246 S.E.2d 74 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1978
Vanita B. STANBACK
v.
Fred J. STANBACK, Jr.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
*77 Brinkley, Walser, McGirt & Miller by Walter F. Brinkley, Lexington, for plaintiff appellant.
Hudson, Petree, Stockton, Stockton & Robinson by Norwood Robinson and George L. Little, Jr., Winston-Salem, and Kluttz & Hamlin by Clarence Kluttz, Salisbury, for defendant appellee.
CLARK, Judge.
The trial court did not dismiss plaintiff's claim for actual compensatory damages for breach of contract. The measure of such damages is the amount which will compensate the injured party for the loss which fulfillment of the promise could have prevented or which breach of it entailed. 3 Strong's N.C. Index, Contracts, § 29.2, p. 442. The traditional goal is to award a sum that will put the non-breaching party in as good a position as he would have been had the contract been performed. Restatement, Contracts, § 329 (1932); Dobbs, Remedies, § 12.1, p. 786. A plaintiff is, of course, entitled to nominal damages automatically, upon proof of breach but may recover general compensatory damages as above measured upon proof of the greater weight of the evidence that such damages were incurred and were naturally and proximately caused by the breach of contract. Builders Supply v. Midyette, 274 N.C. 264, 162 S.E.2d 507 (1968); 3 Strong's N.C. Index, Contracts, § 29, p. 440. Plaintiff Stanback may proceed to trial on her claim for actual compensatory damages incurred in the alleged breach of contract.
The issue raised by this appeal is whether the trial court erred in dismissing plaintiff's claims for special or consequential damages and for punitive damages. Such damages will sometimes be awarded, but such additional award has always been subject to rather stringent limitations. Proper pleading is crucial to such award. Perkins v. Langdon, 237 N.C. 159, 74 S.E.2d 634 (1953); 3 Strong's N.C. Index, Contracts, § 29.3, p. 444.
Plaintiff's claim for consequential or special damages amounting to $250,-000.00 rests on the allegation that defendant's alleged breach of their separation agreement, which led to the lien on her home, and its advertisement for sale, with *78 the concomitant publicity, caused her mental anguish, and damaged her reputation in the community. Plaintiff was permitted to amend her complaint to allege that such special mental anguish damages were within the contemplation of the parties at the time they contracted. It is well established that, to recover special or consequential damages in a contract action, plaintiff must prove that these damages were in fact caused by the breach, that the amount of such damages can be proved with a reasonable degree of certainty, and that the damages were within the "contemplation of the parties" at the time they contracted. Dobbs, Remedies, § 12.3, p. 798. The "contemplation of the parties" rule was established in the English case of Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Exch. 341, 156 Eng.Rep. 145 (1854) and is a rule which is generally applied to preclude an award of special damages unless there is some evidence that the parties had not only "contemplated" them but had actually allocated the risk of breach to include them either implicitly or explicitly, or unless the breach is also a tort. Dobbs, Remedies, § 12.3, pp. 805-807; Iron Works Co. v. Cotton Oil Co., 192 N.C. 442, 135 S.E. 343 (1926); Builders v. Gadd, 183 N.C. 447, 111 S.E. 771 (1922). Mere allegation that the parties contemplated the damages, as in the case sub judice is clearly insufficient, absent allegation of facts to support the conclusional allegations. Plaintiff alleged no such facts but argues in her brief that the very nature of a separation agreement contemplates the mental anguish of the innocent party should breach occur. Plaintiff correctly argues the general law that the nature of the contract is an important key to determining when non-commercial special damages may be awarded. Determination of the nature of the contract, of course, is a generalization of the "contemplation of the parties" rule and includes an analysis of allocation of risk. Carroll v. Rountree, 34 N.C.App. 167, 174, 237 S.E.2d 566, 571 (1977), states:
". . . The usual contract is commercial in nature and the pecuniary interests of the parties is the primary factor, since they relate to property, or to services to be rendered in connection with business, or to services to be rendered in professional operations. Damages for mental anguish are, therefore, generally not recoverable.. . ."
