202 F. 82 | 4th Cir. | 1912
The complainant is' a’ New Jersey corporation. It is engaged in the trading stamp business. It will be referred to as the Stamp Company. The respondent is the State Tax Commissioner of West Virginia. He will be called the Commissioner.
In the court below the Stamp Company sought to have the Commissioner enjoined from enforcing against it a state law imposing a license tax upon persons or corporations engaged in the trading stamp business. The amount of this tax is $500 for each county in which the business is carried on. In any case in which the state imposes an occupation tax, the city of Charleston is authorized by law to levy for municipal purposes a like amount on any one following such occupation within the corporate limits. Charleston has availed itself of this permission. In consequence state and city together exact of the Stamp Company $1,000 per annum for the privilege of carrying on business in that place.
In its bill of complaint the Stamp Company says that these exac-tions, though made in the guise of taxes, are not intended to raise revenue, but to prevent the carrying on of the trading stamp business. It alleges that such business is. a legitimate one; that the Legislature cannot directly forbid it; that what the Legislature cannot do directly it may not accomplish by indirection. To the Stamp Company’s bill the Commissioner demurred. The demurrer was argued before Circuit Judge Pritchard and Distinct Judges Keller and Dayton. It was sustained. The Stamp Company elected to stand on the bill without seeking to amend it. It was thereupon dismissed. The appeal to this court followed.
The eleventh paragraph of the bill of complaint reads as follows:
“Complainant further alleges that the State Tax Commissioner of West Virginia on or about the 20th day of April, 1908, notified complainant that it would have to pay the state license tax of $500 for conducting its business in said county of Kanawha, and thereafter, by agreement with said State Tax Commissioner, complainant filed in the circuit court of Kanawha county a bill in equity praying that the sheriff of Kanawha county be restrained and enjoined from taking any action to enforce said state license tax for said county on the ground that said license tax law was unconstitutional. To this bill a demurrer was filed. The judge of said court sustained the demurrer, and complainant appealed to the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia, which affirmed the decision.”
The Commissioner says that this allegation shows that in a proceeding to which both the Stamp Company and himself were parties the issue here raised had been previously adjudged against it by a court of competent jurisdiction, whose judgment in the premises still stands unreversed and unmodified.
“It is said that the question here presented was one of general jurisprudence involving the rights of citizens of different states, and that the Circuit Court was not bound to accept the views of the state court, but was at liberty, indeed, under a duty, to follow its own independent judgment as to the legal rights of the parties. Burgess v. Seligman, 107 U. S. 20 [2 Sup. Ct. 10, 27 L. Ed. 359]. If it were true that the question was in whole or in part one of general law, the'thing adjudged by the state court when properly brought to the attention of the Circuit Court would still be conclusive between the same parties or their privies. Whatever may be the nature of a question presented for judicial determination — whether depending on federal, general, or local law — if it be embraced by the issues made, its determination by a court having jurisdiction of the parties and of the subject-matter binds the parties and their privies so long as the judgment remains unmodified or unreversed.”
In the argument at this bar the Stamp Company said that the demurrer was sustained in the state court because the bill therein did not show some of the facts set forth in the bill now before this court. Even so, “the general rule of the extent of the bar is not only what was pleaded or litigated, but what could have been pleaded or litigated.” Northern Pacific Ry. Co. v. Slaght, supra. The Stamp Company in argument claims that it could not have pleaded in the state court many of the facts set forth in the bill in the case at bar because those facts were not then known to it Moreover, it says that it could not then have had knowledge of them because they happened since the beginning of the proceedings in the state court. When ft filed its bill in the state tribunal, it'had been in business in West Virginia but a short while. It could not, it contends, then have alleged the relation borne by the tax to the profits realized from its business or realizable therefrom. In strictness it is unnecessary to consider whether, if such contention were well founded, the decree in the state court would
