171 Va. 62 | Va. | 1938
delivered the opinion of the court.
The action here was instituted by H. L. Spence against the American Oil Company, Inc., and the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. The parties will be generally referred to as plaintiff, American and Standard, respectively. It presents a case of alleged duality of negligence, in that the plaintiff charged in his notice of motion that both American and Standard were guilty of negligence which caused the injury to his car.
Standard demurred to the notice of motion for judgment, which was overruled by the trial court. When the evidence was ended Standard moved the court to strike all the plaintiff’s evidence which referred to it, but this motion was overruled. The court instructed the jury at the instance of the plaintiff and both defendants and the jury rendered its verdict in favor of both defendants, which was confirmed by the trial court, after it had overruled the plaintiff’s motion to set aside the verdict as contrary to the law and the evidence.
It is elemental to say that the facts of the case, where there is a conflict, must be stated in accordance with the
With this in mind, the facts, stated as succinctly and briefly as we can, are these:
The plaintiff, with two of his friends, Mr. and Mrs. W. J. Glasgow, drove from Richmond to Washington on a business trip on the 13th day of June, 1935. He drove a Pierce Arrow automobile, which was practically new. They stopped in Alexandria, Virginia, on their return to Richmond in the afternoon, at a station of the Standard Oil Company where his car was serviced, which included the filling of the tank with gasoline. From thence he proceeded in the direction of Richmond and when he had gone not more than a mile his car stopped, after having sputtered, at the intersection of Washington and Franklin streets, in the city of Alexandria. At the intersection there is a filling station operated by the defendant, American Oil Company, which is located at the southwest corner of the intersection. The filling station abuts both streets, having entrance and exit driveways fronting thereon. On the east side of the station there is a down-grade southward. There are no sidewalks but the street is equipped with curbing and a gutter, in which there is a drain.
In his dilemma the plaintiff went from his stalled car to the American oil station across Franklin street to obtain help. There were two employees of the American Oil Company at the station, who were Herbert L. Ogden, manager, and Bertram A. Lynn, relief operator. The plaintiff asked Mr. Lynn to aid him but was told that he would have to see Mr. Ogden. The upshot of it was that upon Mr. Ogden’s direction Lynn went over to the car to see what he could do for the plaintiff. Upon examination Lynn ascertained that the gasoline in the automobile contained water. The plaintiff then requested him to drain the watered gasoline from the tank. Traffic, in the meanwhile, was being held
The plaintiff then renewed his request that Mr. Lynn drain his tank, asking him if he had any vessel into which the gasoline could be drained. Mr. Lynn found a tube test-pan, which had a capacity of some five or six gallons, but the tank contained twenty-four gallons. Lynn put this pan under the car and started the draining process in accordance with the direction of the plaintiff and in his presence. While this was in progress the plaintiff became impatient or excited and stated that he wanted to go back to the Standard station to inform them that they had sold him water rather than gasoline and he asked Lynn, who was attending to the draining operation, to go with him. Again he was told that he would have to secure the permission of Mr. Ogden. When this was accomplished Lynn started in his own car with the plaintiff and his friend, Mr. Glasgow, for the Standard station, about a mile distant, leaving Mrs. Glasgow on the front seat of the plaintiff’s car with no one in charge of the operation of draining the tank. When Ogden consented to the request of the plaintiff to let Lynn take him to the Standard station he told the plaintiff that Lynn’s absence would leave only himself there to attend to the business of the station, saying that it seemed when only one was there that the cars, to be serviced came in all at one time and that it left him in pretty bad straits as he would be the only one there to wait on the trade.
The test-pan filled up and overflowed, the escaping gasoline running down the street and through the drain, being, of course, exposed. An unidentified negro was seen by Mrs. Glasgow, who was in the car, passing along the street and he was heard to say: “I wonder if this stuff is gasoline or water,” and he lighted a match and threw it into the escaping gasoline, which was thereby ignited and the plaintiff’s
When the plaintiff went back to the Standard station and charged them with the act of selling him water rather than gasoline, Mr. Watkins, an employee of Standard, made a test of the gasoline which was in a tank from which the gasoline in the plaintiff’s car had been drawn and the result of this test, made in the presence of the plaintiff and Lynn, was that the gasoline in the storage tank did not disclose the presence of water.
The notice of motion for judgment charged that Standard’s agents sold the plaintiff watered gasoline and that this caused his automobile to stop. After the general allegation the alleged negligence of the American Oil Company was set out in detail, which is approximately in accordance with the ensuing incidents which happened after the plaintiff applied for aid of the operatives of the American station, which have been already referred to.
