577 F. Supp. 1430 | D.R.I. | 1984
OPINION AND ORDER
Petitioner, Michael F. Sparfven, filed an application to vacate or set aside his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, accompanied by a motion for enlargement upon bail pendente lite. Immediately following the government’s response, the court heard arguments upon, and denied, the request for release upon bail. Sparfven v. United States, No. 83-0645-S, (D.R.I. Dec. 1, 1983). An evidentiary hearing on the instant application was held on December 5, 1983; the court took the matter under advisement pending submission of briefs (since received).
Travel of the Case
The events underlying Sparfven’s application are susceptible to succinct summarization. In 1982, Sparfven and two co-defendants were indicted by a federal Grand Jury in this district for devising and imple
On February 16, 1983, Sparfven and two of his co-defendants (Fradin and Kaplan) appeared before Chief Judge Boyle of this court. Sparfven was represented by eminent criminal counsel in the person of attorney John F. Cicilline. Sparfven planned to enter a change of plea to Count I of each indictment against him (that being, in each case, the conspiracy count). It was reported to Judge Boyle that, if the change of plea was accepted, the government would recommend, as to Sparfven, concurrent five-year jail sentences on each of the two counts; and would, at the time of sentencing, dismiss the remaining charges against him. Transcript of February 16, 1983 hearing (“FT”), at 2. The court had not participated in the plea agreement, and was in no way bound by the prosecution’s recommendation. After conducting the hearing mandated by Fed.R.Crim.P. 11, Judge Boyle agreed to accept the altered pleas, FT at 18-19, and Sparfven pled guilty to the first count of each indictment. FT at 19. Sparfven never moved to withdraw the guilty pleas at any time subsequent to their acceptance.
The petitioner was sentenced by Judge Boyle on May 20, 1983. The sentencing judge imposed two five-year jail terms, to run consecutively; but suspended the second term, conditioned upon a five-year probationary period to commence at the time of Sparfven’s release from federal custody on the initial sentence. Sparfven was thereupon incarcerated at the federal prison in Danbury, Connecticut, where he still reposes.
Plainly dissatisfied with his desserts, Sparfven engaged his present counsel and moved, some four months later, for reduction of sentence in accordance with Fed.R. Crim.P. 35. That motion was denied by Judge Boyle, without an evidentiary hearing, in a written memorandum opinion. United States v. Sparfven, Cr. Nos. 82-087, 83-004 (D.R.I. Nov. 18, 1983) (“Sparfven I”). While Sparfven I was still sub judice, the instant application was filed.
Petitioner’s asseveration is predicated on two grounds. He alleges, first, that his Rule 11 hearing was deficient; and second, that he did not have efficacious assistance of counsel at divers stages of the proceedings. The court will deal with these contentions seriatim.
Rale 11 Claims
Sparfven’s Rule 11 challenge asserts, in substance, that Judge Boyle’s conduct of the Rule 11 hearing on February 16, 1983 was such that (i) Sparfven’s understanding of the charges against him was not assured, see Rule 11(c)(1), (ii) the court did not adequately satisfy itself as to the factual basis for the guilty pleas, see Rule 11(f), and (iii) that the court’s warnings to Sparfven were faulty, see Rule 11(c)(5). Since Sparfven did not appeal from the imposition of sentence, the present petition represents a collateral attack upon his guilty plea (and thus, upon his conviction). The law is well settled that, “[o]n direct appeal, the standard of review is more advantageous to the defendant than on collateral appeal.” Mack v. United States, 635 F.2d 20, 24 (1st Cir.1980). See also United States v. DiCarlo, 575 F.2d 952, 954-55 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 834, 99 S.Ct. 115, 58 L.Ed.2d 129 (1978). In a collateral proceeding, formalistic violations of Rule 11 avail a defendant nothing; he must show that the error(s) resulted in a total miscarriage of justice or in a proceeding so tainted as to be inconsistent with the basic requirements of fundamental fairness. United States v. Timmreck, 441
The conspiracy counts to which Sparfven pleaded (one in each indictment) were extremely specific. In Cr. No. 82-087, the purpose and scope of the conspiracy is carefully described in the indictment (at 2- 3); a detailed (five pages, thirteen paragraphs) recital of the means and methods employed to accomplish the unlawful confederation follows, linking particular defendants to particular maneuvers, id. at 3- 7; and an explicit chronicle of the overt acts utilized to effect the objects of the conspiracy is set forth in exquisite detail and at great length (five pages, thirty-two paragraphs). Id. at 8-13. Each overt act is laid at the doorstep of one or more identified defendants, those chargeable against Sparfven being limned in paragraphs 9, 18-19, and 27. Id. Much the same story can be told as to the second indictment, Cr. No. 83-004: the conspiracy is vividly delineated in the indictment (at 1-2); the means and methods are spelled out and particularized with finical precision, id. at 2-5; and the overt acts are meticulously set forth in twenty-six separate numbered paragraphs. Id. at 5-10. Many of these acts are attributed specifically to Sparfven. E.g., id., 1JH 1, 3-16, 19, 21-22, 25-26.