The Supreme Court of Appeals understood the bill before it as alleging that the Stamp Company if it was required to pay the tax could not carry on its business in Charleston, Kanawha county, at a profit. What that bill said was that the Stamp Company’s total receipts from its business in that county was or would be $7,500. If it paid the tax, its expenditures would be $7,665. With the bill in the pending case were filed certaifi exhibits. From them it appears that in a period of a little over three years the Stamp Company’s receipts in Charleston aggregated $19,800.54, its expenditures $21,291.40. Of these expenditures $1,500 were on account of the tax'now assailed, and an additional $i,000 on account of the municipal tax levied by an ordinance of the city of Charleston. These figures do not differ widely enough from those before the state court to justify us in assuming that had they been before that court its conclusion would have been different from that at which it in fact arrived. The figures in the exhibits when analyzed do not show that the tax is prohibitory. During the part of the calendar year 1908 in which it was carrying on business in Charleston, and during the whole year of 1909, its receipts footed up $8,064.-97. Its expenditures, exclusive of either the state or municipal license tax, were $8,913.64. That is to say, if it had paid no such tax, it would still have lost $848.67. In 1911 its receipts were $5,481.65. Its expenditures, other than those for license taxes, $3,881.95. That is to 'say, but for the tax it would have made a profit of $1,599.70. The state tax which is here assailed is $500 per year. The municipal tax is of a like amount. The Stamp Company could during the year 1911 have paid both these taxes, and still have cleared $599.70, which is about 10 per cent, of its gross receipts. So far as these figures show
In short, none of the figures contained in the exhibits present the situation in any different aspect from that depicted by the state court bill. Indeed, they weaken, rather than strengthen, the contention there and here made that the Stamp Company will be unable to pay the tax. The allegations contained in this bill to the effect that the license taxes were not equal and uniform, but were discriminative, especially with regard to persons engaged in the advertising business and- with regard to general merchants selling merchandise, and others, and were excessive, unreasonable, unjust, oppressive, and prohibitory, were distinctly made in the bill in the state court. The Supreme Court of Appeals, in the course of its opinion, said that the Stamp Company did not say that other persons might not be able to carry on the business at a profit. It merely alleged that it could not. In the present bill the Stamp Company says that other trading stamp concerns had tried to pay the tax and do business in West Virginia, and that they had, one and all, given it up as unprofitable. It asserts that none could succeed where it failed, and that it would be successful when many or most others would go to the wall. It explains that it feels justified in so stating because it has had a wider experience and has abler management and larger capital than any other person or corporation in the same business. These facts, if they be such, were all known to the Stamp Company when it filed its bill in the state court.
The final judgment on the demurrer, so long as it stands unreversed, forecloses here not only what was litigated in the other case, but what might have been. In the litigation in the state courts the Stamp Company had expressly charged that the license tax deprived it of rights secured to it by the Constitution of the United States. The highest court of West Virginia decided against this claim. The Stamp Company could, if it had seen fit, have taken the case to the Supreme Court of the United States. It did not do so. Instead, it went into a lower federal court, and asked that court, in effect, to reverse the judgment of the Supreme Court of Appeals of the state.
The reasons why a lower federal court should not do what the Circuit Court for the Southern District of West Virginia is asked to do in this case are so obvious that such action never should be taken if it can be avoided without denying to the parties before the court the rights to which they are clearly entitled. If the litigants in the federal
The court below could not for these reasons have granted any of the relief for which the Stamp Company asked even had it supposed that the Stamp Company would have been entitled to such relief had it not been for the adverse decision of the state court. If, however, that judgment were out of the way, it would nevertheless be difficult to sustain the Stamp Company’s contention. The tax, of which the Stamp Company complains, was not imposed by a special act aimed at the trading-stamp business exclusively. On the other hand, the provision imposing it is a part of one section, of a lengthy act dealing with some 23 different occupations and businesses. The act was itself a part of a series of measures which together apparently recast a large part, if not the entire, tax code of the state. They were all passed at a single special session of the state Legislature held in August, 1904. This revision of the taxing system of the state was seemingly the principal purpose of the Legislature coming together at all at that time. So far as form and manner go, the presumption that this was in truth and in fact intended as a taxing measure is strong. It is true that of the other 23 occupations dealt with, some, such as the business of dealing in intoxicating liquors, may be lawfully prohibited altogether because of the dangers to which it is supposed that they may subject public morality and order; others, such as that of hawkers and peddlers, may require regulation and restriction. That of stock and merchandise brokers would not ordinarily be classed in such a category. Their business would appear to be as legitimate and at least as necessary as that of vendors of trading stamps. This same act imposes the franchise taxes which are levied on corporations doing business in the state. There can be no question that this last-named provision is a revenue measure pure and simple.
