69 Ark. 489 | Ark. | 1901
(after stating the facts). This is an action brought by the widow and administratrix of the estate of Arthur Tomlinson, deceased, to recover damages for his death, which plaintiff alleges was caused by the negligence of the employees of the defendant railway company. The death of Tomlinson took place under the following circumstances: Tn July, 1894, there was a meeting in Little Rock of several military companies for the purpose of a competitive drill. One of the companies, the Indianapolis Light Artillery, was scheduled to leave Little Rock on its return the evening of the 8th of July. To accommodate the members of this company, the Iron Mountain Railway Company had two passenger coaches placed on its second and third tracks from the depot in Little Rock, Arkansas. Between these coaches and the depot there was the main track of the railroad, and possibly a side track also, which passengers were compelled to cross in order to reach the coaches. Tomlinson was lieutenant of a company from Washington, D. C., which had also attended the drill, and he was acquainted with the officers of the artillery company. Late in the afternoon of the day of their departure he accompanied an officer of the artillery company to the depot, and assisted him to his coach. This officer was somewhat intoxicated bjr strong drink, and needed assistance, and the theory of the plaintiff is that Tomlinson accompanied him for that purpose. The time for the departure of the train had not arrived, and the coaches were not attached to the train, but they were open for the reception of passengers, and Tomlinson and his friend entered the coach, passing on their way over the intervening main track of the railway. There is some conflict in the evidence as to whether Tomlinson made a second visit to the coach in which his friend was seated, but, in any event, on his return from the coach to the depot, either the first or second time, he was struck by the tender of an engine of the company, backing along the main track, and was instantly killed. This was after 7 o’clock in the afternoon, and, though objects were visible, it was raining and rather dark for that time of day. As before stated, the coaches from which Tomlinson was returning were open for the reception of passengers, and there was evidence tending to show, that about this time, with the apparent acquiescence of the company, passengers and their friends were passing to and fro between the station and the coaches. There was also evidence to show that, although this was known to the employees of the company, the engine at the time it struck Tomlinson was being backed at a rapid speed along the main track, between the coaches and the depot; that no efficient lookout was kept, and that no warning of its approach was given by bell or whistle, or in any other way. This evidence clearly justified the jury in finding that the employees of the company were guilty of negligence in backing the engine in that manner, at such a time, between the coaches and the depot. If the facts above referred to are true, the employees of the company were guilty of negligence, without regard to whether Tomlinson be considered a mere licensee or as one on thé premises of the company by an implied invitation of the company. The law requires that a lookout be kept for trespassers, and certainly it was the duty of the employees of the company to have kept a lookout in this instance, and whether they did so or not was, under the evidence, a question for the jury. If the only question in the case was whether the company was negligent, we could say without any hesitation that the evidence justified a finding in favor of plaintiff.
But, conceding that the negligence of the company contributed to the injury of Tomlinson, there is, under the evidence in this case, the further question whether he was not also guilty of negligence contributing to his injury. It is the theory of the defendant that Tomlinson, to keep off the rain which was falling at the time he left the coach on his return to the depot, enveloped his head in the cape of his coat, so that he could neither see nor hear the approaching engine, and that in this condition he stepped on the track, and was killed by an engine, which he must have heard or seen had' his eyes and ears not been covered in that way. If this contention be true, it is clear that no recovery should be allowed; for, whether Tomlinson should have looked and listened for an approaching engine or not, it was certainly his duty to have exercised ordinary care, and this required that he should not put himself in a condition that he could not be warned of the approaching engine. On the other side, there was evidence to rebut this contention, and to show that Tomlinson did not wrap the cape of his coat about his head, but that he merely held it so as to keep off the rain, but not so as to obstruct his vision or sense of hearing. Now, if Tomlinson went to the cars, not out of mere idle curiosity, but to assist a friend who desired to take passage, and needed assistance to reach and enter the coach, it is evident that he was not a trespasser, and the rules that apply in a case where a trespasser is injured would not be applicable in such a case. An escort of that kind, performs a service in the common interest of the carrier and the passenger. His entry upon the premises of the company is upon au implied invitation of the carrier, which should use at least ordinary care to avoid injury to him while there. Railway Company v. Lawton, 55 Ark. 433, 18 S. W. 543.