We think it is perfectly patent that between the alleged negligence of the Standard and the injury to the property of the plaintiff there were efficient and independent intervening agencies, negligent or otherwise, which were destructive of any sequential connection between the alleged original wrong of the Standard and the damage to the plaintiff. Being convinced of the force and soundness of this proposition, we think that .the position of the Standard, in urging cross:error of the court in overruling its demurrer and in refusing to strike the evidence referring to it, is well taken.
This court said, in the case of Winfree v. Jones, 104 Va. 39, 51 S. E. 153, 155, 1 L. R. A. (N. S.) 201: “In the case at bar, however, the question is so entirely free from doubt that the court can, as a matter of law, declare that the negligence alleged was not the proximate cause of the injury, reparation for which is here sought in damages. It is,
This pronouncement well illustrates our conviction with respect to the condition of the Standard in the case under consideration. Conceding the truth of the allegation that the Standard sold the plaintiff watered gasoline, which is the effect of the Standard’s demurrer, the alleged tortious act, if a cause at all, was the remote—not the proximate— cause of the injury.
The following quotation from the case of Norfolk & Western R. Co. v. Brown, 91 Va. 668, 22 S. E. 496, is sufficiently full and clear as to make its facts understandable and render it applicable to the case in judgment (page 497) :
“But, even if it was negligence, as we do not think it was, in the defendant company under the facts in this case, to have cars in the same train of unequal height, with mismatched couplings, we do not think that such defect was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injury.
“The mismatched couplings furnished an occasion for uncoupling the cars in a slower way than if they had not been mismatched, but there was no risk of any injury from such delay whilst the cars were standing still. It was the negligence in driving back the train, and not the mismatched couplings, which was the direct, proximate cause of the injury. The failure to have the cars of equal height and the driving back of the train were distinct and independent, and had no connection with each other; the failure to have cars of equal height being but the remote cause, whilst the act of negligence in driving the train back was the proximate cause within the meaning of the cases.
“Mr. Cooley states the doctrine as follows: ‘If an injury has resulted from a certain wrongful act or omission, but only through or by means of some intervening cause, from which last cause the injury follows as a direct and immediate consequence, the law will refer the damages to the last or proximate cause, and refuse to trace it to that which
Equally appropriate is the case of Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co. v. Wills, 111 Va. 32, 68 S. E. 395, 32 L. R. A. (N. S.) 280. In this case the railroad company was charged with negligence in directing the defendant in error, who had purchased a ticket from the railway company, from Gordonsville to Louisa, and was directed by the company’s agent at the former place to board a train going in the wrong direction. The defendant in error, instead of remaining on the train and contending for such damage as he might have sustained by being taken away from his destination, elected to step off of a moving train, by which act he sustained serious injuries. The company’s demurrer to the declaration was overruled by the trial court. This court reversed the judgment of the trial court and held that Wills’ injury was caused by his own act of alighting from the train while it was in motion.
The case of Fowlkes v. Southern Ry. Co., 96 Va. 742, 32 S. E. 464, was cited with approval and the following quotation from this case was incorporated in the opinion (68 S. E. page 397) :
“That the defendant was guilty of negligence is conceded, and that it is liable in damages for the direct consequences of that negligence is also conceded. * * * It is not only requisite that damages, actual or inferential, should be suffered, but this damage must be the legitimate sequence of the thing amiss. The maxim of the law here applicable is, that in law the immediate and not the remote cause of an event is regarded. In other words, the law always refers the injury to the proximate, not to the remote cause. If an injury has resulted in consequence of a certain wrongful act or omission, but only through or by means of some intervening cause, from which last cause the injury followed as a direct and immediate consequence, the law will refer the damage to the last or proximate cause, and refuse to trace it to that which was more remote. To the proximate cause we may usually trace consequences with
In the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co. v. Wills Case, supra, the court continued: “In this case the negligence of the railroad company consisted in such acts of omission and commission alleged in the declaration as resulted in the plaintiff getting upon the wrong train, and upon the authority of the case just cited there was an ample remedy for whatever wrong he had sustained by reason of the defendant’s negligence. The direct and efficient cause of the injury for which this suit was brought, was the alighting from the train while in motion. In that act the railroad company had no part. As we have seen, the declaration does not aver that any agent of the company directed, advised, encouraged, or even had knowledge of the plaintiff’s intention to alight from the train; so that, between the negligent act of the railroad company and the injury suffered by the plaintiff there was the intervening act of a responsible agent, that responsible agent being the plaintiff himself. While the plaintiff, as a result of the defendant’s negligence, had taken the wrong train, but was in a place of safety and of his own accord alighted from the train, it cannot be said that the injury which he then received was the natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by any new or independent cause, of the negligence of the defendant which caused him to enter the wrong train.”
