89 F. 648 | 8th Cir. | 1898
Lead Opinion
after stating the case as above, delivered the opinion of the court.
The first question necessary to be considered is the effect to be given to the judgment of the state court of Missouri in the case brought in the circuit court of Buchanan county, in which it was adjudged that the Rock Island Company was liable to the Depot Company for the rentals accruing under the contract with the Kansas Company for the months during which, up to that date, the Rock Island Company had used the depot facilities for the trains belonging to the lines of the Kansas Company, it being contended by plaintiff in error that by the decision and judgment in that case the question of the right of the Depot Company to hold the Rock Island Company responsible for the rentals accruing for the use of the depot facilities for the trains run upon the lines of the Kansas Company under the control of the Rock Island Company according to the terms of the contract between the former company and the Depot Company has been fully heard and determined, and is not open to re-examination in the present case, which is only to recover rentals accruing after the date of those sued for and recovered in the former action. On behalf of .the defendant in error it is claimed that the adjudication in the former suit, the same being for the recovery of rentals accruing for a period other than that involved in the present action, can only be held to be binding upon such matters as were in issue in the former suit, and, being so in issue, were actually determined by a decision, in distinction to an expression of opinion obiter; and it is then contended that the only question decided by the supreme court of Missouri in the former case was that the Rock Island Company had no right to use the union depot for the Kansas trains by virtue of the provisions of the contract between the Depot Company and the Iowa Company, and that it is therefore open to the defendant company in this case to litigate the ques-
In addition to the leading cases of Cromwell v. Sac Co., 94 U. S. 351, and Southern Pac. K. Co. v. U. S., 168 U. S. 1, 18 Sup. Ct. 18, counsel for defendant in error cite Russell v. Place, 94 U. S. 606; Nesbit v. Independent Dist., 144 U. S. 610, 12 Sup. Ct. 746; Railroad Co. v. Alsbrook, 146 U. S. 279, 13 Sup. Ct. 72; Keokuk & W. R. Co. y. Missouri, 152 U. S. 301, 14 Sup. Ct. 592; Last Chance Min. Co. v. Tyler Min. Co., 157 U. S. 683, 15 Sup. Ct. 733; McCarty v. Railroad Co., 160 U. S. 110, 16 Sup. Ct. 240; Dennison v. U. S., 168 U. S. 241, 18 Sup. Ct. 57; Douglas v. Kentucky, 168 U. S. 488, 18 Sup. Ct. 199,—which serve to show the varying forms in which the question of res adjudieata may arise, but which do not change the general rule formulated in Cromwell v. Sac Co., and by this court in Southern Minn. Ry. Extension Co. v. St. Paul & S. C. R. Co., 5 C. C. A. 249, 12 U. S. App. 320, and 55 Fed. 690, and reiterated in Southern Pac. R. Co. v. U. S., supra. In the latter case it is said:
“The general principle announced in numerous cases is that a right, question, or fact distinctly put in issue, and directly determined by a court of competent jurisdiction, as a ground of recovery, cannot be disputed in a subsequent suit between the same parties or their privies; and, even if the; second suit is for a different cause of action, the right, question, or fact once so determined must, as between the same parties or their privies, be taken as conclusively established, so long as the judgment in the first suit remains unmodified. This general rule is demanded by tlio very object for which civil courts have been established, which is to secure the peace and repose of society by the settlement of matters capable of judicial determination. Its. enforcement is essential to the maintenance of social order; for (he aid of judicial tribunals would not bo invoked for the vindication of rights of persons and property, if, as between parties and privies, conclusiveness did not attend the judgments of such tribunals in respect of all matters properly put in issue, and actually determined by them.”
