and if it is unnecessary to make demand upon the one in order to start the interest period, none need be made upon the other.
Each depositor was entitled to receive from the bank on the date it suspended business the full amount of the balance due on his deposit made subsequent to October 27, 1911, and is entitled to interest thereon at the rate of 7% per annum from the date of its suspension until paid. A depositor has exactly the same right to his interest under these circumstances as he has to his principal, and the loss of both principal and interest, due to the failure of the bank commissioner to discharge his duty, are elements of damage of which his failure is the proximate cause and are covered by his official bond. The amounts of the deposits were definite and certain, and tender of payment might have been made by Platt or his surety immediately upon the failure of the bank, in which event no interest would have accumulated.
Complaint is made that the court refused to give to the jury certain instructions asked for by appellants; that the instructions given did not clearly state the law, particularly with respect to the intent and motive which actuated Platt in neglecting and refusing to close the bank when he found it to be insolvent. We have carefully examined these instructions and find no error therein, except the one above quoted, which, as heretofore indicated, was cured by the verdict. Instructions V and VI contain such a clear statement of the law relative to the duty of a bank commissioner in cases of this kind that they will be here quoted:
“V. Whenever a statute imposes certain duties upon an executive officer like a bank commissioner, and directs that he shall use his discretion in passing upon certain matters, he is not liable for a mere mistake in judgment or opinion committed by him in exercising such discretion. Accordingly, if the bank commissioner in the exercise of his discretion shall merely make a mistake in passing judgment upon the question of whether or not the capital of a bank was impaired*768 and reduced below the amount required by law, or upon the question as to whether or not the bank had unlawfully refused to pay a depositor in accordance with the terms of his deposit, or upon the question as to whether said bank had become insolvent, such bank commissioner would not be liable for such mistake in judgment, no matter what might be the consequences.
“VI. However, if upon exercising his discretion and using his own judgment, the bank commissioner of the state becomes satisfied in his own mind that any bank or trust company has unlawfully refused to pay its depositors in accordance with the terms of their deposits, or that such bank has become insolvent, it becomes his duty to forthwith take possession of the books, records and assets of every description of such bank and hold the same, and to collect all debts, dues and claims and sell or compound all doubtful debts and to sell all real and personal property on such terms as the court of said judicial district shall direct.”
Where a statute imposes a duty upon one for the protection and benefit of others and does not invest him with discretionary power in the matter, if he neglects to perform the duty he is liable to those for whose protection the statute was enacted for any damage resulting proximately from his neglect, whether he be actuated by malice, a corrupt motive or otherwise. (Baxter v. Coughlan, 70 Minn. 1, 72 N. W. 797; Throop on Public Officers, see. 724.)
In case of Amy v. Supervisors, 11 Wall. 136, 20 L. ed. 101, Mr. Justice Swayne, delivering the opinion of the supreme court of the United States, said:
“The rule is well settled that where the law requires absolutely a ministerial act to be done by a public officer, and he neglects or refuses to do such act, he may be compelled to respond in damages to the extent of the injury arising from his conduct. There is an unbroken current of authority to this effect. A mistake as to his duty and honest intention will not excuse the offender.”
It follows that the surety upon the official bond of such officer given to secure the faithful performance of his duty is
We find no reversible error in tbe record, and tbe judgment of tbe trial court is accordingly affirmed. Costs are awarded to the respondents.