The bill states that this act had been on the statute books of West Virginia for more than three years before the Stamp Company first sought to do business in the state.. It is a foreign corporation. The business which it undertook to do was purely intrastate. The state had the right to say that it should not do business in Wes.t Virginia at all. It could have said so without assigning any reason for so saying, nor would the motive which led the Legislature so to say have been material. Security Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Prewitt, 202 U. S. 246, 26 Sup. Ct. 619, 50 L. Ed. 1013, 6 Ann. Cas. 317.
According to the contention of the Stamp Company, the Legislature by imposing the license tax intended to prohibit the trading stamp business in West Virginia. If that business is one which the Legislature
“The general legislative purpose is plain, and the intention to prohibit this particular business cannot properly bo imputed from the amount of tax payable by those embarked in it even if we were,at liberty on this record to go into that subject.” Williams v. Fears, 179 U. S. 275, 21 Sup. Ct. 130, 45 L. Ed. 186.
“What the necessity is for such tax and upon what occupations it shall be imposed, as well as the amount of the imposition, are exclusively within the control of the state Legislature. So long as there is no discrimination against citizens of other states, the amount and necessity of the tax are not open to criticism here.” Kehrer v. Stewart, 197 U. S. 60, 25 Sup. Ct. 403, 49 L. Ed. 663.
In Postal Telegraph Co. v. Charleston, 153 U. S. 699, 14 Sup. Ct. 1097, 38 L. Ed. 671, a license fee of $500 was exacted of 'the com plainant by the city of Charleston, S. C. The company said that, if li
"This is a hardship, if such exists, that is not within our province to redress. If business done wholly within the state is within the taxing power of the state, the courts of the United States cannot review or correct the action of the state in the exercise of that power.”
A still more thorough examination of the philosophy of the whole question was made by the Supreme Court of the United States in McCray v. United States, 195 U. S. 27, 24 Sup. Ct. 769, 49 L. Ed. 78, 1 Ann. Cas. 561. There the validity of the 10 cents a pound tax on colored oleomargarine was assailed. It was said there, as it is - said here, that the purpose of the measure was not to raise revenue, but to prohibit the manufacture and sale of oleomargarine. The article, the dealing in which was said to be prohibited, was one which the states had a perfect right to permit to be sold. In that case it was held that Congress had the right to levy excise taxes, just as here it must be held that West Virginia had the right to levy occupation taxes. The court said:
“It is, however, argued if a lawful power may be exerted for an unlawful purpose, and thus by abusing the power, it may be made to accomplish a result not intended by the Constitution, all limitations of power must disappear, and the grave function lodged in the judiciary, to confine all the departments within the authority conferred by the Constitution, will be of no avail. This, when reduced to its last analysis, comes to this: That, because a particular department of the government may exert its lawful powers with the object or motive of reaching an end not justified, therefore it becomes the duty of the judiciary to restrain the exercise of a lawful power wherever it seems to the judicial mind that such lawful power has been abused. But this reduces itself to the contention that, under our constitutional system, the abuse by one department of the government of its lawful powers is to be corrected by the abuse of its powers by another department.”
The court went on to say:
“It is, of course, true, as suggested, that if there be no authority in the judiciary to restrain a lawful exercise of power by another department of the government, where a wrong motive or purpose has impelled to the exertion of the power, that abuses of a power conferred may be temporarily effectual. The remedy for this, however, lies, not in the abuse by the judicial authority of its functions, but in the people, upon whom, after all, under our institutions, reliance must be placed for the correction of abuses committed in the exercise of a lawful power.”
The court cited with approval Austin v. Aldermen, 7 Wall, 694, 19 L. Ed. 224, to the effect that:
“The right of taxation, where it exists, is necessarily unlimited in its nature. It carries with it inherently the power to embarrass and destroy.”
The Constitution of the United States effectively prevents many forms of injustice, even when perpetrated under the guise of legislative acts. • It does not prevent all of them. It cannot, without substituting the judicial for the legislative judgment and discretion in some matters in which'the public weal requires that the legislative, rather than the judicial, decision shall be conclusive.
All that has been said has been said upon the supposition that the
Assuming, but not deciding, that the Legislature has no power to prohibit such a business, it still follows from what has been heretofore said that the decree of the court below sustaining the demurrer and dismissing the bill was right, and must be affirmed.
