17 Wash. 514 | Wash. | 1897
The opinion of the court was delivered by
The respondent James Spencer and Laura Spencer, formerly Laura Terrel, were married on August. 9, 1885. Of that marriage there was no issue, and Laura Spencer died on the 28th day of July, 1893. The appellant ISTettie Terrell is the daughter of Laura Spencer by a former husband, and a minor appearing in this case by H. D. Andrews, her guardian. The complaint of the respondent Spencer alleges in substance that at the time he was married to Laura Spencer she had no separate property; that he had a certain tract of real estate; that some three years after the marriage, viz.: in 1888, he purchased of Mary M. Jackson, Lenna Jackson and Robert Jackson, heirs at law of William M. Jackson, deceased, certain described lands; that at the time of the purchase, one of the Jackson heirs had not arrived at the age of majority, and that he took a bond for a.deed; that afterwards, when the legal title could be passed, the deed to said real property was made in the name of Laura Spencer, his wife; that he paid for said property ont of the proceeds of the
It is contended by the appellant that the testimony of the plaintiff was incompetent, under the statutes (Code Proc., § 1646), which provides that—
“ in an action or proceeding where the adverse party sues or defends as executor, administrator, or legal representative of any deceased person, or as deriving right or title by, through or from any deceased person, or as the guardian or conservator of the estate of auy insane person, or of any minor under the age of fourteen years, then a party in interest or to the record shall not be admitted to testify in his own behalf as to any transaction had by him with or any statement made to him by any such deceased or in*519 sane person, or by any such minor under the age of fourteen years.”
The testimony of the plaintiff was to the effect that he paid for this land with his separate means; that the deed was made to his wife; that his wife had no separate property at all excepting forty dollars, and that they did not accumulate any community property during coverture. It is contended by the respondent that this was not testifying with relation to any transactions with the deceased, but we are inclined to think that in substance it was. The complaint alleges that the deed to the property was made to Laura Spencer in trust for the plaintiff, and if there is any force or efficacy to plaintiff’s testimony at all, it must be for the purpose of establishing the fact alleged in the complaint that the true transaction was the receiving of ihe deed by the deceased Laura in trust for the plaintiff. If it would be incompetent, as it surely would under the statute, for the plaintiff to testify that the deed was not what it purported on its face to be, but that it was in reality a deed in trust for his benefit, then it would be incompetent to allow him by indirection to prove that which the law would not allow him directly to testify to, viz.: the real transaction between the parties; because, if this deed was given to Laura in trust for James, it must have been given in a transaction to which she was a party. ETettie Terrel’s defense, if she has any defense, is derived through the interest of Laura Spencer, the deceased, in this property, and hence, we think that the plaintiff was not a competent witness in his own behalf to prove any fact tending to establish this trust, which would deprive the defendant ETettie Terrel of her interest in the estate. The rule is announced as follows in the 29 Am. & Eng. Ene. Law, p. Y34:
“ In an action against the heir of a deceased person to*520 establish and enforce an alleged resulting trust in favor of the plaintiff, he is not a competent witness in his own behalf to prove transactions with the defendant’s ancestor which tend to establish the trust;” citing many eases to sustain the text.
It is contended by the respondent that the cases cited and relied upon by the appellant are from states where the community property law is not in force; that in those cases the grantee in the deed was presumed to be the legal, individual owner of the property conveyed; while the presumption of law, in the absence of evidence in the case at bar, is that the property was the property of the community and not that of Laura Spencer in whose name it stands of record. ¥e hardly see how the respondent can obtain any comfort from this reasoning, for it is the claim of the appellant here that this property is community property and not that it is the séparate property of Laura Spencer, and the presumption of law as stated by the respondent would be logically in favor of appellant’s contention.
One of the cases cited by appellant, viz.: that of Johnston v. Johnston, 138 Ill. 385 (21 N. E. 930), it is claimed by the respondent, is not in point, for the reason that an actual transaction was testified to by the party in interest in that case. There it was held that where the husband buys property and has it conveyed to his wife under a verbal agreement that she shall deed it to him, but she dies without doing so, and he brings suit against the infant daughter, the wife’s sole heir, to have the title decreed in himself, he is incompetent as a witness to the transaction between himself and wife under the statute declaring that in actions by or against the representatives of a decedent, the survivor shall not give evidence of the transactions by the decedent. After holding a trust void for other reasons, the court in that case said:
*521 “ But the complainant was clearly an incompetent witness. The opposite party defended as heir of her deceased mother, and he testified in his own behalf and at his own instance.”
The testimony, as reported in that case, goes beyond a particular transaction and is as broad as the testimony of the plaintiff in this case.
In Wolf v. Wolf, 158 Pa. St. 621 (28 Atl. 164), it was held that where defendants claimed that their father, from whom they derived title, was a tenant in common with plaintiff, who was his brother, and that parol partition was made between them, plaintiff was not a competent witness, under the statute which is substantially the statute under discussion here.
