Thе opinions of witnesses cannot ordinarily be received as evidenсe, unless they relate to matters of skill and science ; and then, not till after laying the proper foundation by showing the witnesses to be competent to give an opinion. Robertson v. Stark, 15 N. H. 109; Hoit v. Moulton,
There is, however, oftentimes difficulty in applying the rule. The statement of a witness may be so far compounded of matter of fact and matter of opinion, as to make it not easy to draw the line and separate the one from the other. And the present is a cаse of that kind, but it appears to us that all the rulings of the court cannot be sustained.
None of the witnesses whose testimony was ruled upon testified as еxperts. There is nothing showing that they had any peculiar skill or science rеlative to the diseases of horses, and they testified as ordinary witnesses, frоm common observation.
There are various insidious diseases to which horses are subject, that nothing but skill and science can detect, and in regаrd to which none but those skilled in the science can legally give an oрinion. What constitutes unsoundness is a technical question ; and so whether, a hоrse has a particular disease. A witness, not an expert, cannot testify that a horse was or was not sound, or that he had or had not the heaves. Nor can such a witness testify to the appearance of a horse by reference to the question of soundness or unsoundness. He cannоt say that the horse appeared sound or unsound, or that he saw nothing in thе horse that appeared like unsoundness, or nothing but- that he was sound.
But whethеr the horse appeared well and free from disease in a general sense, would be matter of common experience. A witness, not an expert, might testify that he saw the horse, and that he appeared tо be well and free from disease ; that he traveled well, ate well, breаthed freely, and did not cough/ The weight and importance of such testimony wоuld depend much on the apparent intelligence of the witness, his means of observation, and the pains he took to examine. But it would be
Upon these principles, the plaintiffs’ evidence that was ruled out by the court, was incompetent and correctly excluded. The expression in the last answer, “ running him round the yard he showed distress in his breathing,” was matter of fact, and competent when considered by itself. But standing as it does, with the question put in the manner in which it was, it was inadmissible.
Upon the same principles thе answers of Elliott, Cate, and the two Richardsons, were incompetent and should have been ruled out. They are open to the same objeсtion as the statements of the plaintiffs’ witnesses which were excluded. The answer of Kenney, we think, may do, with the exception of the last two words, “ or unsоund.” With that exception it appears to be matter of common experience only. The answer of Willis might also be admissible, were it not so сompounded with incompetent words as not to be capable of division. As it stands it is incompetent, and the latter part of Elliott’s answer is in the samе position. It is so compounded with admissible and inadmissible expressions as to make the whole incompetent.
We are aware that these distinctions are somewhat nice, but they are believed to exist. The safer practice, no doubt, is to avoid, so far as may be, in the trial of causes, the introduction of evidence of this description.
That part off the defendant’s evidence which we have indicated, appears to be equally exceptionable with that of the plaintiffs’, and as it was admitted, the verdict must be set aside and a
New trial granted.