Counsel for defendant in error seem to contend for the principle that only those matters are properly at issue, within the meaning of these cases, upon which a direct issue is made in the answer of the defendant; but this is clearly not the rule. The judgment of the court is an adjudication upon all the matters of law and fact which are essential to support the judgment rendered. Thus, in Last Chance, Min. Co. v. Tyler Min. Co., 157 U. S. 683, 15 Sup. Ct. 733, it is said:
“But a judgment by default Is just as conclusive an adjudication between the parties of whatever is essential to support the judgment as one rendered after answer and contest. The essence of estoppel by judgment is that there has been a judicial determination of a fact, and the question always Is, has there been such determination, and not' upon what evidence or by what means was it reached. * * * Bigelow, in his work on Estoppel, closes a discussion of the question with this observation: ‘The meaning simply is that judgment by default like judgment on contest is conclusive of what it*652 actually professes to decide as determined by the pleadings; in other words, that facts are not open to further controversy, if they are necessarily at variance with the judgment on the pleadings.’ ”
The pleadings in the suit in the circuit court of Buchanan county are made part of the special findings, and an examination of the petition therein filed shows that it recites the incorporation of the Depot Company; the execution of the several contracts with the Iowa and Kansas Companies for the use of the depot facilities; the lease from the Kansas Company to the Iowa Company of its property and franchises; the sale by the Iowa Company of its property to the Roclc Island Company; the continued use of the depot facilities for the trains run over the lines of the Kansas Company, and the payment by the Rock Island Company of the contract rental therefor up to and .including the month of July, 1891; the continued use of the depot facilities for the Kansas trains, after that date, but a refusal on part of the Rock Island Company to further pay the rentals, on the ground -that the Rock Island Company, as the assignee of the Iowa Company, had the right to the use of the depot for the trains run over the Kansas lines. Upon the facts thus pleaded, the Depot Company in that case prayed judgment against the Rock Island Company for the unpaid rentals up to and including April, 1892. The answer filed by the Rock Island Company admitted the execution of the contracts between the Depot and the Iowa and Kansas Companies, the sale by the Iowa Company to the Rock Island Company, and then set forth the execution of the trust deed by the Kansas Company to the Metropolitan Trust Company, the foreclosure thereof, and the purchase of the property by the Rock Island Company at the master’s sale, and further averred that the Rock Island Company had the right to use the depot facilities at St. Joseph for the trains run by it over the lines of the Kansas Company, under the terms of the contract between the Depot Company and the Iowa Company. Upon these issues the case went to hearing, and it was adjudged that the Rock Island Company was liable to the Depot Company for the monthly rentals accruing under the contract between the Depot and Kansas Companies, it appearing that the Rock Island Company had continued to use the depot facilities for the trains run over the lines of the Kansas Company. The case was then carried to the supreme court of the state, and the judgment of the circuit court was affirmed. In view of the fact that the supreme court of Missouri practically confined its opinion to the one question of the rights conferred upon the Rock Island Company through its ownership of the contract between the Depot Company and the Iowa Company, it seems to be assumed by counsel for defendant in error-that the effect of the judgment of the circuit court must be limited to the ruling made by the supreme court on this one question. The adjudication that is pleaded in this case and relied on as an estoppel is the judgment of the circuit court of Buchanan county, and not merely the opinion of the supreme court. Under the recognized rule, every fact necessary to support the judgment of the circuit court must be held to have been adjudicated, and therefore no longer open to question between the parties.
Looking at the action heard in the state circuit court as a suit
Although ihe fact of this purchase was set forth in the answer filed in the former suit, and there is ground for holding that its effect on the rights of the parties was considered and adjudged in that case, yet in view of the fact that the supreme court of Missouri, in construing the allegations of (lie pleadings in the former suit, ruled that the only issue tendered thereby was the right of the Rock Island Company to use the depot for the Kansas trains under the contract between the Depot and Iowa Companies, we do not feel called upon to extend the adjudication in that ea.se beyond the limit assigned to it by the supreme court of Missouri; it being thus left open to the defendant company (o submit for consideration the effect of the title and right it acquired by the purchase at the foreclosure sale, it being now contended (hat, as the jmrehaser of ihe Kansas Company’s property at the sale had upon the foreclosure of the trust, deed executed by the Kansas Company to the Metropolitan Trust Company, it holds Ihe same freed from all obligation created by the contract between the depot and Kansas Companies, this contention being based upon the fact that the trust deed was executed prior to the entering into the contract between the Depot and Kansas Companies, or, to state the proposition in the language used in the brief of counsel for the defendant: •
“The concrete question is whether, notwithstanding the foreclosure of the Kansas Company’s mortgage, which was a lien and title paramount to any interest vested in the Iowa Company and its-vendees by virtue of the lease made by the Kansas Company, tho Rock Island Company continues to be liable upon the Kansas Company depot contract.”
