267 F. 121 | 6th Cir. | 1920
This writ is to review a judgment in favor of the defendant in error, hereinafter called the plaintiff, against the plaintiffs in error, whom we shall call the defendants, for damages on account of defendant’s refusal to receive and pay for a block of school debentures issued by plaintiff pursuant to alleged contract with defendants for their purchase. The case was tried to the court under written waiver of jury, and judgment rendered upon findings of fact. The legal conclusions based thereon are contained in a written opinion, reported in 255 Fed. 136. The substance of the case is this:
Plaintiff is a body corporate organized under the School Act of the province of Saskatchewan, Dominion of Canada, which act empowers any school district of plaintiff’s class to issue, upon the security of the district, debentures running not more than 20 years and at a rate of interest not exceeding 8 per cent, per annum, for obtaining school sites and the erection and furnishing of school buildings thereon. The required preliminary steps include a declaration by the board of .the advisability of' such borrowing, expressed through a by-law under the corporate seal of the district and in form and effect as prescribed by the minister of education, and a notice of the board’s intention to apply to the minister of education for authority to so borrow to be given to the taxpayers of the district, in a form prescribed by the minister, and to be posted in five or six conspicuous places in the district, to enable a demand — which in the instant case could be made by 20 taxpayers— for a public vote upon the by-law; if no vote is demanded, the board is to transmit to the minister of education a certified copy of the by-law, as well as of the notice to the taxpayers, with proof of its posting, together with a declaration of the assessed value of the real property in the district as shown by the last revised assessment roll, “upon receipt of which” (the act provides), “and upon being satisfied that the several conditions required by this act have been substantially complied with, the minister may in writing authorize the board of trustees -to borrow the sum or sums of money mentioned in the by-law, or a less sum, and issue public notice of authorization in the Saskatchewan Gazette.” The act permits the use of either’ of three forms of debentures, two of which provide for payment “in lawful money of Canada”; the third, in such money or “pounds sterling.” The act further provides that every debenture, before its issue, shall be sent for registration to the minister of education, who, if' satisfied that the
“countersigning by the minister shall be conclusive evidence that the district has been legally constituted and that all the formalities in respect to such loan and the issue of such debenture have been complied with, and the legality of the issue of such debenture shall be thereby conclusively established, and its validity shall not be questionable in any court in Saskatchewan, but the same shall, to the extent of the revenues of the district issuing the same, be a good and indefeasible security in the hands of any bona fide holder thereof.”
On February 14, 1913, plaintiff regularly passed, adopted and sealed what is known as “by-law No. 16,’l which, after reciting the necessity and desirability of borrowing $500,000 on the security of the district for the purpose of building, furnishing, and equipping a new school on each of two named locations, as well as purchasing sites, improving grounds, and making other improvements, including a heating and ventilating system in a third school; and that the sum so borrowed should be repayable to the bearer at the end of 20 years, with interest at the rate of not more than 8 per cent, per annum, enacted (a) that the necessary proceedings be taken under the school act to obtain the sanction of the minister of education to the loan, and (b) that, if the minister should empower the board to borrow the sum mentioned under the act, the debentures of the district (to be issued and executed by the chairman and treasurer of the board) be issued payable to bearer at the time and with not more than the interest above stated. Due notice of this by-law and its purpose was given the public. No poll was demanded, and the board duly transmitted to the minister of education certified copy of the by-law and notice, with proof of posting and declaration of assessed value of real property, whereupon the minister in writing authorized the board to borrow the sum stated, publication of which was duly made in the official gazette. Plaintiff thereupon advertised for tenders.
On April 12, 1913, defendants, who are dealers in bonds at Toledo, Ohio, submitted to plaintiff, in writing, an offer of $475,000 for $500,-000 of 5 per cent, debentures of the district, maturing in 20 years, principal and interest payable in lawful money of the United States at the Bank of Montreal, in either New York or Toronto, Canada, at holder’s option. The offer contained this further provision :
“We will print and deliver to you at Regina at our expense lithographed blank debentures ready lor execution. Prior to our taking up and paying for said debentures, you are to i'urnish us complete transcripts of all proceedings leading up to and culminating in the Issuance of said debentures evidencing their legality to the satisfaction of our attorney. Should our attorneys deem an additional by-law necessary, you are to pass the same.”
