427 Mass. 372 | Mass. | 1998
In 1990, the third-party plaintiff (St. Paul) issued a policy of liquor liability insurance to Chopsticks Restaurant of Leominster, Inc. (Chopsticks). St. Paul reasonably relied on information in an application for insurance signed by the president of Chopsticks and prepared by the defendant (Feingold), an independent insurance broker acting for Chopsticks.
The application contained materially false information. If the true facts had been disclosed to St. Paul, it would not have issued the policy. Among the false information on the application were the following statements: (1) Chopsticks’s closing hour was 11 p.m. (it was in fact 12:30 a.m. on weekdays and 1:30 a.m. on weekends); (2) Chopsticks had no doorman (it did); (3) Chopsticks had no entertainment (it had a live band three nights a week); (4) there was no dancing (there was a dance floor that was regularly used); (5) there was no television set for patrons (there were two, one of which was a large screen suspended above the dance floor); (6) Chopsticks’s annual sales of alcoholic beverages was $180,000 (Feingold knew that Chopsticks’s sales for the year ended October 8, 1988, had been more than $341,000); and (7) Chopsticks’s annual liquor liability premium was $9,000 (for the 1988-1989 policy year the premium paid to the Liquor Liability Joint Underwriting Association for Chopsticks’s coverage had been more than $17,900).
During the policy period, a woman was injured in a motor vehicle accident allegedly caused by the negligence of a driver to whom Chopsticks had overserved alcoholic beverages. A tort action was commenced in February, 1992, against Chopsticks and St. Paul. By third-party complaints, Feingold and the allegedly negligent driver were added as parties. Among the claims was St. Paul’s third-party complaint against Feingold alleging that Feingold intentionally misrepresented material facts on Chopsticks’s application for insurance, negligently caused the misstatements or errors in the application, and violated G. L. c. 93A. St. Paul also cross-claimed against Chopsticks seeking rescission or indemnification because of alleged wilful and intentional misstatements and errors in the application.
Before trial, most claims were settled but not St. Paul’s claims against Feingold. St. Paul made payments in settlement of the underlying tort claims against Chopsticks. Disagreements
St. Paul did pursue those claims. Feingold agreed that the amounts that St. Paul paid in settlement of the underlying tort claims were fair and reasonable. The case was tried on the question of Feingold’s liability to St. Paul. A jury found in a special verdict that Feingold had been negligent in its handling of the application for insurance and that that negligence proximately caused financial injury to St. Paul. The jury also found that Feingold knowingly made false representations to St. Paul concerning an important fact or facts, that Feingold intended or expected that St. Paul would rely on the representations, and that St. Paul reasonably relied on the misrepresentations to its financial detriment. The judge, who had reserved to himself the count based on St. Paul’s G. L. c. 93A claim, ruled that Feingold had violated G. L. c. 93A, § 11, that Feingold’s conduct had been wilful and knowing, and that an award of double damages was appropriate. Feingold appealed from judgments entered on the jury’s special verdict and on St. Paul’s G. L. c. 93A claim.
The Appeals Court, in an unpublished memorandum and order, affirmed the judgments except the trial judge’s decision to calculate interest in St. Paul’s claim against Feingold from the date of commencement of the tort action rather than from the later date on which St. Paul actually paid amounts pursuant to the settlement agreement. See 43 Mass. App. Ct. 1105 (1997). We granted Feingold’s application for further appellate review to consider its claim that it had no duty to St. Paul with respect to misstatements in an application that only Chopsticks, the insured, signed. Feingold asserts that we should not hold an independent broker, acting solely as agent for an insured, liable in tort to an insurer for negligent or intentional misrepresentations in a policy application signed only by the insured. We agree with the Appeals Court that the facts of this case, involving Feingold’s knowing participation in the delivery of misinformation to St. Paul, warrant the imposition of liability on Feingold.
