246 Mo. 618 | Mo. | 1912
In March, 1884, the municipal assembly of the city of St. Louis enacted an ordinance, No. 12723, with the following title: “An ordinance regulating the placing of wires, tubes or cables conveying electricity for the production of - light or power along the streets, alleys and public places of the city of St. Louis.” The ordinance provides that all wires and poles be installed in such manner as may be approved by the board of public improvements, which body is authorized to grant permits for such installation. It contains some general provisions as to character and placing of poles, also as to excavations and restoration of streets. Section 10, under which appellant claims the franchise in controversy, reads as follows:
“No person or persons, corporation or associatión, shall be entitled to any of the privileges conferred by this ordinance, except upon the following conditions: That said person or persons, corporation or association, before availing himself or itself of any of the rights or privileges granted by this ordinance, shall filo*630 with, the city register his or its acceptance of all the terms of this ordinance, and agree therein that he or it will file with the comptroller of the city, on the first days of January and July of each year, a statement of his or its gross receipts from his or its business arising from supplying electricity for light or power for the six months next preceding such statement, which shall be sworn to by such person or persons, or the president or secretary of such corporation or association ; and further agree that he or it will, at the time of filing said statement with the comptroller, pay into the city treasury two and one-half per cent on the amount of such gross receipts up to the year 1890, and five per cent on the amount of such gross receipts thereafter. And said person or persons, corporation or association shall, at the time of filing said acceptance, also file with the city register his or its penal bond in the sum of $20,000, with two or more good and sufficient securities, to be approved by the mayor and council, conditioned that he or it will comply with all the conditions of this ordinance, or any ordinance which may be hereafter passed regulating the placing of wires, tubes or cables in the streets and alleys for the purposes named therein; that he or it will comply with all the regulations made by the board of public improvements having reference to the subject embraced in this or any other ordinance for the purposes herein named; that he or it will mate the statements and payments required by the provisions of this section, and will save the city of St. Louis harmless and indemnified from all loss, cost or damages by reason of the exercise of any of the privileges granted by this ordinance or any other ordinance which may be hereafter passed relating to the subject matter of this ordinance. ’'
Section 11 provides a penalty for violation of the provisions of the ordinance. In 1892 the following amendment was adopted:
*631 ‘■‘That no wires, tubes or cables conveying electricity for the production of light, heat or power, shall hereafter be placed along or across any of the streets, alleys or public places in the city of St. Louis, by any person, corporation or association not having, previous to the passage of this ordinance, accepted' and complied with ordinance number twelve thousand seven hundred and twenty-three, now amended, or shall be duly authorized by the municipal assembly, and then only as hereinafter provided. ’ ’
In July, 1884, Aloe, Hernstein & Co., a commercial firm dealing in optical instruments and appliances at the comer of Fourth and Olive streets, in St. Louis, filed its acceptance of ordinance No. 12723 as follows:
“St. Louis, July-, 1884.
“Mr. Nicholas Berg, Eegister, City of St. Louis.
“Hear Sir: Wé, Aloe, Hernstein & Co., hereby accept all the terms of ordinance No. 12723 of the city of St. Louis, entitled, ‘An ordinance regulating the placing of wires, tubes or cables conveying electricity for the production of light or power along the streets, alleys or public places of the city of St. Louis,’ Approved March 15, 1884.
‘ ‘And hereby agree that we will file with the comptroller of the city of St. Louis, on the first day of January and July of each year a statement of gross receipts from the business, arising from supplying electricity for light or power, for the six months next preceding such statement of its gross receipts, which shall be sworn to by Aloe, Hernstein & Co. And we further agree that we will at the time of filing said statement with the comptroller pay into the city treasury two and one-half per cent on the amount of such gross receipts thereafter.
“Eespectfully,
“Aloe, HekNsteiw & Co.”
In 1884 electric lighting was comparatively in- its infancy. The demand was limited. There were several small companies in the field, two of them Only owning poles. Evidently the business of selling electric-light extended rapidly, and became so changed in character that Aloe, Hernstein & Co., with whom it was but an incident to theif mercantile business, concluded that its. continuation by them was inexpedient. The lighting business was in fact discontinued by them after the middle of the year 1887. Neither this firm nor its successors exercised thereafter the rights and privileges granted by ordinance No. 12723. There was complete nonuser as to actual service up to the time of the institution of this suit in quo warranto — a period of more than twenty years.
