392 S.E.2d 632 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1990
George STALLINGS
v.
Kathryn N. HAHN.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
Staton, Perkinson, Doster & Post by Ronald L. Perkinson, Sanford, for plaintiff-appellee.
Harrington, Ward, Gilleland & Winstead by F. Jefferson Ward, Jr., Sanford, for defendant-appellant.
JOHNSON, Judge.
Defendant Kathryn M. Hahn, who is a citizen and resident of Pennsylvania, placed an advertisement in the December 1988 issue of Hemmings Motor News, a national *633 monthly magazine, to offer for sale a 1958 Pontiac Bonneville and a parts car for the Bonneville for the price of $2,500. On or about 25 November 1988, plaintiff, who is a resident of North Carolina, telephoned defendant in Pennsylvania regarding the advertisement. Plaintiff did not reach defendant on the first call, and defendant returned plaintiff's call. After this long distance conversation, plaintiff sent defendant a deposit on the cars in the form of a cashier's check in the amount of $200. Defendant received the check in Pennsylvania. On 8 December 1988, plaintiff again telephoned defendant in Pennsylvania to make arrangements to pick up the cars in Pennsylvania, and defendant advised plaintiff that she was going to sell the cars to someone else. Defendant returned the deposit check to plaintiff.
Although a defendant may not ordinarily immediately appeal the denial of a motion to dismiss, this defendant may properly appeal under G.S. § 1-277(b) which provides for immediate appeal "from an adverse ruling as to the jurisdiction of the court over the person or property of the defendant." Holt v. Holt, 41 N.C.App. 344, 255 S.E.2d 407 (1979).
We apply a two-part test to determine whether Ms. Hahn, a foreign defendant, may be subjected to in personam jurisdiction in this State. First, we consider whether there exists a basis for asserting jurisdiction under G.S. § 1-75.4, commonly known as the "long arm" statute. Second, if such a basis exists, we determine whether exercise of the jurisdiction by our courts would comport with due process of law guaranteed by the constitution. Marion v. Long, 72 N.C.App. 585, 325 S.E.2d 300, disc. rev. denied and appeal dismissed, 313 N.C. 604, 330 S.E.2d 612 (1985). Although the long arm provision is to be liberally construed in favor of jurisdiction, Phoenix America Corp. v. Brissey, 46 N.C.App. 527, 265 S.E.2d 476 (1980), the burden is on the plaintiff to establish a prima facie showing that one of the statutory grounds is applicable. DeSoto Trail, Inc. v. Covington Diesel, Inc., 77 N.C.App. 637, 335 S.E.2d 794 (1985); Public Relations, Inc. v. Enterprises, Inc., 36 N.C. App. 673, 245 S.E.2d 782 (1978).
In the instant case, the trial court made no finding that any particular provision of G.S. § 1-75.4 is applicable. Plaintiff contends in his brief that subsection 5(d) covers the situation. G.S. § 1-75.4(5)(d) provides that statutory jurisdiction is present in any action that "[r]elates to goods, documents of title, or other things of value shipped from this State by the plaintiff to the defendant on his order or direction." This Court has held that payments of money constitute "things of value" for purposes of this statute. Church v. Carter, 94 N.C.App. 286, 380 S.E.2d 167 (1989); Schofield v. Schofield, 78 N.C.App. 657, 338 S.E.2d 132 (1986). Therefore, we hold that statutory jurisdiction exists under G.S. § 1-75.4(5)(d).
We find, however, that this jurisdiction cannot constitutionally be exercised. The landmark case of International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 66 S. Ct. 154, 90 L. Ed. 95 (1945), established that "minimum contacts" between the forum state and defendant must exist before in personam jurisdiction may be exercised. The quality and quantity of contacts, the source and connection of the cause of action with those contacts, as well as convenience and interest of the forum state are useful criteria in determining the existence of minimum contacts. Sola Basic Industries v. Electric Membership Corp., 70 N.C.App. 737, 321 S.E.2d 28 (1984). The facts of each case must be considered in light of "traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice." International Shoe Co., supra at 316, 66 S. Ct. at 158, 90 L.Ed. at 102.
The only contacts between defendant and the forum State in this case are the advertisement placed in Hemmings Motor News, the telephone calls between plaintiff and defendant, and the cashier's check sent by plaintiff to defendant. Defendant never came to North Carolina; she received the deposit check in Pennsylvania; and delivery of the cars was to take place in Pennsylvania. The contacts in this case simply do not rise to the level of satisfying due *634 process requirements. Placement of advertisements in a national publication cannot by itself support jurisdiction. Marion v. Long, supra and cases cited therein. In Marion, this Court found minimum contacts lacking when defendants had placed an advertisement similar to the one in the instant case, had also made a trip to North Carolina to trailor the plaintiff's automobile back to Georgia for repairs, and the oral contract for repairs was allegedly closed in North Carolina. In the case sub judice, the contacts are even less substantial than in Marion. Defendant Hahn has not entered the forum State. Also, all the elements of defendant's performance of the oral agreement, if there was one, were to take place in Pennsylvania. Phoenix America Corp., supra (Mere act of entering into a contract with a forum resident will not provide minimum contacts, especially if all the elements of defendant's performance are to take place outside the forum state.)
In sum, the quality and quantity of contacts in this case is insufficient to support exercise of in personam jurisdiction, and the trial court erred in denying defendant's motion to dismiss.
Reversed and remanded.
HEDRICK, C.J., and PHILLIPS, J., concur.
