Plаintiff appeals as of right from two circuit court orders granting summary disposition in favor of defendants. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
Plaintiff was bom on April 7, 1978. In early 1992, she became a temporary ward of the state and was placed in foster care. On June 28, 1993, defendant Teen Ranch, Inc., a child care organization, placed her in the foster home of defendant Annie K. Banks. In her depositiоn, plaintiff testified that twelve people lived in Banks’ home when she moved in, including Banks’ sister and two nephews. 1 There were two other foster children in the home, both teenage girls, who separately ran away from the home in August of 1993. Plaintiff alleged that twenty-three-year-old nephew Tabra Evans lived in the home without the knowledge or permission of Teen Ranch. 2 At the time of the occurrences that form the basis of plaintiff’s complaint, charges of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, felonious assault, and kidnapping were *344 pending against Evans. 3 Plaintiff testified that Banks knew of these charges because the police came to the house looking for Evans on a number of occasions.
In July 1993, approximately two weeks after plaintiff moved into Banks’ home, Evans and plaintiff, who was then fifteen, began engaging in sexual activity. Plaintiff testified that she had not previously had sexual intercourse. According to plaintiff, Evans had tried to convince her to have sexual relations with him throughout the two-week period, threatening that he would commit suicide if she did not consent. She further alleged that everyone in the home was aware that Evans was interested in her because he followed her everywhere she went. They had sexual intercourse five or six times, always in Banks’ house. As a result, plaintiff became pregnant and gave birth to a daughter on April 21, 1994.
Plaintiff admitted in her deposition that she did not directly tell Banks that she had engaged in sexual relations with Evans until November 1993, when she told Banks that she was pregnant. According to plaintiff, Banks then evicted Evans from her home. However, plaintiff also testified that she did tell Banks that Evans was bothering her and “how bad he like got оn my nerves and stuff and she wouldn’t do anything about it.” Plaintiff stated that she asked Banks to tell Evans to leave her alone “and she would tell him something like Tabra, leave that girl alone. But then it wouldn’t work, he would still bother me.” According to plaintiff, Banks knew about the sexual relationship before plaintiff told Banks that she was *345 pregnant, and she cited facts in support of this allegation. Plaintiff also alleged that when Banks learned thаt plaintiff was pregnant, she asked plaintiff not to tell Teen Ranch because she would lose her foster care license. Banks also told plaintiff that she would arrange for an abortion, but plaintiff decided to continue her pregnancy. A report on plaintiffs progress prepared on November 24, 1993, by Teen Ranch noted that a twenty-three-year-old nephew of Banks had shown interest in plaintiff. The report further noted that plaintiff “denies any interest in the young man, but the foster parent has found evidence that supports otherwise. This 23 year old nephew has been told that he cannot pursue a relationship with [plaintiff], and [plaintiff] understands that it is inappropriate.”
Plaintiff filed a complaint, with her biological mother acting as her next friend, alleging that both defendants were negligent in their care of hеr. Defendant Teen Ranch moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (10), arguing that it had absolute immunity from private lawsuits for negligence under this Court’s ruling in
Martin v Children’s Aid Society,
This Court reviews a circuit court’s grant or denial of summary disposition de novo to determine if the
*346
moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Brown v Genessee Co Bd of Comm’rs,
On appeal, defendant Teen Ranch again contends that it has absolute immunity against any negligence in its placement and supervision of plaintiff in defendant Banks’ home under this Court’s ruling in Martin, supra. We agree. In Martin, the plaintiffs’ child was made a temporary ward of the court. The Department of Social Services had contracted with the Children’s Aid Society (CAS), a private organization, to care for neglected and abused children. The CAS placed the plaintiffs’ daughter in a foster home. The plaintiffs filed a lawsuit against the CAS, claiming they had been wrongly separated from their child. The circuit court denied the CAS’s motion for summary disposition on the basis of absolute immunity but granted the motion on other grounds. On cross appeal, this Court noted that federal courts had already “extended absolute immunity to social workers initiating and mоnitoring child placement proceedings and placements.” Id. at 95. The Court agreed with the CAS that “absolute immunity is necessary to assure that our important child protection system can continue to function effectively.” Id. at 97.