In Johnson v. Quarles, 46 Mo. 423, it was held that in a suit against the heirs of a deceased person for certain lands, on the claim that said estate had been purchased by deceased with the money of plaintiff and without his consent, the testimony of claimant as to money advanced deceased, and other facts touching the purchase, would be incompetent under the statute pertaining to witnesses.
In Burleigh v. White, 64 Me. 23, it was held that the plaintiff in a bill in equity who prosecutes against the administrator and heirs of a deceased person, is precluded from testifying except in respect to such facts as are testified to by the administrator or heirs or in reference to such books or other memoranda of the deceased as they put in, and the court in its expressed opinion very well answers the objections raised by argument of the respondent, that injustice would frequently be done by their allowing the character of testimony admitted in this case. The court says:
“ The doubt expressed by Chancellor Kent in Boyd v. McLean, 1 Johns. Ch. 582, whether parol evidence ever*522 ought to have been admitted to establish a resulting trust, in view of the danger and uncertainty of this mode of proof and its tendency to induce perjury and consequent insecurity of paper and record titles, weighs heavily against the admission of the testimony of a party to the suit seeking to establish such trust when the testimony of the party originally adversely concerned, cannot be had because of his death, and his representatives and heirs are thus without the means of meeting a claim, which may be purely fictitious, by any direct evidence. We regard the limitations imposed by our legislature upon the right of parties to testify in suits where the heirs and representatives of deceased persons are parties, as eminently wise and just. It is better that a negligent man should occasionally suffer a loss which he has in part at least deserved by his carelessness, than to subject the property of all to the machinations of the numerous horde of unscrupulous adventurers in litigation at such an evident disadvantage. Hor are we inclined to relax in any degree the rule adverted to in most of the cases that in order to establish a resulting trust by parol evidence, the proof must be full, clear'and convincing. Obviously a claim so inconsistent with the tenor and ordinary effect of deeds conveying real estate ought not to be allowed except upon proof sufficient to satisfy a reasonable mind of its validity.”
While there are some cases holding that circumstances tending to establish the resulting trust may be testified to by the parties in interest, we are satisfied that the great weight of authority is the other way; and all the cases insist, as did the court in the case just above cited, that the evidence must be clear, explicit and convincing. Even if the testimony of the witness in this case were admissible, there is not sufficient proof in this regard to establish the fact that the deed was given in trust for the plaintiff. He was careful not to testify to anything except the fact that the land in question was paid for with his own money. So far as the testimony of the plaintiff was concerned, it might have been a gift to the wife, or for the benefit of some one
“ Question. You may go ahead and state if you had any conversation, or if there was any requests, whether or not there was any requests made to you by Mrs. Spencer before these deeds were made out.
“ (Objected to and overruled.)
“Answer. Yes.
“ Q. Your answer was she did?
“A. Yes, sir.
“ Q. Did she give any reason?
“A. I understood that it was to keep his first wife from getting anything out of the property.”
There was no cross-examination, and this was all the testimony of Mrs. Jackson. There is nothing here to indicate that this property was to be held by her for the benefit of the plaintiff, or that the property spoken of was the property in dispute. In fact the testimony is scarcely worthy of consideration and really establishes no fact at issue in the ease. The testimony of Mrs. "Warner, the only other witness, was as follows:
“ Question. Mrs. Warner, what relation do you bear to the plaintiff in this case?
“Answer. Plaintiff is my brother.
“ Q. Was you acquainted with Mrs. Spencer during her life time?
“A. Yes, sir.
*524 “ Q. You may state, Mrs. Warner, whether you had any conversation with Mrs. Spencer during her life time, and how long it was before her death, in regard to taking any deeds which she received of property in Castle Rock.
“A. Yes, sir; in May she was down to my house on a visit, in May before she died in July. We were talking about property and she said, ‘ Our property is all in my name, and some day I intend to have it fixed up different.’
“ Q. How long before her death was this?
“A. That was in May; she died in July.”
It would seem that such testimony as this was scarcely worthy of comment. It cannot be possible that under any authority the sanctity which attaches to a solemn instrument like a deed could be swept aside and destroyed by indefinite testimony of this ldnd. Nor would it be-in accordance with justice, even admitting the testimony of the plaintiff, that he had paid for this property out of his separate estate, to allow such testimony, coupled with indefinite expressions used by the last two witnesses, to overcome the solemn declarations of a deed, and to overcome the other suspicious circumstances in this case that the husband, years after the execution of this deed to- his wife and after her death, had solemnly announced in a formal petition to the superior court that the property scheduled, which embraced the property in litigation here, was community property, and had asked to be appointed, and was appointed, administrator of said community property.
But it is contended by the respondent that he was entitled to a judgment on the pleadings, under the rule announced by this court in Seattle National Bank v. Carter, 13 Wash. 281 (43 Pac. 331), and that the judgment of the court was probably based upon the pleadings rather than upon the testimony. An examination of the answer convinces us that it does not fall within the rule announced in the case above cited. While there is some considerable
The judgment will he reversed and the cause remanded with instructions to the lower court to enter a decree declaring the property to he the community property of Laura Spencer and James Spencer, and awarding costs to the defendant.
Scott, O. J., and Beavis, J., concur.
Andebs, J., concurs in the result.