A moment ago, in stating the facts, we said that the plaintiff, and those who went with him back to the Standard station, went off leaving no one in charge of the operation of draining the tank. We are not without awareness that the plaintiff testified that Mr. Ogden drained the gas
Mr. Glasgow, the friend of the plaintiff and his traveling companion, testified that when the plaintiff and Lynn and himself left to go back to the Standard station, Mr. Ogden was standing about the middle of the pavement, though he undertook to qualify this by stating that the automobile was just by the curb at the side of the pavement.
But it must ever be borne in mind that as to the facts, when they are conflicting, the verdict of the jury makes the version of the prevailing party a verity. In our opinion, the evidence tends to show that the entire sitúa
We have presented here, as was stated in the case of Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. Co. v. Kellogg, 94 U. S. 469, 475, 24 L. Ed. 256, 259, “ * * * the oft-embarrassing question of what is and what is not the proximate cause of an injury. * * * The true rule is, that what is the proximate cause of an injury is ordinarily a question for the jury. It is not a question of science or of legal knowledge. It is to be determined as a fact, in view of the circumstances of the facts attending it. The primary cause may be the proximate cause of a disaster, though it may operate through successive instruments, as an article at the end of a chain may be moved by a force applied to the other end, that force being the proximate cause of the movement, or as in the oft-cited case of the squib thrown in the market place. Scott v. Shepherd (Squib Case), 2 W. Bl. 892 [3 Wils. 403]. The question always is: Was there an unbroken connection between the wrongful act and the injury, a continuous operation; did the facts constitute a continuous succession of events, so linked together as to make a natural whole, or was there some new and independent cause intervening between the wrong and the injury? It is admitted that the rule is difficult of application. But it is generally held that, in order to warrant a finding that negligence, or an act not amounting to wanton wrong, is the proximate cause of an injury, it must appear that the injury was the natural and probable consequence of the negligence or wrongful act, and that it ought to have been foreseen in the light of the attending circumstances. * * * The inquiry must, there
In Cooley on Torts, 4th Ed., Vol. 1, Sec. 53, the heading is: “Tests of Proximate Cause,” and the text continues as follows: “A proximate cause has been aptly defined as ‘one which in natural sequence, undisturbed by any independent cause, produces the result complained of.’ ” The authorities for the above definition are found in the appended note: “Behling v. Southwest Pa. Pipe Lines, 160 Pa. St. 359, 28 A. 777, 40 Am. St. Rep. 724. And see Lake Erie & W. R. Co. v. Charman, 161 Ind. 95, 67 N. E. 923; Gudfelder v. Pittsburg, C., C. & St. L. R. Co., 207 Pa. 629, 57 A. 70. The law of proximate causes requires an unbroken sequence between the prime act of negligence and the injury; and where it appears that an active cause inter.vened, the prime act will not be deemed the proximate cause
An interesting article on proximate cause is found in the Michigan Law Review, vol. 8, at page 578, which is, in part, as follows: “The steamer Santa Rita, while lying beside the wharf at Oakland, California, discharged a quantity of fuel oil from her hold into the bay. The wharf by some independent means caught fire and damaged part of a vessel lying beside the wharf. The oil in the bay was ignited and did further damage to the vessel. The owner of the vessel libelled the Santa Rita to recover damages. (A statute of California makes it a disdemeanor to discharge fuel oil into the waters of any navigable bay in the state.) It was held that the act of the Santa Rita was not the proximate cause of the injury and that she was not liable. The Santa Rita (1909), D. C., N. D., Cal. 173 F. 413.”
The author of the article or paper cited the case of Hoag v. Lake Shore & M. S. R. Co., 85 Pa. 293, 27 Am. Rep. 653, in which the defendant’s train ran into a slide of earth and stone and was wrecked, an oil car burst, the oil was ignited, floated down a stream near the tracks and set fire to plaintiff’s building. The court said: “A man’s responsibility for his negligence and that of his servants must end somewhere. * * * An admittedly correct principle * * * may be extended so as to reach the reductio ad absurdum, so far as it applies to the practical business of life.” The court held the defendant’s negligence was not the proximate cause of plaintiff’s loss.