On April 16, 1913, at a duly called meeting of the board, defendant’s tender was formally accepted by resolution, which, however, was not under seal. This was plaintiff’s only acceptance through resolution or writing. At the request and instigation of defendants’ agent, who also represented them in making the original tender, the board passed, apparently on the same 16th day of April, a new by-law, numbered 17, prepared by or under the suggestion of this agent, which by
“We will turn same over to our attorneys, and promptly advise you as to the result of their examination.” :-
Defendants asked plaintiff for no further or other legislation, nor for further or other transcripts of plaintiff’s proceedings, nor did they request further or other proceedings by the minister. The records and transcripts so submitted by plaintiff to defendants were by the latter turned over for.purposes of approval to their counsel, who thereafter prepared blank forms of debentures, which defendants on May 21, 1913, sent plaintiff for execution, with detailed instructions (apparently prepared by defendants’ counsel) as to the formalities thereof. The debentures were accordingly executed by plaintiff and countersigned by' the minister of education. The debentures so prepared and executed differed from the terms contained in defendants’ written tender of April 12th only in that they were made payable in lawful money of Canada, instead of lawful money of the United States.
On July 5, 1913, defendants requested plaintiff to forward immediately $100,000 of the debentures to New York for delivery. On July 8th (three days later) defendants first suggested a possible,criticism upon the debentures growing out of this situation: The school act of Saskatchewan provided for two kinds of school districts, viz. “public,” to which class plaintiff belongs, and “separate,” which latter may be established by a minority of the taxpayers in the district, whether Protestant or Roman Catholic, and which, when established, are governed by the same laws as are public schools. Regina also had a “separate” school district. The suggestion of July 8th above mentioned was by way of telegram from defendants to plaintiff, inquiring whether lands liable to assessment for indebtedness on debentures when issued remained liable therefor until the whole of the indebtedness has been paid, or whether it would be released from liability for such indebtedness if thereafter transferred from the present owners to Catholics. To this plaintiff made reply, so far as presently material, that the question raised had not been dealt .with ‘(by our courts here”; that-the lands were “believed to remain liable,” but that the case was “extremely hypothetical,” inasmuch as the assessments of the public school district had for the past 10 years been tén times that of the separate district. It appears from defendants’ reply of July 22d that they had previously been advised by their Canadian counsel that lands
Defendants’ offer to take up the $100,000 of debentures then in New York, without waiving their rights under the contract and without approving the entire issue, was accepted, and the bonds to the extent stated taken and paid for by defendants at the contract rate of 95 cents on the dollar. On August 15th following defendants declined to approve the remaining $400,000 of debentures solely for the reason stated in their letter of July 22d before referred to. Plaintiff thereupon sold the remaining $400,000 of debentures at 90 cents on the dollar. This suit is to recover the 5 per cent, below the price at which defendants were to take them.
The defenses presented below, so far as relied upon here, are: (1) That defendants had the right to rescind for the asserted reason that defendants were induced to make the contract of purchase by representations on plaintiff’s part that the area of the plaintiff district was coextensive with the area of the city of Regina, and that such representations were untrue, in that real estate owned by persons of the Roman Catholic faith, aggregating from 10 to 15 per cent, of the entire area of the city, was not included in plaintiff’s district by reason of which fact the debentures were worth less than 95 cents on the dollar; (2) that defendants’ attorneys did not in fact approve the debentures, and that defendants were thereby relieved from liability under the contract of purchase; (3) that the contract of purchase and sale was void, because plaintiff’s resolution accepting defendants’ tender was not under seal; (4) that the contract was void, because contemplating that the debentures should be payable in lawful money of the United States, which it is asserted was beyond the power of plaintiff board; (5) that by-law No. 17 was invalid, in that no notice for a poll was published.
*126 “it was due to tlie fact that the school officer's spoke with a knowledge of the law of the province on these matters and [defendants’ agent] was in actual, probably, but certainly not in legal, ignorance thereof.”
We agree with the trial judge that—
“The school officers had the right to assume that one there for the purpose of buying debentures understood the laws pertaining to such obligations.”
Defendants’ tender was in legal contemplation made with knowledge of the applicable law of the province. Under well-settled law, they were bound at their peril to inquire into the power of the plaintiff school district to make the contract in question. State v. Minnesota Transfer Railway Co., 80 Minn. 108, 116, 117, 83 N. W. 32, 50 L. R. A. 656.
It is true that under a heading “Information re District,” in a statement prepared by the secretary of the plaintiff board, occur the words, “Area, 7,850 acres; same as city of Regina;” but the statement clearly showed that the “net assessment” of the city was $54,966,142, while the assessed valuation of the property in plaintiff’s school district liable to assessment was $50,711,054. We think the trial judge rightly found that this statement, read in the light of the applicable statutes of the province, was susceptible of but one reasonable construction, viz. that the assessed valuation of the public school district was the amount last stated above, and that the “net assessment” above the'assessed valuation of the school district, viz. $4,255;088, was the valuation of the “separate” school district. Clearly the information disclosed by this statement reasonably put defendant upon inquiry, and there is nothing to indicate that such inquiry would not have disclosed the actual situation to be as just stated. '
In fact, defendants’ refusal to take the remaining $400,000 of debentures was not based on any as.serted misrepresentation of fact, but only upon the existence of a state of law on account of which defendants assumed they had the right to decline to approve the debentures. The conclusion of the trial judge that no misrepresentations of fact were made by plaintiff is sustained.