The firm of Aloe, Hernstein & Co. was succeeded in 1885 by the firm of A. S. Aloe & Co., and this latter firm, in 1890, was succeeded by the corporation A. S.
And so matters stood until February 8, 1909, on which date appellant filed with the board of public improvements án application for a permit to install wires in a street therein specified. With this application was filed a letter from the Aloe Instrument Co., addressed to the board, advising it of the sale to appellant. No action was taken by the board at the time upon the application. Same was indorsed “file.” Mr. O’Reilly, president of said board, told the president of appellant company that the company would have to file a new bond. Whether this statement by O’Reilly was made at a board meeting doe« not appear. On March 15 following, appellant filed a bond for $20,000 with the city register, on which bond was indorsed the approval of the mayor and city council, and also the approval of the city counselor as to its form. Appellant made the following offer of proof:
“By Judge Ryan: I offer to prove this, that after these applications were filed, back in the early part of 1909, the president of the board told Mr. Wurdack, this witness, who inquired of Mr. O’Reilly, as such president, what the delay was in acting upon these applications, -that they did not care to make — to take any action on the application until after the disposition by the circuit court of this city of the case of Trigg against the board, which was then pending, and which involved the franchise of the West End Light and Power Company under ordinance 12723, and for that reason he said those applications would be delayed— action on them would be delayed.”
Objection to this was sustained. On June 20,1909, appellant filed two additional applications for permits to wire specified streets. On June 22, 1909, adverse action was had on all three applications. This suit was instituted on the same day. The record shows, although the evidence was held incompetent, and was in
The pleadings in this proceeding in quo' warranto are extremely lengthy, and need not be set out. The petition of the State charges the invalidity of ordinance 12723, and that the acceptance of Aloe, Hern-stein & Co. was insufficient; also charges failure to file returns, and nonuser, abandonment and usurpation of the franchise by appellant. The return denies the allegations of the petition regarding these matters, affirms the validity of the franchise, charges the city with laches, and pleads waiver and estoppel, based on the aforesaid acts of the city officials. The circuit court, after hearing the evidence, entered a decree ousting appellant from the franchise. The court also struck out of the return the allegations relating to the ’action
Both parties to this controversy state in their briefs that the question of abandonment is paramount. We take up this question first. If it shall be ruled against appellant, it will be unnecessary to consider other questions discussed, i. e., the validity of certain ordinances, the sufficiency of the acceptance by Aloe, Hemstein & Co., and their capacity to hold the franchise. Respondent does not challenge the title of appellant. It is conceded the same rights in the franchise that Aloe, Hernstein & Co., or the successors of that' firm, would have were they attempting to exercise it at the time of the transfer from the Aloe corporation to appellant.
I. The right of the city to appear as relator is challenged. We think that the case of State ex rel. Kansas City v. Fifth Street Ry. Co., 140 Mo. 539, is conclusive of that question in favor of the right.
II. It is conceded fact that there was complete nonuser from 1887, when the Aloe Company discontinued its lighting service, to August, 1908, the date of the transfer to respondent, a period of twenty-one years. It appears as a further fact from the record that the nonuser continued in fact subsequent to August, 1908. Therefore, when this suit was instituted there had been a complete nonuser since 1887, a period of twenty-two years. An attempt to resume the use
“As a matter of fact, the nonuser has never ceased. It is true that the respondent became the as-signee of whatever rights Aloe, Hernstein & Oo. or A. S. Aloe & Co. had. in the streets of the city of St. Louis by virtue of the permit to them issued by the board of public improvements, but neither Aloe, Hernstein & Co., A. S. Aloe & Co., nor anyone working under them, nor the respondent in this case, has ever used a foot of the streets or alleys or public places of the city of St. Louis for*the purpose of furnishing light and power by electricity since 1888. It is true that respondent filed a bond which was approved by the mayor and city council in accordance with the suggestion of the president of the board of public improvements. It is true they made application for the permit to use certain streets of the city of St. Louis, as assignee of Aloe, Hernstein & Co., but the permit was refused. They have never, so far as this record is concerned, set a pole, strung a wire or furnished a volt of electricity under this privilege. It does not appear in this record that the streets which Aloe, Hernstein & Co. were permitted to use in 1884 were the same streets that the respondent asked the board of public improvements to issue a permit to them to use. It does not appear. by anything in this record that they wanted to use the same streets that were used by Aloe, Hern-stein & Co., and it is an error of fact to claim that there was any exercise of any kind of the franchise granted to Aloe, Hernstein & Co. by the respondent.”