Nor, under such circumstances, can it be said, as a matter of law, that Tomlinson was bound to look and listen for approaching trains before attempting to cross the track between the depot and the cars if this was a time when the coaches from which he was returning were open for the reception of passengers, and when passengers and their escorts were passing to and fro between the cars and the depot. The rule that one should look and listen for approaching trains before attempting to pass a railway track is often applied in cases for injuries to travelers on highways at railway crossings. In such a case, where there is no invitation on the part of the company for the traveler to cross, the courts can say, as a matter of law, that he should look and listen for approaching trains, and, if he fails to do so, and by reason of such failure is injured, he can recover nothing by way of damages; for, even if the company be negligent, his own negligence contributes to his injury. But the case is different where the injured person comes on the track by the invitation of the railway company. In. such a case he must still exercise ordinary care, but, as he has the right to rely to some extent upon an implied assurance of the company that the way is safe, the courts, not knowing to what extent his acts may be influenced by the conduct of the company, cannot in such a case say as a matter of law that the mere failure to look and listen is such negligence as precludes a recovery. If, then, a passenger or his escort is injured while attempting to pass an intervening track to< reach a depot or train when the circumstances justify him in believing that he is invited by the company to pass over the track, it becomes a question for the jury, after considering all the circumstances, to say whether or not he is guilty of a want of ordinary care. In determining that question the jury should no doubt consider whether he did or did not look and listen, along with the other circumstances in proof; but the mere fact, if proved, that he did not look and listen does not, under such circumstances, conclusively establish negligence, it being for the jury to say whether he should have looked or listened, and whether, under all of the-circumstances, he was guilty of negligence or not. Railway Company v. Johnson, 59 Ark. 122; Langan v. St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. 72 Mo. 392 ;Brassett v. N. Y. C., etc., R. Co. 84 N. Y., 241; Atlantic City R. Co. v. Goodwin, 62 N. J. Law, 394; B. & O. R. Co. v. State, 60 Md. 449; 1 Fetter, Carr. Pass. § 136.
Now the evidence bearing on the question of 'whether Tom-linson was guilty of negligence contributing to his injury was conflicting. At least, the evidence of negligence on his part was not so clear and convincing as to justify the court in withdrawing that question from the jury; and, had that question been properly presented to then!, we should have felt bound by their decision. But a careful consideration of the instructions given to the jury at' request of the plaintiff has convinced us that some of them were erroneous and misleading. These instructions are set out in the statement of facts, and we need not repeat them here in full. The first instruction is rather long, and made so partly for the reason that it commences by submitting to the jury for decision certain undisputed questions of fact. There was certainly no reason why the question as to whether the defendant railroad company on the 8th day of July, 1894, had a passenger depot at Little Bock should have been submitted to a jury for decision; for not only was there no conflict in the evidence on that point, but it is a matter of general information that the Iron Mountain Company has maintained such a depot here for over a quarter of a century. The only effect of submitting such undisputed facts to the jury as if they were disputed is to more or less cloud and obscure the real questions of fact at issue, which the jury are required to determine. Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Walker, 67 Ark. 147.
But, passing this matter, to which we have called attention only because the case must be retried, we will now notice some more serious objections. The instruction tells the jury that, if Tomlin-son accompanied to the coaches a departing passenger Avho needed assistance, or if he visited the coach to look after the comfort of such passenger, when the coaches were open and ready for the reception of passengers, and when passengers were passing back and forth between-the platform and the coaches with the apparent acquiescence of the railroad company, then, to quote from the instruction, “Tomlinson was rightfully upon the railway premises under an implied assurance that no engine would be permitted to run on an intervening track unless the railway should use ordinary care and prudence to give timely and ample Avarning of the approach, and he had a right to lessen his own watchfulness, ' and it was not incumbent upon him to be on the lookout for danger, if, under the surrounding circumstances, he had no reasonable ground to suspect that danger was to be apprehended.” Now, there was evidence tending to show that Tomlinson made two visits to the coaches, — one to accompany and assist his friend, who intended to leave on the train; and another when he returned apparently without any necessity except his own pleasure, to have another talk with his departing friend. If Tomlinson returned to the coach a second time as a matter purely of his own pleasure, he could hardly be said to be there oil an implied invitation of the company. Iiis situation would then be that of a licensee, who must take the license with its risk. The company could, of course, do him no wanton injury, nor could they dispense with the statutory requirements of keeping a lookout, but in such a case it had the right to conduct its business in the usual and lawful way without regard to his comfort or convenience, and to expect of him that he would use due care to keep out of the way of its engines and trains. Heinlein v. Boston & P. R. Co. 147 Mass. 136.
lint lei us suppose that Tomlinson was killed either on his return from the first trip to the coach, made by him to assist a passenger, or on his return from a second trip, made to look after the comfort or welfare of the passenger, still we think the instruction is erroneous and misleading, for it states that in that event “it was not incumbent on Tomlinson to be on the lookout for danger, if, under the surrounding circumstances, he had no reasonable ground to suspect that danger was to be apprehended.” Undoubtedly, this might be the correct rule under some circumstances. A person on a platform or in the depot or cars of the company by its invitation, express or implied, need not, as a rule, be on the lookout for danger, for such places are intended for the convenience and security of passengers and others who go there on business with the company. But a railway track, where engines and cars may be expected to pass, is a different thing, and of itself is suggestive of danger. While it can not be said as a matter of law that a person crossing the track of a railroad by invitation of the company should under all circumstances look and listen for approaching trains, neither on the other hand can it be said that they should not do so; the question, as before stated,being usually one for the jury to determine. Yet certainly a person in such situation should not lose sight of the fact that he is in a place of danger to a careless person. He should not close his eyes or stop his ears, so that warnings of danger may not reach him; for, although it is the duty of the company by lookout, by signals and by such other means as ordinary prudence may diciate, to endeavor to protect him, it has the right to assume that ho has knowledge of his surroundings, and knows that engines and trains may pass, and that he will use ordinary care himself, and be ready to detect signals of danger and act upon them when given.
