Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the Court, in which
We withdraw our opinion of June 30, 1993, substitute the following in its stead, and overrule respondent’s motion for rehearing.
The issue we address in this case is whether error in the instruction accompanying a jury question on liability for an “unfair practice in the business of insurance” made the question immaterial or merely defective. If the question is immaterial, the trial court properly disregarded the jury’s affirmative аnswer and rendered judgment notwithstanding the verdict for the defendant. But if the question and instruction are merely defective, defendant is entitled only to a new trial. The court of appeals held that the jury question was immaterial and affirmed the trial court’s judgment.
As proprietors of the Natural Furniture Store, the Spencers were insured by Eagle Star Insurance Company against loss of the store’s contents and interruption of its business. After the store was destroyed by fire, an investigator hired by Eagle Star reported that the fire had been intentionally set inside the store, and that the fire department’s chief suspect was Charles Spencer. Spencer was never charged with any offense in connection with the fire.
While the investigation was pending, Eagle Star mаde no payments to the Spencers, and as a result, the Spencers claim, they were unable to reopen their business, service their bank loan, or resume their rent payments for
The trial court submitted two questions to the jury regarding Eagle Star’s liability. Question 1A asked whether Eagle Star’s handling of the Spencers’ claim for loss of earnings was an “unfair practice in the business of insurance” defined by an accompanying instruction as “any act or series of acts which is arbitrary, without justification, or takes advantage of a person to the extent that an unjust or inequitable result is obtained.” Question IB asked whether Eagle Star had engaged in unconscionable conduct as defined in section 17.45(5)(A) of the DTPA. Eagle Stаr objected to the questions and instructions on the grounds that neither question “is based upon a cause of action recognized under Texas law,” and “more specifically ... that [Question 1A] permits the jury to determine what duty, if any, is owed to the Spencers, which is a question of law
A trial court may disregard a jury finding only if it is unsupported by evidence, a condition not met in this case, or if the issue is immaterial. C. & R. Transport, Inc. v. Campbell,
Both lower courts correctly held that Question 1A was defective. When liability is asserted based upon a provision of a statute or regulation, a jury charge should track the language of the provision as closely as possible. Brown v. American Transfer & Storage Co.,
However, Question 1A plainly attempted to request a finding on a statutory cause of action, and while it was defective, it was not immaterial. To the contrary, it was the heart of the Spencers’ case. Sinсe Question 1A was material, the trial court could not disregard the jury’s answer and render judgment notwithstanding the verdict. But because the charge was defective, and Eagle Star properly objected, it is entitled to a new trial. See generally State Dept. of Highways v. Payne,
As we held in Moulton v. Alamo Ambulance Serv., Inc.,
A party objecting tо a charge must point out distinctly the objectionable matter and the grounds of the objection. Any complaint as to a question, definition, or instruction, on account of any defect, omission, or fault in pleading, is waived unless specifically included in the objections.
Eagle Star’s objection fully complied with this rule.
The trial court was authorized only to grant a new trial, not to render judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Eagle Star and two amici curiae argue that in these circumstances judgmеnt should be rendered against the Spencers, just as judgment was rendered against the plaintiffs in Payne. Payne is distinguishable. There, plaintiffs refused to submit a theory of recovery; here, plaintiffs submitted their theory defectively. In Payne, plaintiffs abandoned one basis of liability by refusing to submit it over defendant’s objection; here, plaintiffs never abandoned their statutory claim but requested an improper submission of it to the jury. Inasmuch as the trial court should have granted a new trial, the same relief should be granted on appeal. See Tex.R.App.P. 81(c), 184.