*347 In the present case, the circuit court specifically cited the following language from Martin:
These [federal] precedents recognize the important role that social workers play in court proceedings to determine when to remove a child from the home and how long to maintain the child in foster care. They also recognize that, to do that difficult job effectively, social workers must be allowed to act without fear of intimidating or harassing lawsuits by dissatisfied or angry parents. [Id. at 96.]
The court found that Martin was binding precedent and controlled the outcome of Teen Ranch’s motion for summary disрosition. We agree with the circuit court and affirm its grant of summary disposition to Teen Ranch based on its absolute immunity from tort liability arising from its placement and supervision of plaintiff.
Defendant Banks similarly contends that she is entitled to absolute immunity as a foster parent. She relies on MCL 722.163(1); MSA 25.358(63)(1), the foster parent immunity statute, which provides in pertinent part:
A foster child may maintain an action against his or her foster parеnt who is licensed under Act No. 116 of the Public Acts of 1973, being sections 722.111 to 722.128 of the Michigan Compiled Laws, and a child may maintain an action against his or her legal guardian for injuries suffered as a result of the alleged ordinary negligence of the foster parent or legal guardian except in either of the following instances:
(a) If the alleged negligent act involves an exercise of reasonable pаrental authority over the child.
(b) If the alleged negligent act involves an exercise of reasonable parental discretion with respect to the provision of food, clothing, housing, medical and dental services, and other care.
*348 Banks contends that the acts alleged by plaintiff involve the exercise of reasonable parental authority or, in the alternative, an exercise of reasonable parental discretion with respect to housing arrangements, and as such plaintiff cannot maintain her lawsuit.
Although the foster parent immunity statute has not previously been construed in a published appellate opinion, the courts of this state have dealt extensively with parental immunity. In general, parental immunity has been abolished by case law in this state, and parents are not immune frоm lawsuits brought by their minor children alleging negligence. Two exceptions to this general rale, however, have been recognized. In
Plumley v Klein,
A child may maintain a lawsuit against his parent for injuries suffered as a result of the alleged ordinary negligence of the parent. Like our sister states, however, we note two exceptions to this new rule of law: (1) whеre the alleged negligent act involves an exercise of reasonable parental authority over the child; and (2) where the alleged negligent act involves an exercise of reasonable parental discretion with respect to the provision of food, clothing, housing, medical and dental services, and other care.
This is the same language used by the Legislature to describe the immunity of foster parents. We therefore find judicial interpretation of the two exceptions to the abolishment of parental immunity instructive in our analysis of the immunity granted to a foster parent.
In determining whether a defendant was exercising reasonable parental authority, the question to be answered is not whether the defendant acted negli
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gently, but whether the alleged act reasonably fell within one оf the
Plumley
exceptions.
Phillips v Deihm,
In Phillips, supra, the plaintiff brought an action against his grandfather, Duwayne, and his grandfather’s wife, Opal, for sexual abuse inflicted upon him by Duwayne over an eight-year period. Opal was named as a defendant because she allegedly was aware of the abuse but took no action to prevent it. The plaintiff argued on appeal that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion for a directed verdict with regard to the issue of Opal’s parental immunity. This Court agreed, noting that Opal would be immune from liability if she “was еxercising reasonable parental authority over plaintiff.” Id. at 395. The Court found, however, that if the plaintiff’s allegations were true, Opal’s failure to act could constitute criminal neglect. Id. at 396. Opal had a statutory duty to intervene to eliminate any unreasonable risk to the plaintiff of sexual abuse if she had actual knowledge of the risk or if she should have had such knowledge. MCL 722.622(d)(ii); MSA 25.248(2)(d)(ii). The Court considered Opal’s alleged failure to act on the plaintiff’s behalf to be child neglect, which is “not a reasonable exercise of parental discretion. As a *350 matter of law, Opal is not entitled to the defense of parental immunity.” Phillips, supra at 396. The Court further held that “a person over eighteen years of age who is responsible for a child, as defined by [MCL 722.622(i); MSA 25.248(i)], has a duty to act reasonably to prevent the sexual abuse оf that child.” Phillips, supra at 398.