But, Lamm v. Shingleton, 231 N.C. 10, 14, 55 S.E.2d 810, 813 (1949), a case essentially involving an action for mental anguish special damages for breach of contract to furnish a casket and watertight vault, and to conduct the funeral and inter the body, listed the exceptions to the rule disallowing special damages for non-commercial injury in contract cases:
". . . [A]s a general rule, damages for mental anguish suffered by reason of the breach thereof are not recoverable. Some type of mental anguish, anxiety, or distress is apt to result from the breach of any contract which causes pecuniary loss. Yet damages therefor are deemed to be too remote to have been in the contemplation of the parties at the time the contract was entered into to be considered as an element of compensatory damages. . . .
The rule is not absolute. Indeed, the trend of modern decisions tends to leave it in a state of flux. Some courts qualify the rule by holding that such damages are recoverable when the breach amounts in substance to a willful or independent tort or is accompanied by physical injury.. . . Still others treat the breach as an act of negligence and decide the question as though the action were cast in tort, and thus confuse the issue. Thus, to some extent the courts have modified the common law rule.
In this process of modification a definite exception to the doctrine has developed. Where the contract is personal in nature and the contractual duty or obligation is so coupled with matters of mental concern or solicitude, or with the sensibilities of the party to whom the duty is owed, that a breach of that duty will necessarily or reasonably result in mental anguish or suffering, and it should be known to the parties from the nature of the contract that such suffering will result *79 from its breach, compensatory damages therefor may be recovered.. . . In such case the party sought to be charged is presumed to have contracted with reference to the payment of damages of that character in the event such damages should accrue on account of his breach of the contract. . . ." [Emphasis added.]
The Lamm decision noted that such damages had been held recoverable in an action for breach of contract of marriage and for breach of contract to transmit a death message. It held mental anguish damages recoverable in its own case because "[t]he contract was predominantly personal in nature and no substantial pecuniary loss would follow its breach." The Lamm decision continued:
". . . Her [the widow-plaintiff's] mental concern, her sensibilities, and her solicitude were the prime considerations for the contract, and the contract itself was such as to put the defendants on notice that a failure on their part to inter the body properly would probably produce mental suffering on her part. It cannot be said, therefore, that such damages were not within the contemplation of the parties at the time the contract was made. . . ." 231 N.C. at 15, 55 S.E.2d at 813-814.
The Carroll decision applied the Lamm test of the "personalness" of the contract in refusing to grant mental anguish damages in a case alleging that defendant's actions breached an implied contract he had with his client by releasing certain monies to plaintiff's former wife without receiving specified signed documents in return. The court stated:
". . . While we readily concede that there could be contracts between attorney and client so personal in nature that the attorney could be assumed to have entered the contract with the knowledge that a failure to fulfill the obligation thereunder in the manner contemplated by the parties would naturally and probably result in the client's suffering mental anguish, we do not think the contract which is the subject of this action falls in that category. We do not regard this contract as predominantly personal in nature. It was necessary that plaintiff obtain his wife's signature to a deed in order that a farm inherited by him and other members of his family could be sold. Plaintiff's wife had brought an action against him for alimony. The fulfilling of the obligations under the contract in the manner agreed as alleged by plaintiff would have resulted in the sale of the farm and obtaining funds with which to settle the alimony action and obtain its dismissal and settle other property and marital rights of the parties. We agree that plaintiff is not entitled to recover damages for mental anguish." 34 N.C. App. at 174, 237 S.E.2d at 572.
In the case sub judice, the alleged promise to pay for increased tax was not a personal contract provision, but a regular, "commercial" one, a promise to pay monies to compensate for extra taxes paid. "The measure of damages for breach of a promise to pay a debt or a tax owed by the promisee personally, or charged upon his property, is the amount of such debt or tax, with interest . . . ." 22 Am.Jur.2d, Damages, § 67, p. 101. The compensatory damages are limited to the actual "expectation" measure. We echo the Carroll court in making clear that we are not holding that a separation agreement provision may never be "personal" in nature, clearly impliedly contemplating special mental anguish damage in the event of breach. We hold that in the case sub judice the breach of a tax arrangement is not "personal." It is also clear that plaintiff could not recover special damage for non-commercial, non-tortious loss of reputation in the community. Such recovery is not allowed, absent special contract relationship such as that binding employers and employees. 22 Am. Jur.2d, Damages, § 156, p. 225.
Plaintiff's claim for punitive damages rests on her allegation that
"The acts and conduct of the defendant in failing to pay the amount of taxes assessed against the plaintiff has been *80 wilful, malicious, calculated, deliberate, and purposeful, and with full knowledge of the consequences which would result, and was recklessly and irresponsibly done; and as a result of the acts and conduct of the defendant, the plaintiff is entitled to recover punitive damages . . . [of] $100,000.00."