In other cases cited by Eagle Star and the amici, the party suffering rendition failed to submit any jury question on a controlling issue. See Cosgrove v. Grimes,
Eagle Star and the amici argue that to remand this case for a new trial punishes Eagle Star, even though it objected to the improper charge, and gives the Spencers “a second bite at the apрle”. They argue that a remand only encourages plaintiffs to request submission of erroneous charges in hopes of a favorable verdict, knowing that their only risk is a new trial. The first answer to this argument is that submission of the charge is the trial court’s responsibility, and the consequences of the trial court’s error should not fall unduly upon plaintiffs. Further, even if plaintiffs controlled submission of the charge, the prospect of a new trial is ordinarily sufficiеnt disincentive to request submission of an improper charge. Finally, we do not foreclose the possibility that a plaintiffs request would be so defective that a new trial would not be warranted. Such circumstances are not present in this case.
We believe the correct remedy in this case is a new trial. Accordingly, we reverse.the judgment of the court of appeals and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings.
APPENDIX
[To Opinion of Justice HECHT]
A supplemental concurring and dissenting opinion criticizes the Court for delaying its ruling on Eagle Star’s motion for rehearing. While we do not wish these criticisms to go unanswered, we also do not wish to be drawn into the polemic that is the separate Justice’s regular and distinctive style. To avoid cluttering the Court’s opinion with such matters that have nothing to do with the issues decided, we respond to the separate opinion in this Appendix.
This case was decided in the midst of several others dealing with related issues. See Schick v. McGee,
The separate opinion accuses the Court of indifference and deliberate delay in deciding this case. The accusation is false. It is no more true of this case than of In re J.W.T.,
Finally, while it is important that our decisions be timely, it is also important that they be correct. The Court strives to work toward both goals.
. Section 17.50(a) provides that a consumer may maintain an action based on: "(1) the use or employment by any person of a false, misleading, or deceptive act or practice that is specifically enumerated in a subdivision of Subsection (b) of Section 17.46 of this subchapter; (2) breach of an express or implied warranty; (3) any unconscionable action or course of action by any person; or (4) the use or employment by any person of an act or practice in violation of Article 21.21, Texas Insurance Code, as amended, or rules or regulations issued by the State Board of Insurance under Article 21.21, Texas Insurance Code, as amended.
. Artiсle 21.21, § 16(a) provides relief for persons injured "as a result of another’s engaging in an act or practice declared in Section 4 of this Article or in rules or regulations lawfully adopted by the Board under this Article to be unfair methods of competition or unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the business of insurance or in any practice defined by Section 17.46 of the Business & Commerce Code, as amended, as аn unlawful deceptive trade practice....” Article 21.21, § 4 declares certain listed acts to be "unfair methods of competition and unfair and deceptive acts or practices in the business of insurance."
. Order No. 41060, State Bd. of Ins., Amendment of Unfair Competition & Unfair Practices of Insurers Rules, Docket No. 41060 (June 4, 1982), as codified in 28 TexAdmin.Code § 21.3 (West July 21, 1988), provides in relevant part:
(a) Misrepresentation of insurance policies, unfair сompetition, and unfair practices by insurers, agents and other connected persons are prohibited by Article 21.20 and Article 21.21 or by other provisions of the Insurance Code of Texas and by these sections of the State Board of Insurance. No person shall engage in this state in any trade practice that is a misrepresentation of an insurance policy, that is an unfair method of competition, or that is an unfair or deceptive act or practice as defined by the provisions of the Insurance Code or as defined by these sections and other rules and regulations of the State Board of Insurance authorized by the Code.
(b) Irrespective of the fact that the improper trade practice is not defined in any other section of these rules and regulations, no person shall engage in this state in any trade practice which is determined pursuant by law to be an unfair method of competition or an unfair or deceptive act or practice in the business of insurance.
See also Chitsey v. National Lloyds Ins. Co.,
.Order No. 41454, State Bd. of Ins., Amendment of Unfair Competition & Unfair Practices of Insurers Rules, Docket No. 41454 (Aug. 10, 1982), as codified in 28 Tex.Admin.Code § 21.203 (West July 21, 1988), provides in part that: "No insurer shall engage in unfair claim settlement practices. Unfair clаim settlement practices means committing or performing with such frequency as to indicate a general business practice any of the following: ... (15) Refusing to pay claims without conducting a reasonable investigation based upon all available information." See Chitsey,
Concurrence Opinion
concurring and dissenting.