In the present case, Banks argues that plaintiff has alleged negligent supervision, and she is therefore entitled to immunity. In her complaint, plaintiff alleges that Banks allowed her adult nephew, who “had a propensity of engaging in criminal sexual conduct,” to reside in her home without the permission of Teen Ranch while plaintiff was living in the home as a foster child. Plaintiff further alleges that the nephew cоmmitted repeated criminal sexual conduct with her, in violation of MCL 750.520b; MSA 28.788(2) and MCL 750.520c; MSA 28.788(3), and that Banks knew or should have known that her adult nephew and foster child were engaging in sexual relations in her home. We believe that plaintiff’s allegations, which we accept as true for the purpose of this determination, actually sound in child neglect rather than negligent supervision.
The Child Protection Law, MCL 722.621 et seq.; MSA 25.248(1) et seq., includes the following definition of child neglect:
“Child neglect" means harm or threatened harm to a child’s health or welfare by a parent, legal guardian, or any other person responsible for the child’s health or welfare that occurs through either of the following:
(i) Negligent treatment, including the failure to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, or medical care.
*351 (ü) Placing a child at an unreasonable risk to the child’s health or welfare by failure of the parent, legal guardian, or any other person responsible for the child’s health or welfare to intervene to eliminate that risk when that person is able to do so and has, or should have, knowledge of the risk. [MCL 722.622(d); MSA 25.248(2)(d).]
As summarized by this Court in
Michigan Ass’n of Intermediate Special Ed Administrators v Dep’t of Social Services,
As plaintiff’s foster parent, Banks was an adult who had responsibility for plaintiff within the definition of MCL 722.622®; MSA 25.248®. She therefore had “a duty to act reasonаbly to prevent the sexual abuse” of plaintiff. See Phillips, supra at 398. Moreover, Banks had a statutory duty to eliminate the risk of her adult nephew engaging in sexual conduct with plaintiff if she knew or should have known of the risk. MCL 722.622(d)(ü); MSA 25.248(2)(d)(ii). Plaintiff has alleged that Banks knew or should have known that her nephew was repeatedly engaging in criminal sexual conduct in her own home with her foster child. In reviewing the grant of summary disposition to Banks, this Court must accept as true all of plaintiff’s well-pleaded allegations and construe them in a light most *352 favorable to plaintiff as the nonmoving party. McKeen, supra at 723. Taken in a light most favorable to plaintiff, plaintiff has alleged facts sufficient to establish child neglect, which as a matter of law is not a reasonable exercise of parental discretion. Phillips, supra at 396. The circuit court therefore erred in granting summary disposition under the first exception to the abrogation of foster parent immunity.
Banks argues in the alternative that she is entitled to immunity under the second exception in MCL 722.163(1); MSA 25.358(63)(1), which provides immunity for an exercise of reasonable parental discretion with respect to the provision of food, clothing, housing, medical and dental services, and other care. Banks contends that “[a] foster parent may decide how the living quarters will be arranged and maintained and who will enter the home without being subject to liability.”
In arguing that the second exception to the abrogation of parental immunity applies, Banks points to two opinions in which this Court found that the second
Plwmley
exception applied. In
Thelen v Thelen,
We hold that in this case defendant’s alleged negligent act fell within the second еxception and that he was entitled to immunity. Defendant’s decision to keep the swimming pool on the property, as well as defendant’s decision to build the gate and his subsequent acts in building the gate, was an exercise of reasonable parental discretion regarding the provision of housing for defendant’s family. [Id. at 506-507.]