At the December 5 hearing, Sparfven testified that he had read each indictment when served; and Cicilline testified that, upon being retained as private counsel, he had reviewed the indictments with his client and explained to Sparfven the charges against him — including the conspiracy charges. While Sparfven contradicted his counsel’s testimony in this respect, his denial was not worthy of belief. And, his testimony to the effect that he did not understand the charges was likewise incredible.
Viewed against this backdrop, Judge Boyle’s Rule 11 colloquy with the accused was sufficient to insure that Sparfven appreciated the nature of the charges to which he thereafter pled. This is especially so given (i) Sparfven’s responses to the court during the February 16 hearing,
The final Rule 11 ground urged by Sparfven is that the district judge committed egregious error in the use of language preliminary to the inquiry contemplated by Rule 11(c)(5). Whereas that Rule states that the court should inform the accused “that his answers may later be used against him in a prosecution for perjury or false statement”, id., Judge Boyle framed
Do each of you understand that having been sworn, your answers to my questions will be subject to the penalties of perjury or of making a false statement if you do not answer truthfully? ...
FT at 6.
The essence of Sparfven’s complaint is the failure of the trial judge specifically to mention “prosecution”. That argument strikes this court as a distinction searching vainly for a difference. It is hornbook law that Rule 11 does not mandate the magical incantation of language learned by rote. United States v. Gearin, 496 F.2d 691, 696 (5th Cir.1974), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 1113, 95 S.Ct. 789, 42 L.Ed.2d 810 (1975). As Judge Friendly has observed, the Rule “does not say that compliance can be achieved only by reading the specified items in haec verba ”. United States v. Saft, 558 F.2d 1073, 1079 (2d Cir.1977). Here, the accused was fairly apprised by the district court of the potential after-effects of his statements. Rule 11(c)(5) requires no more. Any error inherent in the district judge’s failure to intone the word “prosecution” was “inconsequential”, cf. Saft at 1079, especially since Sparfven’s current lament in no wise implicates the falseness of any such statements, nor raises the spectre of an impending prosecution anent the same.
It is true, as the applicant alleges, that these Rule 11 proceedings fall somewhat short of being a textbook model. But, Sparfven had both actual and meaningful notice of the true nature of the charges against him, Henderson v. Morgan, 426 U.S. 637, 645, 96 S.Ct. 2253, 2257, 49 L.Ed.2d 108 (1976); Richard v. Callahan, at 1034; and there is nothing to suggest that a more extravagant dissertation by the court would have affected the accused’s decision to change pleas. Cf. Nelson v. Callahan, 721 F.2d 397 at 400 (1st Cir. 1983). As Mack states,
At the core of Fed.R.Crim.P. 11 is the policy that a court should not accept a guilty plea unless it determines that the plea is voluntary and the defendant understands the nature of the charges...
635 F.2d at 23. Sparfven’s pleas of February 16 comported with this standard, and were both volitional and undertaken with cognition of the offenses involved. The central concerns of McCarthy v. United States, 394 U.S. 459, 89 S.Ct. 1166, 22 L.Ed.2d 418 (1969) — lack of coercion, comprehension of the accusations, and an awareness of the potential consequences of the plea revisions — were sufficiently addressed. Congress, after all, “meant to strip district judges of freedom to decide what they must explain to a defendant who wishes to plead guilty, not to tell them precisely how to perform this important task in the great variety of cases that would come before them.” Saft, 558 F.2d at 1079 (emphasis in original). Being mindful that the district judge was faced with the thankless chore of handling five changes of plea, involving three defendants and two indictments, simultaneously, his implementation of Rule ll’s obligations was adequate, and Sparfven’s pleas cannot fairly be said to have been poisoned thereby.
And further, given the rather technical nature of the grievances now lodged by petitioner, the Timmreck citadel surely has not been scaled. It cannot in good conscience be said that the district court trampled upon any of the abecedarian safeguards imposed by Rule 11, or that any of Sparfven’s rights were ignored, or that fundamental unfairness inhered in the February 16 hearing as the same was conducted by Judge Boyle. As the Fifth Circuit has lately commented:
One who has pled guilty and done so voluntarily, understandingly, and with knowledge of the consequences of his plea ... has evinced a desire to waive technicalities, to come to terms with the legal system, and to admit his fault. There is something foreign to the spirit of this act, almost invariably done today on the advice of counsel, in a rule that encourages following it by an appeal grounded in a mincing insistanee on the punctilios of Rule 11.