To. meet this situation of fact, the appellant contends that mere nonuser will not justify a forfeiture
‘ ‘ Q. What was the attitude of the old firm, that is, of your father and you two sons, Sidney and yourself, with respect to that franchise up to about the time of Mr. Aloe’s death — your father’s death? A. You mean by that how we regarded it? Q'. Yes, sir. A. Well, felt possibly some day we might exercise it and go into the business ourselves.”
On objection, the court struck out this answer as immaterial. Again in the deposition of another member of the old firm, this question and answer appear without objection:
“Q. When you ceased furnishing current, what were your plans, if any, as to the future conduct and operation of the business? A. Our idea was to use a larger size plant where we could take care of all the business obtainable.. The business of furnishing electric light and power was then in its infancy. The public had just commenced to realize its possibilities and benefits. We knew how great they were, but we also knew that electricity was then making very rapid strides and new machinery was coming in. It would require an outlay of a very much larger sum of money than we had to put in the other. We thought we could form a company; in fact, we talked about forming a separate electric light company, and then the matter .dragged on. My father went to Europe, and it was put off from time to time, and I don’t remember how far the plans had matured, but I know we spoke about it a very short time before his death. Of course his*640 death, coming at a very, unexpected time, without any warning, without any previous sickness, it naturally upset everything, and the matter dragged on again until the fire, and that upset things again. Q. I suppose you boys had all you could do in keeping the optical and surgical business'? A. We had all we could do, and didn’t push it. In the meantime I left the city, and that is the last I know of it.”
The foregoing testimony shows no more than that the parties contemplated a possible resumption, if conditions of capital and combination should become favorable. It does show a complete present abandonment on account of inability to continue the use. It will hardly be claimed that mere financial inability to carry out the terms of a contract is a legal justification of its breach. The evidence shows that it was determined by the owners that it was impracticable to continue the business. They abandoned the enterprise in fact, sold their lighting contracts and equipment, and thus disabled themselves to further exercise the franchise. Furthermore, we do not think that the rights of the State, in case of nonuser, to resume the privileges granted, can be defeated by an intention which has remained hidden in the minds of the owners, and first brought to light after twenty years. 'By accepting the terms of the ordinance, the grantee of the privilege impliedly agreed to use it for the public benefit. And it is only upon such implied condition that the city has the right to grant the use of the streets. [The Julia Bldg. Assn. v. Bell Tel. Co., 88 Mo. 258; Glaessner v. Brewing Assn., 100 Mo. 508.] When the grantee, by continued nonuser, fails for a long period of lime to keep this implied contract, his rights in the street are forfeit. In such case, mere intention to possibly resume the use at some uncertain fu-v ture day cannot save the forfeiture. Service to the public is of the essence of the contract which arose upon the acceptance of the terms of' ordinance No.
The Supreme Court of Wisconsin has ruled that when a corporation has assumed the performance of a public duty, namely, to operate a street railroad,’ it cannot neglect this duty without forfeiting its franchises. [State ex rel. v. Street Ry. Co., 72 Wis. 612.]
In People v. Broadway R. R. Co., 126 N. Y. 29, the court says: “The power of the court to declare the franchises of defendant forfeited for nonuser is undoubted. This defendant should not stand in the streets of Brooklyn claiming franchises which for
It must be held both on authority and reason that where the grant of a franchise is upon the implied condition that it shall be used for the public benefit, and there is a continued breach of the condition, whether because of misuser or nohuser, a cause for forfeiture exists.