As to the principal case, that is the Santa Rita Case, the court held to the natural and probable consequence theory. “A man * * * of ordinary prudence and foresight would not have thought, in view of all the surrounding circumstances, that fuel oil, if discharged into the waters of the
The very recent and valuable work, Kestatement of the Law of Torts, vol. 2, Negligence, page 1173, section 435, in its unique and impressive manner of statement, calls the original wrongdoer, in treating the subject of causation, the actor, and as to the necessity of foreseeableness as an element of proximate cause it says: “The fact that the actor, at the time of his negligent conduct, neither realized nor should have realized that it might cause harm to another in the manner in which it occurred, is not of itself sufficient to prevent him from being liable for the other’s harm if his conduct was negligent towards the other and was in all other particulars a substantial factor in bringing about the harm. However, the manner in which the harm occurs may involve the cooperation of other assisting factors so many and important that the actor’s negligence cannot be regarded as a substantial factor in bringing about the harm (see section 433, Clause (a)). So too, the manner in which the harm occurs may be so highly extraordinary as to prevent the actor’s conduct from being a substantial factor in bringing it about (see section 433, Clause (d)).”
From section 433 of the same work, on page 1167, we take the following: “There are frequently a number of events each of which is not only a necessary antecedent to the other’s harm, but is also recognizable as having an appreciable effect in bringing it about. Of these the actor’s conduct is only one. Some other event which is a contributing factor in producing the harm may have such a predominant effect in bringing it about as to make the effect of the actor’s negligence insignificant and, therefore, to prevent it from being a substantial factor. So too, although no one of the contributing factors may have such a predominant effect, their combined effect may, as it were, so dilute the effects of the actor’s negligence as to prevent it from being a substantial factor.”
“In the instant case the proximate cause of the injury was the act of Skidmore, the aviator, and no act or omission on thfe part of the town of Big Stone Gap. The death of the plaintiff’s intestate was not ‘the natural and probable consequence’ of the alleged negligence or wrongful act of the town. It could not have been foreseen that an injury to any one would probably have been suffered as a result of the alleged negligent acts of the town complained of. Not merely the particular injury, but any injury.”
Another case decided by this court, the opinion having been written by Mr. Justice Gregory, is that of Wallace v. Jones, 168 Va. 38, 190 S. E. 82. It contains a lucid and able statement of this opaque question and the principles announced therein are fortified by reason and applicable citations of authority.
Counsel for the plaintiff in error cited several Virginia cases upon the question of proximate cause. The statements contained in an opinion must be considered and interpreted in the light of the facts present in the particular case. In none of the cases cited are the facts similar to those in the case under consideration, but are entirely different. We do not consider those cases as applicable or controlling here.
The plaintiff in error cited three cases from the North Carolina court, which may be termed companion cases. They are Fox v. Texas Co., 180 N. C. 543, 105 S. E. 437; Newton v. Texas Co., 180 N. C. 561, 105 S. E. 433, and Stone v.
There is no merit in the contention of the plaintiff in error that the defendants could not take advantage of the contributory negligence of the plaintiff because the defendants did not make known their intention to rely upon this defense. The plaintiff failed to comply with the provisions of the statute, section 6092 of the Code of Virginia, which would have entitled him to be informed of such reliance on the part of the defendants.
Upon a careful consideration of the instructions given by the trial court and which are made the subject of objection and exception by the plaintiff in error, we think that they aptly and correctly state the law which is applicable to the evidence and facts in the case and that there was ample evidence upon which the court could base them.
It follows from what we have said that, in our opinion, there was no error in the action of the court in sustaining the motion to strike out the item of $140.00 as damages sustained by the plaintiff in error for the loss of
In 8 R. C. L., page 38, the following appears: “The damages recoverable in any case must be susceptible of ascertainment with a reasonable degree of certainty, or, as the rule is sometimes stated, in respect to the cause from which they proceed. Therefore, uncertain, contingent, or speculative damages cannot be recovered, either in actions ex contractu, or, in actions ex delicto.”
As to the original wrong attributed to the Standard, it cannot be said or convincingly reasoned that the injury to the plaintiff is accepted by common experience as naturally and usually in sequence to it, and it may then be said that “the wrong and the damages are not sufficiently conjoined or concatenated as cause and effect to support an action.”
As to the American, the plaintiff’s own conduct bars recovery. It may be further said that negligence, contributory negligence and proximate cause are ordinarily questions for the jury and the jury’s verdict was well warranted by the evidence.
The contentions of the plaintiff in error are quite unsustainable. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Affirmed.