Surely these facts substantially tend to show actual approval of the legality of the issue by defendants and their counsel (with whom defendants seem to have been in frequent consultation), if, indeed, any other conclusion is reasonably permissible. It would be difficult, if not impossible, to reconcile defendants’ course of dealing in this respect with anything short of an actual approval of the legality of the issue. Words of express approval were not essential; necessary implication was enough. Words could not speak more plainly than did these actions. Whether the ultimate approval was by Canadian or American counsel is not important. Moreover, the only dissatisfaction with the issue expressed by defendants before suit was begun was its lessened market value on account of the provision of the Canadian school law before mentioned. The trial judge’s finding of actual approval of the legality of the debentures must be sustained.
The ultimate conclusion of defendants’ liability was, however, rested largely upon the doctrine of Railroad Co. v. McCarthy, 96 U. S. 267, 24 L. Ed. 693, viz. that neither of the defenses referred to was asserted at the time the contract was repudiated, nor until the filing of answer in the instant suit more than a year later. Apart from the doc
“Where a party gives a reason for his conduct and decision touching anything involved in a controversy, he cannot, after litigation has begun, change his ground, and put his conduct upon another and a different consideration. He is not permitted thus to mend his hold. He is estopped from doing it by a settled principle of law.”
If, as is contended, and as we assume, the stated doctrine of the McCarthy Case is qualified by the requirement that the party urging the estoppel must have been prejudiced by the failure to seasonably assert the defense subsequently made,
The application of the doctrine of the McCarthy Case is clearly in the interest of justice. As found by the minister of education, the debentures substantially complied with the Canadian law. By virtue of their approval by that officer, and under the express provision of the statute, the debentures themselves were enforceable and marketable, and these qualities were in substance what the defendants contracted for. Defendants seem not to have regarded them as illegal, as shown by their acceptance to the extent of $100,000, and their willingness to take the entire issue at a reduction based upon the existence of the separate school district law — a law whose existence, we have already seen, defendants were bound to recognize. This is not a suit upon the bonds, but upon defendants’ contract of purchase.
We think these conclusions not in conflict with Davis v. Wakelee, 156 U. S. 680, 690, et seq., 15 Sup. Ct. 555, 39 L. Ed. 578, nor with decisions of this court in Taenzer v. Railway Co., 191 Fed. 543, 551, 552, 112 C. C. A. 153, and Oakland Co. v. Wolf, 118 Fed. 239, 247, 248, 55 C. C. A. 93. We may add that in view of the history of this case, and without regard to what might otherwise be the situation, we think it not now open to defendants successfully to contend that, because of the provision of the school law which requires all valid action by the board to be adopted at a regular meeting, plaintiff has not become liable on the original contract of purchase and sale, and that defendants may, because of such lack of mutuality of obligation, escape the estoppel otherwise operating against them.
4. It results, from the conclusions we have reached, that there is no force in the proposition urged on oral argument that plaintiff’s petition is insufficient to support a recovery. The petition was not demurred to, and the point in question does not seem to have been raised until after the close of the trial. Moreover, in view of llie facts which appeared upon the trial, it would have been not only the right, but tlie duty, of the court to have permitted amendment, i[ necessary, to meet the proofs. Pennsylvania Co. v. Whitney (C. C. A. 6) 169 Fed. 572, 577, 578, 95 C. C. A. 70. But we think no necessity for such amendment existed.
5. Before suit was begun, defendants offered plaintiff 92 cents on the dollar for the remaining $400,000 of debentures, on the proposition that their market value was a few cents less on account of the Canadian law referred to. It is perhaps not clear from the correspondence whether this offer was absolute, or whether it was conditioned on defendants’ discharge from their contract obligations. If so conditioned, the measure of plaintiff’s damage was not thereby affected. The amount of the award would indicate that the trial judge regarded the offer as conditional. No error is assigned upon this feature of the case, nor is it argued in defendants’ brief. We accordingly disregard it.
A discussion in detail of the numerous propositions presented by brief and oral argument would unduly extend this opinion. We have,
In the recital of necessity, etc., in the preamble to by-law 16, the interest was given at 8 per cent, per annum, payable annually. The words “payable annually” were omitted from the enacting portion. , *
Life Ins. Co. v. Drake (C. C. A. 8) 214 Fed. 536, 547-548, 131 C. C. A. 82; Galle v. Hamburg, etc. (C. C. A. 2) 233 Fed. 424, 425-426, 147 C. C. A. 360.