We distinguish the present case on its facts from the two cited by Banks. The cited cases involve the purchase and maintenance of a dog in the family home and the construction of a gate around a pool in the backyard. We do not find these cases analogous to allowing an adult male relative with pending criminal sexual conduct charges to stay in one’s licensed foster care home, without informing the placement agency. Moreover, accepting plaintiff’s allegations as true, defendant knew or should have known that her nephew was engaging in repeated criminal sexual conduct with her foster child. We do not find the facts as alleged by plaintiff to be “an exercise of reasonable parental discretion with respect to the provision of food, clothing, housing, medical and dental *354 services, and other care.” Plumley, supra at 8. Therefore, we find that the alleged conduct also does not fall within the second Plumley exception to the abrogation of parental immunity, and summary disposition granted on that ground would also have been inappropriate.
Although we hold that plaintiff’s allegations do not fall within one of the statutory exceptions, we recognize that foster parents provide an important public service in caring for children in need of the state’s protection. We wish to encourage rather than discourage citizens to take on this essential function. The Legislature has acknowledged this role in specifically granting foster parents the same measure of immunity from tort liability as that granted by case law to natural and adoptive parents. MCL 722.163(1); MSA 25.358(63)(1). That measure of immunity is not, however, total. The courts of this state have in fact generally abolished parental immunity, while carving out two specific exceptions to the general rule of abrogation. A parent or foster parent is immune only when the alleged negligent act involves an exercise of reasonable parental authority or when the alleged negligent act involves an exercise of reasonable parental discretion with respect to the provision of such things as food, clothing, and housing. Plumley, supra at 8; MCL 722.163(1); MSA 25.358(63)(1). In no othеr circumstances is a parent or foster parent immune from liability for negligence alleged by minor children or foster children. Moreover, our Legislature and courts have also emphasized the necessity of caregivers providing protection from sexual abuse to minors for whom they are responsible. Phillips, supra at 398; MCL 722.622(d)(ii); MSA 25.248(2)(d)(ii). As a soci *355 ety, we take these vulnerable children and place them in the homes of strangers. We have to know that they will be safe. Considering this important public policy, we cannot grant immunity to foster parents, parents, or other responsible adults in circumstances involving the sexual abuse of a minor when the caregiver knew or should have known of the abuse and did nothing to prevent it.
Because defendant Banks cannot avail herself of the defense of immunity under MCL 722.163(1); MSA 25.358(63)(1), we must determine whether plaintiff has alleged an ordinary negligence cause of action against Banks that will survive her motion for summary disposition. To establish a prima facie case of negligence, a plaintiff must introduce evidence sufficient to establish that (1) the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff, (2) the defendant breached that duty, (3) the defendant’s breach was a proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries, and (4) the plaintiff suffered damages. Phillips, supra at 397. Whether a defendant owes an actionable legal duty to a plaintiff is a question of law. Id. As plaintiff’s foster parent, defendant Banks had a duty to act reasonably to prevent the sexual activity between her minor foster child and her adult nephew. MCL 722.622(d)(ii); MSA 25.248(2)(d)(ii). Whether Banks breached her duty to plaintiff is a question of fact for a jury and is not an appropriate consideration for summary disposition. MCR 2.116(C)(10); Phillips, supra at 398.
We аffirm the circuit court’s grant of summary disposition to defendant Teen Ranch. We reverse the grant of summary disposition to defendant Banks and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
Notes
Although plaintiff’s complete deposition was not in the lower court record provided to this Court, the circuit judge indicated at the hearing on defendants’ motions for summary disposition that she had “read every page” of plaintiffs deposition. We thus consider this evidence part of the record on which the circuit judge relied in rendering her decision.
In her deposition, defendant Banks denied that Evans lived in her home, indicating that he visited and occasionally stayed overnight.
Evans apparently was arrested for these charges in December 1993. He was later convicted of all three charges and sentenced to a prison term.