(Oct. 6, 1993. )
Here the majority consents to a new trial for small business owners, Charles and Sharon Spencer, who operate the Natural Furniture Store in Austin. This means that after waiting threе and one-half years for this court to act
The sole issue considered today is whether the jury charge properly submitted a violation of the Texas Insurance Code, which imposes liability for “unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the business of insurance.” Tex.Ins.Code, art. 21.21, § 16(a). Question 1A asked the jury to determine whether Eagle Star’s handling of the Spencers’ claim for loss of earnings was: “A. An unfair practice in the business of insurаnce?”
A jury charge should track the statutory language upon which it is based as closely as possible. Brown v. American Transfer & Storage Co.,
The majority’s determination that the question was defective is not premised on the question at all, but is instead directed to disapproval of the accompanying definition, which provided:
“Unfair practice” means any act or series of acts which is arbitrary, without justification, or takes advantage of a person to the extent that an unjust or inequitable result is obtained.
This definition is paraphrased in the court’s conclusion that the “question” was defective by “allow[ing] the jury to find an unfair insurance practice based on any action by Eagle Star that took advantage of the Spenc-ers and resulted in an inequitable result.” Eagle Star never properly objected to the definition submitted. Rather, following its objections to the questiоn, the insurer contended only that “we object to the instructions submitted for these [same] reasons.” Rule 274 does not permit the use of such cross-references in objections.
Because Eagle Star has waived error, a new trial is not required. I would reverse the court of appeals’ judgment and remand to the trial court for rendition of judgment.
. "Every case deserves our prompt and careful attention whether the party seeking review in this court is a homeоwner like Dutch Hines, a rape victim like Andrea Delaney, or a business, large or small.” Hines v. Hash,
. Not only was this question proper under Brown, but it is also consistent with the rules governing broad-form submission. Tex.R.Civ.P. 277; Texas Dep’t of Human Services v. E.B.,
Dissenting Opinion
delivered his supplemental dissenting opinion on motion for rehearing.
Justice is like a train that’s nearly always late.
Today justice remains very much off track and off schedule at the Texas Supreme Court. Timely justice, indeed, even timely injustice, has not been achieved. The application in this cause was filed in this Court on January 24, 1990. Not until June 30, 1993 was an opinion issued by the majority. No oral argument was ever provided the parties. The motion for rehearing has lingered here without decision for another half of a year. And now, over four years after this Court was asked to act, the majority is permitting the parties to start all over again with a retrial of a matter last considered by a jury seven years ago in 1987.
This court has directed district and statutory county court judges to “ensure that all cases are brought to trial or final disposition” for nonjury matters “[wjithin 12 months from appearance date.” Rule 6 of Rules of Judicial Administration. It mandates local judges to “adopt rules to provide for the orderly administration” of cases by requiring “dismissals for want of prosecution so as to achieve and maintain compliance with the time standards of Rule 6.” Rule 9 of Rules of Judicial Administration. But there are no time standards which the majority unifоrmly applies to itself. Had the opinion here been a case, it would have long ago been dismissed for want of prosecution. Unfortunately the litigants in this case had no comparable remedy.
This is not justice. I renew my dissent.
APPENDIX
[To Opinion of Justice DOGGETT]
“To avoid cluttering” the dissent, I append this response to today’s “Appendix.”
The excuses advanced demonstrate the complete lack of justification for this delay superimposed on delay. None of the cases of which Spencer was purportedly “in the midst,”
Most peculiarly, the author of today’s opinion defends this extraordinary delay by noting that I did not object recently when he took seven months to issue his separate writing on rehearing in another case, In re J.W.T.,
. Yevgeny Yevtushenko, A Precocious AutobiograPHY 90 (1963).
. I also expressed my concern in that writing about the unfair delay in Spencer at a time when it had already been pending at this Court for two and one-half years.