But, contends the appellant, even if all this he true, still the information in quo warrcmto comes too late, and the right to forfeiture ceased when the appellant was able and willing to resume the use, and in fact attempted to do so. As supporting this proposition appellant relies upon a statement in section 667, High on Extraordinary Remedies, to the effect that the right to prosecute for a forfeiture ceases with the cause upon which the information is based. The cases cited to support the text depend upon a peculiar statute which deprives them of any force as precedents here. [People v. Turnpike Co., 23 Wend. 254; People ex rel. v. Bank, 12 Mich. 527.] Here the cause for forfeiture has not ceased; the nonuser has continued. This franchise was and is in complete disuse. It had been, to all intents and purposes, abandoned. The fair inference was that all claims thereunder had been surrendered to the State. There was, therefore, no occasion for the State to assert its right to forfeit this dead and apparently forgotten franchise until some attempt should be made to galvanize it into life. It cannot be that such attempt in itself deprives the State of a right of forfeiture which was complete before the attempt was made. If, on the first day of August; 1908, when the State had a right to forfeit this franchise on the ground of aban
The language used by the Supreme Court of Michigan in People v. Bank, supra, although used with reference to the dissolution of a corporation, is pertinent here. The court said “We think, therefore, that after this corporation, in the face of this statute, had allowed itself to remain insolvent and its corporate powers to lie dormant without an attempt to fulfill the purposes of its creation for a whole year, the State shows sufficient diligence (if any be required) if it proceed to institute proceedings, and to claim a forfeiture, within a reasonable time after it is informed of the first visible manifestations of returning life, or of the first public indication of an intent to assert its legal existence by the exercise of its original franchises. The resumption of business, therefore, or the attempt to resume after having remained insolvent, and to all outward appearance inanimate for nearly a quarter of a century, is rather a justification for, than a bar to, this proceeding by quo warranto.”
The appellant further asserts that the right of forfeiture has been lost by waiver, estoppel and laches. Its position is thus stated in its brief:
“Assuming a valid contract to have been made between the city and Aloe, Hernstein & Company, which might possibly have been annulled at any time from the year 1888 to August 10, 1908, when the assignment was made to this defendant, such right of forfeiture, if it ever existed, has been lost to the city by waiver by way of estoppel in pais, and by laches and by legislative .ratification.
*644 “1st. By long acquiescence in existing conditions.
“2d. By laches in that the forfeiture was not declared until long after resumption of the use.
“3d. By acts of the officers of the city, acting within the scope of their powers.
“4th. By legislative acts.”
We will discuss these points in the ah'ove order.
First, as to “long acquiescence in existing conditions.” It is unnecessary to repeat what has been said above on this point. The “existing conditions” were conditions of nonuser and practical abandonment, and which, as we have shown, imposed no duty upon the State to act. Had there been long acquiescence in active misuser, a different question would be presented.
Second, “By laches in that the forfeiture was not declared until long after resumption of the use. ’ ’ This claim is not supported by the facts. There has been no resumption of the use. An attempt was made to resume, which attempt was unavailing. It resulted only in this proceeding to forfeit the franchise. We have above ruled that the proceeding was timely.
Third, “By acts of the officers of the city, acting within the scope of their powers.” The record shows acts by city officers as follows: In February, Í9091, appellant filed with the board of public improvements an application for a permit to install wires in certain streets, accompanying this application with a letter addressed to the board by the A. S. Aloe Instrument Co. advising it of the sale of the franchise to appellant. This was the first notification to any city official of the claims of appellant. No action was taken at the time on this application. • Mr. Wurdack, president of appellant company, testified:
‘ ‘ Q. What was the next step taken — what, if anything, was required of you by the board? A. The president of the board, then Mr. 0’Reilly, informed*645 ns that we would have to file a new bond, as the old bond was not available.”
When or where this statement was made by Mr. O’Reilly does not appear. The records of the board show nothing of this, and we cannot know whether Mr. O’Reilly purported to act officially, or whether it was merely a friendly suggestion. The board had nothing to do with the giving of bonds. Its province under the ordinance was to determine the manner and place of installation. On March 15, 1909, appellant filed with the city register a bond in form required by ordinance 12723. On this bond was indorsed the approval of the mayor, city council, and, as to its form, by the city counselor. Section 10 of ordinance 12723, among other things, provides:
“And said person or persons, corporation or association shall, at the time of filing said acceptance, also file with the city register his or its penal bond in the sum of $20,000, with two ox more good and sufficient securities to be approved by the mayor and council, conditioned that he or it will comply with- all the conditions of this ordinance.”