The position of the Rock Island Company is that, as the purchaser at the foreclosure sale, it acquired the right of the Kansas Company to the usé of the depot at St. Joseph, but the Kansas Company never had any other right to the use of the depot than that created by the contract. between it and the Depot Company, and it held this right subject, to the obligation to pay to the Depot Company the rental named in the contract. So far as the right of tire Depot Company to insist upon payment of rental according to the terms of the contract is involved, it makes no difference whether the Rock Island Company is held to be the successor to the rights of tire Kansas Company through the lease to the Iowa Company and the sale by the Iowa Company to the Rock Island Company, or through the sale under the decree foreclosing the trust deed executed by the Kansas Company. The fact that the Rock Island Company, by virtue of a transfer to it of the rights of the Kansas Company, has become the successor of the latter company, and, as such, has been using the depot facilities for the trains run over the Kansas lines, is the sufficient foundation of the right of the Depot Company to hold the Rock Island Company liable for the rental accruing under the contract in question. If the defendant, upon the completion of the purchase made at the foreclosure sale, bad wholly abandoned the use of the depot facilities for the trains run over the Kansas lines, it might have had reason for claiming that it intended to take the property free from the obligations arising under the contract between the Depot and Kansas Companies; but this it did not do, but, on the contrary, it continued to use the depot facilities for the Kansas trains, which it would have had no right
It is urged in argument that this use of the depot facilities by the defendant company was made under the claim asserted under the Iowa contract, and therefore ought not. to be held to indicate a purpose to exercise any right under the Kansas contract. In the answer filed herein, the defendant company avers that in April, 1.891, upon receiving the master’s deed in pursuance of the foreclosure sale, it took possession of the railway and property of the Kansas Company, and has ever since owned and operated the same, this averment of fact being made as the basis of the claim that the defendant company holds the depot facilities free from all other claims or liens, by virtue of the title conveyed to it by the master's deed; and thus upon the record is found an assertion of title to the depot facilities as the grantee and successor of the Kansas Company. Furthermore, after the final decision in the supreme court of Missouri to the effect that the defendant company could not maintain the right to a use of the depot at St. Joseph for the Kansas trains under the Iowa contract, but could only do so under the Kansas contract, the defendant company not only continued to use the depot for its Kansas trains, but payment for such use, at the contract rates, was made to the Depot Company up to the time of the destruction of the depot building by fire; and, under the averments of the pleadings and the facts found in this case, it: is dear that this continued use of the depot premises for the Kansas trains was made by the defendant company as the grantee or assignee of the rights held by the Kansas Company under its contract with the Depot Company; and it is not now open to the defendant company to repudiate the obligations of the contract, after having so long enjoyed the benefits thereof, and we are therefore of the opinion that the trial court erred in finding, as a matter of law, that: the. defendant company was not liable to the plaintiff for the rentals sued for.
It is further contended that even though a liability exists against the Rock Island Company for the rentals, according to the terms of the contract, nevertheless there can be no recovery for the increase of §200 for nine months, which was added to the other expense for the purpose of paying off the cost of rebuilding the depot after its destruction by fire. In the finding of facts filed in the trial court it is staled that the stock of the Depot Company was owned by the railway companies for whose benefit the depot facilities were created, and that the union depot was operated by the plaintiff company, not for profit, but for the accommodation and benefit of the railway companies using the same, it being further found that on May 1, 1886, both the Iowa and Kansas Companies became stockholders in and members of the Depot Company. It is provided in the contracts entered into between the Depot and the Railway Companies, including the Iowa and Kansas Companies, that the Depot Company should at all times keep and maintain the depot, yards, tracks, switches, and appurtenances in good order and repair, should protect the property by insurance against loss by fire, the cost to be considered part of