The Appeals Court decided a variety of issues. We agree with its conclusions on issues that we do not discuss, none of which would have prompted us to grant further appellate review. We
Before we consider these questions, we must establish a point that bears on Feingold’s liability to St. Paul. St. Paul had a claim against Chopsticks for material misrepresentations which, if valid, would have relieved St. Paul of its obligations under Chopsticks’s policy and thus make any fault of Feingold largely inconsequential because that fault would have caused no harm to St. Paul.
To assess Feingold’s claim that the evidence did not warrant a finding that it was liable to St. Paul, we recite the crucial evidence. We have already listed the numerous errors on the application for insurance which Feingold prepared and sent to St. Paul after Chopsticks’s president signed it. The jury were warranted in finding that, if the application had been accurate, St. Paul, which was seeking to underwrite only certain kinds of restaurants, would not have issued a liquor liability policy to Chopsticks. An employee of Feingold put the misinformation on the application. Chopsticks’s owner and president was bom in China and at times had trouble reading and understanding English. He signed the application in the presence of Feingold’s
The evidence warranted a finding of negligence. See Carolina Cas. Ins. Co. v. Cummings Agency, Inc., 110 F.3d 1, 2 (1st Cir. 1997)
Feingold and the amicus express concern that, if we uphold the judgments, we will create potential liability for all brokers
The Appeals Court disagreed with the trial judge’s determination that prejudgment interest should run from the commencement of the action. The action was commenced on February 27, 1992, by the tort claimant suing Chopsticks and St. Paul. St. Paul’s third-party complaint against Feingold was filed on September 30, 1992. The judgment on the tort claims against Feingold directs that the interest is to run from that date. The judgment awarding double damages under G. L. c. 93A, however, directs that interest is to run from February 27, 1992. Interest should not run from a date earlier than the date on which St. Paul filed its complaint against Feingold. For the purposes of G. L. c. 231, § 6B, which provides that prejudgment interest in a tort action accrues “from the date of commencement of the action,” September 30, 1992, is the earliest acceptable date from which interest may be calculated.
The question is whether interest should run from some later date or dates because St. Paul did not incur the losses for which it seeks recovery until later, when.it made payments in response to the settlement that was reflected in a stipulation of dismissal filed on December 1, 1992. The parties do not indicate precisely when St. Paul made these payments.
We agree with the Appeals Court that, in calculating prejudgment interest under G. L. c. 231, § 6B (applicable to tort actions), as well as under § 6C (applicable to contract actions), the fact that no loss was incurred until after an action was commenced should be recognized, as a matter of fairness, in order to avoid giving a party an undeserved windfall. See Conway v. Electro Switch Corp., 402 Mass. 385, 390 (1988); Sterilite Corp. v. Continental Cas. Co., 397 Mass. 837, 841-842 (1986); USM Corp. v. Marson Fastener Corp., 392 Mass. 334, 349 (1984); Jet Spray Cooler, Inc. v. Crampton, 377 Mass. 159, 182 n.21 (1979). The use of the dates on which St. Paul made payments for the defense and in settlement of the underlying tort claims, as the Appeals Court ordered, is correct. Interest on the
The judgments are affirmed, except as to prejudgment interest, for the calculation of which, consistent with this opinion, the case is remanded to the Superior Court.
So ordered.
The premium was to be based on Chopsticks’s liquor receipts determined ultimately by an audit.
St. Paul might have a claim against Feingold for expenses incurred in gaining relief from Chopsticks’s material misrepresentations.
It is irrelevant that there was an identical application submitted later because the first application was not dated and St. Paul insisted on having a dated application.
“Suppose a broker actually knows facts about his customer that he knows would make him unacceptable, and knows that the would-be insured is filing a false application. Should not the insurer have a right to expect good faith?”
“One who, in the course of his business, profession or employment, or in any other transaction in which he has a pecuniary interest, supplies false information for the guidance of others in their business transactions, is subject to liability for pecuniary loss caused to them by their justifiable reliance upon the information, if he fails to exercise reasonable care or competence in obtaining or communicating the information.”