The approval by the mayor and council is solely with regard to the sufficiency of the sureties. The approval by the city counselor is restricted, as his in-dorsement indicates, to the form of the bond. The city register is a mere custodian. The act of the city council in approving the bond is executive, not legislative. A legislative act requires the concurrence of both council and house of delegates. The obligation to give the bond provided for in the ordinance arises from a legislative act of the municipal assembly. It does not emanate from any city officer. The approval and filing of bonds is a matter of daily routine with the officials referred to, whose duties are limited to passing on the sufficiency of the bond, but who have no power to create the obligation to give a bond or to waive that obligation. It was not for these officials to
It is asserted in appellant’s brief that the board of public improvements informed appellant that a temporary writ of injunction had been issued against the board to prevent the issuance of a permit to the West End Light & Power Company for the purpose of testing a franchise similar to that of appellant, and that said board had recognized the right of said West End Light & Power Company as lawfully entitled to permits, and further, through its president, assured appellant that when such injunction proceeding should be terminated in favor of said company, there would be no further delay in granting a permit to appellant. The brief contains no reference to pages ‘of the abstract where the evidence may be found to support these assertions. We have looked carefully through the abstract, and find none either given or offered of any promise on the part of the board to grant a permit to appellant on any contingency. Appellant made this offer -of proof, and nothing more:
“I offer to prove this, that after these applications were filed back in the early part of 1909, the president of the board told Mr. Wurdack, this witness, who inquired of Mr. O’Reilly, as such president, what the delay was in acting upon these applications, that they did not care to make — to take any action upon the application until after the disposition by the circuit court of this city of the case of Trigg against the board, which was then pending, and which involved the franchise of the West End Light & Power Company under ordinance 12723, and for that reason he said those applications would be delayed — action on them would be delayed. ’ ’
On June 22,1909, the application for a permit was denied by the board, and on the same day this suit was iustituted to forfeit the franchise.
This suit was instituted in June, 1909. In 1910 the assessor of the city of St. Louis made an assessment against appellant on this franchise of $500,000'. An appeal was taken by appellant to the board of equalization, which appeal was pending at the time of trial of this case. As this act of the assessor occurred long after the institution of the suit, it could not affect a case which was made up when the permit was refused. Certainly, the appellant will not claim that it has, since the institution of this suit, changed its position upon the faith of this assessment. It appears from the record that when he made this assessment, the assessor did not know that the right to this franchise was questioned by the city.
Appellant also sought to introduce the ’ pleadings and judgment in the case of one Trigg against the West End Light & Power Company, which company held a similar franchise. This was a suit by a property owner to enjoin the board from granting a permit to said company. The injunction was refused. The circuit court refused to consider the question of abandonment, although intimating in its opinion that the evidence showed abandonment, holding that under our ruling in the Kavanaugh case, supra, the question could be raised only in quo warranto. We are unable
Appellant also offered to prove that the hoard of public improvements granted permits to. the West End Light & Power Company to string wires. The record shows one such permit granted in December, 1908. The record does not show any knowledge on the part of appellant of such permit.
The claims of waiver and estoppel are based upon the proposition that in the enactment of ordinance No. 12723 the city was exercising its proprietary rights. If the granting of the right to string electric wires upon and along , the streets of the city was in the exercise of a delegated governmental power, then the franchise is in effect a grant from the State, and it follows that the right of the State to recall the grant, upon sufficient grounds, cannot be waived by the acts of the city officers referred to. [Wright v. City of Doniphan; 169 Mo. 601; State ex rel. v. Railroad, 140 Mo. 539; 2 Abbott on Munic. Corp., Sec. 666.] We need not extend the discussion on this point, because counsel for appellant concede it in the following proposition laid down in their brief:
“The contention that municipal corporations can never be subjected to the doctrine of estoppel in pais is manifestly unsound. The law is that such corporations, when acting in their proprietary, as contradis-tinguished from their governmental, capacity, are subject to estoppel in pais to the same extent as private corporations.”
To support the proposition of proprietary action by the city, appellant cites State ex rel. Subway Co. v. St. Louis, 145 Mo. 551; State ex rel. v. Gates, 190 Mo. 540; Louisville v. Cumberland Tel. Co., 224 U. S. 649.
The case of State ex rel. v. Gates, cited by appellant, supra, was a suit by injunction involving an ordinance contractual in character, in that it proposed modifications of existing contracts for furnishing gas to the inhabitants of the city, and the use of the streets incidental thereto. The petition charged corruption on the part of the city officials in the mating of the contract through the ordinance whose passage was sought to be enjoined. That case does not involve the life of the franchise derived from the State through the city. The decision quotes with approval this from Bank v. City, 76 Fed. 282: “In contracting for waterworks to supply itself and its inhabitants with water, the city is not exercising its governmental or legislative powers, but its business or proprietary powers.”