Upon the destruction of the depot building, in February, 1895, the railway companies, including the defendant, continued the use of the depot grounds, temporary arrangements being made for the use of a small building for depot purposes; and the depot company undertook the erection of a new building in place of the one destroyed, and, upon its completion, all the companies, including the defendant, have made use thereof. The sum realized from the insurance upon the building burned was not sufficient to pay the cost of rebuilding, and it became necessary to provide for the deficiency, which was done by adding $200 per month for nine months to the rental to be paid by each company. In other words, the sum needed, in addition to the insurance money, to complete the rebuilding of the depot, was held to be part of the necessary expense of maintaining and repairing the same, the cost of which, under the terms, of the depot contracts, was chargeable against the railway companies as part of the rental to be paid by them. In the contract between the Depot and Kansas Companies, to the obligations of which the defendant company has succeeded, it is expressly agreed that, as part of the rental, the Kansas Company would pay “its proportion of the expenses of maintaining and operating said union depot, and all repairs thereto, and all taxes thereon.” It is certainly clear that the unioni depot could not be properly maintained and operated without a depot building, and hence the contract made provision for the rebuilding of the same in case of destruction by fire. The finding of facts shows that the Depot Company was not run for profit, but simply for the benefit of the railway companies, and the Depot Company had no funds for making repairs, for rebuilding, or for meeting the ordinary expenses of running the depot, and no. means for paying these expenses except by charging them up under the contracts, as part of the rentals to be paid by the railway companies. In view of the peculiar character of the Depot Company and the control over the same exercised by the railway companies, who were in fact the stockholders of the Depot Company, no other conclusion can be drawn than that it was the purpose of the railway companies to have a union depot maintained and operated at St. Joseph for their benefit, this being done, for convenience sake, by organizing a depot company, not for profit’s sake, but to operate the union station; it being further understood that the cost of maintaining, operating, and keeping in repair the
That this veas the view taken of the situation by the parties in interest is clearly established. As already stated, in the contracts between the Depot and Railway Companies the burden was placed on the Depot Company of maintaining and keeping in repair the station property, including provision for rebuilding- the depot in case o£ destruction by fire; but the only means provided for raising the funds necessary to meet such expenses is the agreement that the proper proportionate share should he charged up against each one of the railway companies using the depot facilities, as part of the rental to he paid. The rebuilding of the depot was under charge of an executive committee of three, appointed from the hoard of directors of the Depot Company, these directors being representatives of the railway companies interested in the Depot Company. Prom the finding of facts it appears that, before the completion of the building, it -was ascertained that it would be necessary to raise funds in addition to the insurance money, in order to complete the building; and thereupon the executive committee, of which M. A. Low, the president of the Kansas Company, was a member, sent notices to each of the railway companies to the effect that the necessary sum would be made up by adding §200 for nine months to the rental to be paid by each company. It does not appear that the Ksjnsas Company expressed any dissent to this proposition. All the other companies paid the sum thus assessed against them, the amount chargeable to the Iowa Company being paid by the Rock Island Company, the defendant herein. Thus, it appears that all the railway companies, including the defendant herein, have acquiesced in the practical’ construction put upon the contracts between the Depot and the Railway Companies by the executive committee in charge of the rebuilding of the depot, to the effect that the erection thereof formed part of the repairs of the premises, of which the cost was apportionable between the several railway companies; and it is a familiar rule that when the parties, by (heir own acts, have put a practical construction upon the terms of a contract existing between them, courts will usually adopt and enforce such construction. Chicago v. Sheldon, 9 Wall. 50; Topliff v. Topliff, 122 U. S. 121, 7 Sup. Ct. 1057; District of Columbia v. Gullaher, 124 U. S. 505, 8 Sup. Ct. 585.
But it may be said that the Rock Island Company did not pay the rental assessed against the Kansas Company, and therefore there is no evidence of acquiescence on its part in the construction put upon
Concurrence Opinion
I concur in the result in this case, on the ground that the only question it presents is res adjudicata by the judgment of the circuit court of Buchanan county, Mo., in the action in that court between the parties to this action to collect prior installments of rent under the contract here in suit, which accrued after the purchase by the Rock Island Company of the property of the Kansas Company under the decree of foreclosure. The question is whether or not the claim of the Rock Island Company can be sustained, that, by virtue of the rights and immunities it acquired by that purchase, it was relieved of liability to pay to the Depot Company the rental stipulated in the contract between the Depot Company and the Kansas Company for trains operated over the railroads it acquired from the Kansas Company by that purchase. In the action in the court of Buchanan county the Rock Island Company expressly pleaded this purchase as a defense to the claim of the Depot Company to recover the rents which accrued under the Kansas contract after that purchase, and the judgment of that court was that it must pay them. No such judgment could possibly have been rendered without a finding and decision by that court that the purchase at the foreclosure sale Constituted no defense to the claim of the Depot Company for those rents, and, in my opinion, that adjudication is as complete an estoppel of the Rock Island Company from defending