This case, we should remember, is not exactly similar to a case where a train has stopped at a depot to remain only a minute or two, and w'here passengers discharged from the train are going to the depot, and others wishing to board the train are passing from the depot to the train. In such a case a passenger desiring to board the train has uo time to lose, and must promptly get aboard the train, or he may be left. The instruction we are now considering would be more appropriate in such a case than in this, for then the passenger would have more reason to assume that during a minute or two, while the train stopped to discharge and take on passengers, the company would .not permit another engine or train to pass over an intervening track between the depot and train, and thus endanger passengers coming or going to the train. Whether such an instruction would be proper in a case of that kind, we need not say. But in this case, as before stated, the coaches from which Tomlinson was returning weré not attached to a train. The train to which they were to be attached had not yet arrived, .and it was yet some half hour before the time of its departure. There was, therefore, no occasion for hurry, either in boarding or leaving these coaches. There was no reason for persons coming to and from the coaches to assume that traffic on the main line would be suspended until the departure of the train, and more reason, why they should ■exercise care in crossing than there would be in the case of a train stopping for a moment onty to discharge passengers. Considering the circumstances in proof, the instruction complained of does not, in our opinion, fairly submit to the jury the question as to whether Tomlinson was guilty of contributory negligence, but tells them, as a matter of law, that it was not incumbent upon him “to be on the lookout for danger if he had no reasonable ground to believe that danger was to be apprehended.” We have said that this may be good law, but it has no application to this ease; for, as before ■stated, Tomlinson, at the time he was struck, was walking across the main track of a railroad at the depot of a city, where trains and engines pass at all hours of the day, and where the circumstances were suggestive of danger. Yet.under this instruction the jury were'left free to say that he had no reason to apprehend danger, and therefore was not guilty of negligen.ee> though he exercised no care whatever. . Under this instruction the jury may have concluded that he had no reason to apprehend clanger, and therefore was justified in pulling his cape over his ears and eyes, and in attempting to cross the track in that condition. As there was evidence tending to show that Tomlinson did attempt to cross with his eyes ‘and ears covered in that way, we have concluded that the instruction was, for the reasons above stated, erroneous and prejudicial to appellant. It assumes that the evidence was such that the jury might possibly conclude that Tomlinson had no reason to apprehend danger, while, as before stated, the fact that he was crossing the main line of the road at a place where engines and trains often passed conclusively shows that there was danger to one proceeding without care. In the latter clause of this instruction the presiding judge no doubt intended to convey the idea that it was the duty of Tomlinson to have exercised ordinary care himself, but the language used might, to a careless person, convey the idea that the judge was assuming that Tomlinson did in fact exercise such care. But, waiving this defect of form, and granting that the instruction had the meaning intended, it was of no avail, for the preceding portion of the instruction had laid down the rule that it was not incumbent on Tomlinson to be on the lookout for danger if he had no reason to suspect danger; leaving the jury, as before stated, at liberty to conclude that he had no reason to suspect danger, though he was crossing the main track of a great railroad line.
Again, in the sixth instruction given at the request of the plaintiff the judge told the jury that if Tomlinson, in attempting to protect himself from the rain, at the time he left the coach, did only what a man of ordinary prudence would have done under similar circumstances, he was not guilty of negligence. Now, while this may be abstractly correct, yet, under the facts as shown here, it was too broad, and left more to the jury than was necessary or proper. There can only be two views, under the evidence, as to what Tomlinson did to protect himself from the rain. Some of the witnesses stated that he only raised his cape above his head, not obstructing his vision or hearing; others stated that he pulled his cape over his head, covering his eyes and ears, so that he could see directly in front only, and plunged, in this condition, on the track, just before the tender of the backing engine. If this view was true, the finding should have been for the defendant, for there could be no difference of opinion between reasonable men concerning the recklessness of sucb conduct.' But the instruction given leaves the jury free to find that this was true, and yet find for plaintiff, if they found that a man of ordinary prudence would have thus acted under similar circumstances. This was improper. Whether or not Tomlinson did cover his eyes and ears in that way while attempting to cross the railway track at the time of his injury was a disputed question of fact for the jury to determine; but, that question being once determined in the affirmative, it was for the judge to say that such conduct constituted negligence, for that would follow as a matter of law.
This is an interesting and important ease. While the evidence is voluminous and conflicting^ the disputed facts are few, and should be clearly submitted to the jury, or their decision will be little better than guesswork. We have given careful attention to the able argument of counsel. The result is that, while we can agree with nearly- all the conclusions of law urged by learned counsel for appellee, we cannot agree that the law was well stated, or the facts fairly submitted by the instructions; and .for this error the judgment is reversed, and a new trial ordered.