Carroll, supra, reaffirms the general rule that punitive damages are never awarded as compensation but as punishment inflicted for intentional wrongdoing. Allred v. Graves, 261 N.C. 31, 134 S.E.2d 186 (1964). Such intentional wrongdoing clearly must be something other than intentional breach of contract, for breaching must be permitted as a legitimate business risk, the breacher compensating for the breach by putting the other party in as good a position as he would have been had the breach not occurred. Although courts will force a breacher to compensate, the breaching itself is not "wrongful." "Wrongful" breach, such as permits a jury consideration of punitive damages, is limited to breach of promise to marry, such a "personal" contract as would permit mental anguish damages, and breach of duty to serve the public imposed by law upon a public utility. King v. Insurance Co., 273 N.C. 396, 159 S.E.2d 891 (1968). If the breach is the result of tortious conduct, punitive damages may be awarded to punish the tortious conduct, but even then the conduct must be aggravated beyond that necessary to be merely tortious. Newton v. Insurance Co., 291 N.C. 105, 229 S.E.2d 297 (1976); Oestreicher v. Stores, Inc., 290 N.C. 118, 225 S.E.2d 797 (1976). Such aggravated tortious conduct was early defined to include fraud, malice, gross negligence, oppression, insult, rudeness, caprice or wilfulness. Baker v. Winslow, 184 N.C. 1, 113 S.E. 570 (1922). In the case sub judice plaintiff alleges no separate identifiable tortious conduct but merely alleges that the contract breach was wilful wrongful conduct, which allegation is insufficient as a base for punitive damages.
Plaintiff's third argument attacks the trial court's dismissal of her second cause of action. It is clear that plaintiff's classification of this cause as "abuse of process" is erroneous. To allege satisfactorily abuse of process, plaintiff must allege facts tending to show (1) an ulterior purpose and (2) a wilful act in the use of the process not proper in the regular conduct of the proceeding. Prosser, Torts (1971 ed.), § 121, p. 857; Edwards v. Jenkins, 247 N.C. 565, 101 S.E.2d 410 (1958). Plaintiff's complaint alleges sufficient ulterior purpose, but nowhere alleges any bent or inappropriate act in an otherwise proper proceeding. But plaintiff's complaint does allege elements of malicious prosecution. Under our liberal pleading rules, a misclassification would not be fatal, provided the complaint put the defendant on notice as to the nature of the action against him. Sutton v. Duke, 277 N.C. 94, 176 S.E.2d 161 (1970). Both malicious prosecution and abuse of process have the common element of an improper purpose in the use of the legal process, and there are many cases in which they overlap. Prosser, § 121, p. 857. In the leading English "abuse of process" case, the court denied the action of malicious prosecution, as the underlying case had not been terminated in the plaintiff's favor, but refused to permit its process to be misused to a bad end and found the defendant liable. Grainger v. Hill, 4 Bing. N.C. 212, 132 Eng.Rep. 769 (1838). Mere misclassifying is not herein fatal.
However, a malicious prosecution complaint must allege sufficient facts to show that the proceeding was initiated without probable cause, that the proceeding was terminated in the plaintiff's favor on the merits, that defendant brought the former action out of "malice," generally defined as improper purpose. Prosser, § 120, pp. 853-855. The complaint alleges malice, lack of probable cause, and ulterior purpose, although we note that the "facts" alleged to support these allegations are arguably insufficient. It does not allege termination in the plaintiff's favor, but only that "the action of the defendant against the plaintiff was dismissed by the court." Plaintiff includes in the record defendant's complaint in the federal case but enters nothing as to the nature of the dismissal. *81 It is clear that the dismissal could have been granted for reasons other than a judgment for plaintiff on the merits and plaintiff's complaint is therefore deficient. Even though the complaint could have established a good cause of action for malicious prosecution regardless of its misclassification as "abuse of process," it did not do so, and the trial court correctly dismissed this second count. As the court is deemed to have examined the federal court complaint, a matter outside the pleading, the dismissal turns from a Rule 12(b)(6) to a Rule 56 dismissal, and is with prejudice.
The trial court order is
Affirmed.
BRITT and ERWIN, JJ., concur.