The case of Louisville v. Cumberland Tel. Co., supra, is not in point. That case involves the right of the city to repeal an ordinance under which vested contract rights had been acquired. In the Kansas City case (State ex rel. v. Railroad, 140 Mo. 539), we hold that the granting by the city of a franchise to use the streets for the public benefit is governmental, and that the franchise is granted by the State through the city
A consideration of the true distinction between the governmental and proprietary powers of a city will reconcile these decisions. So far as the city grants the mere right to nse the streets, it is exercising, by delegation, a power which resides in the State, and which is by its nature governmental. It is in legal effect a grant by the State. Consequently, if grounds for forfeiture arise, the State alone may enforce it and' regain its grant, and the State alone may waive the forfeiture. In addition to the power delegated by the State to the city to exercise this governmental function, the city is also empowered to impose conditions upon the grant for its own benefit. It may determine the manner of the nse, service to be rendered, compensation to be paid, etc. Regarding these matters, outside the mere right to use the streets, the city acts in its proprietary capacity, and herein waiver and estoppel may be invoked against the city, based upon the acts of the city officials done within the scope of their official duty. It has been said that “ ‘franchise’ is the grant from the State, of authority to occupy the street's; ‘licenses’ are the designation by the council of the streets to "be occupied; and ‘contracts’ are the stipulated arrangements between the companies and the city, as to the manner of occupancy.” [Grovin v. Chicago, 132 Fed. 848.] Treating the right to usé the streets in' question as a franchise' in 'the above sense, we hold that the right of forfeiture by the State could not be waived by the acts of the city officials of the character above referred to. In State ex rel. v. Railroad, supra, l. c. 558, this'court emphatically says: “Moreover, the city had no power or authority by ordinance or otherwise to take away from its sovereign the right to proceed by its public officer, the prosecuting attorney of the county, against
The cases cited by appellant to support the proposition that a city, acting in its private or proprietary capacity, may be estopped by the conduct of its proper officers, do not apply to the situation here. Other cases cited, to the effect that the State may be barred by long acquiescence in a use or by express recognition by governmental authority, are not in point, because there are no facts to which they can be applied. The following is cited by appellant from State ex rel. v. Water Co., 32 L. R. A. 391, l. c. 393:
“The State may waive the right to bring an action on behalf of the public by mere delay in moving to institute proceedings while the corporation, in carrying out, in good faith, the purposes of the organization, expends large sums of money.”
Obviously, this doctrine has no application to the facts in this case. There is even less ground upon which to base a claim of estoppel. There is no evidence that appellant changed its position to its detriment, or expended any money, upon the faith of any of the acts of the city officials. Appellant organized in February, 1908, with a capital of $5000, and contracted to buy this franchise in August, 1908. It invested $2000', and contracted to pay $11,000 additional in case the right should be recognized by the city. On the face of' the contract, it was recognized by the parties that the rights sought to be transferred were not certain and clear. There is no evidence of any further outlay by appellant at any time, excepting as appears in its return for taxation made in December, 1909, in which all its personal property, said therein to comprise office furniture only, is valued at $200, Nor is there any
Fourth, “By legislative acts.” Ordinance 12723 was a general ordinance which purported to extend its privileges to any one who might thereafter accept and comply with its terms. In 1892 the city changed its policy, and by ordinance provided that no wires, tubes or cables, conveying electricity, should thereafter be placed along or across streets unless duly authorized by the municipal assembly, and, as by such ordinance provided, excepting persons, firms or corporations which had, previous to the passage of the ordinance “accepted and complied with ordinance 12723.” [Ordinance 16894, approved October 26, 1892.] The effect of this exception in the above ordinance of 1892 'was to respect rights which had been acquired under ordinance 12723, and which were in existence when the ordinance of 1892 was enacted; and such is the effect, and nothing more, of ordinances passed subsequent to _ 1892, namely, to recognize and respect existing rights and contracts. The words “complied with,” used in the ordinance of 1892, mean something more than filing the original acceptance and bond. They mean a performance of that duty which we have held to be of the essence of the contract, namely, serving the public. No one who had failed to comply with the ordinance in this respect could claim to come within the exception. The* legislative acts of the city did no more than recognize the obligations of contracts protected by the Constitution. The same question arises whether we consider the ordinances passed subsequent to 1884, or whether we do not consider them, namely, have appellant’s grantors complied with the
In our judgment, the State has sustained its charge of abandonment. Therefore, without regard to other questions raised, the judgment must be affirmed. It is so ordered.