Sixth Amendment Claims
The First Circuit has clearly and resolutely established the “reasonably competent assistance” standard to determine the merit of claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. United States v. Bosch, 584 F.2d 1113, 1121 (1st Cir.1978). Measured by this yardstick, “the quality of a defense counsel’s representation should be within the range of competence expected of attorneys in criminal cases.” Id. Further, as the Court of Appeals stated in United States v. Garcia, 698 F.2d 31, 33-34 (1st Cir.1983), a petitioner is “entitled to reasonably competent assistance at each stage of the proceedings ..., from pre-plea investigation and preparation through advocacy at sentencing.” And, inadequate preparation has been expressly recognized as a basis for a finding that effective assistance of counsel has been denied. E.g., United States v. DeCoster, 487 F.2d 1197, 1201 (D.C.Cir.1973) (“DeCoster I”). Such a claim is rooted in the sixth amendment guarantee of counsel, and can be asserted in a proceeding such as this, brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. United States v. Kobrosky, 711 F.2d 449, 457 (1st Cir. 1983).
While Sparfven attempts to denigrate his representation generally, that shotgun attack does not withstand close scrutiny. As has been noted vis-a-vis claims of debilitated assistance, “the gravity of the charge requires more than the frenzied brandishing of a cardboard sword.” Id.
In examining the petitioner’s averments, virtually all of the “facts” asserted relate to post-plea matters. Sparfven’s efforts to cast doubt upon the adequacy of Cicilline’s representation through (and including) February 16, 1983 can best be characterized as feeble. He neither points to particular tactical errors nor offers any basis to question the soundness of counsel’s advice to change his pleas. Cicilline testified at length as to his activities on Sparfven’s behalf; that description was, as to matters extant through the time Judge Boyle accepted the guilty pleas, credible. Cicilline’s preparation during that period was adequate, if not superlative; he conferred five or six times with Sparfven, discussed with him available stratagems and tactical options, and did his homework to ascertain the unavailability of putative defenses. While Cicilline’s account does not demonstrate an exceptionally high calibre of professionalism, it satisfies the requirements of United States v. Maguire, 600 F.2d 330, 332 (1st Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 876, 100 S.Ct. 159, 62 L.Ed.2d 104 (1979), and rises to the level of the Bosch benchmark.
It is only as to representation anent the sentencing aspect itself that Sparfven begins to put some steel in the flimsy of his flailing bilbo. Even here, the applicant overstates his case. His attempt to impugn counsel’s handling of the Probation Department’s pre-sentence investigation re
The only point at which petitioner's lamentations ring with persuasive force is in respect to the actual sentencing. It is clear that Cicilline failed to diary the scheduled May 20, 1983 sentencing, and failed to alert his client to the event. When both the defendant and his lawyer neglected to appear that morning, the court deservedly took action. Sparfven, being notified of the snafu by Cicilline’s office, went to the courthouse and was promptly taken into custody by the Marshal. Some time later— and shortly before the sentencing hearing resumed — Attorney James Ruggiero, an associate of Cicilline’s, appeared. He conferred briefly with Sparfven. He had inadequate knowledge of the case. Despite having been requested by Cicilline (who was engaged in a state court trial) to explain the situation to Judge Boyle and to ask for a continuance, Ruggiero did not do so. He opted to proceed, asking no quarter from the court. Sentence was imposed under these rather shabby circumstances.
Objectively viewed, the combined acts and omissions of Cicilline and Ruggiero in this matter at and about the time of sentencing may well amount to “senseless disregard of [a] client[’s] rights”, Bosch, 584 F.2d at 1122, thus divesting petitioner, at that stage of the proceedings only, of the perficient aid of reasonably competent counsel.
Harmless Error
In the usual case, the anodyne for ineffective legal assistance is a re-play of the infected proceeding under more hygienic circumstances. Sundel v. Justices of the Superior Court, 570 F.Supp. 1131, 1136 (D.R.I.1983); see United States v. DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. 117, 131, 101 S.Ct. 426, 434, 66 L.Ed.2d 328 (1980). Yet, the situation at hand has a peculiar configuration. Sparfven’s representation was unexceptionable throughout most of its course; as noted ante, it was only at the sentencing phase that counsel arguably let him down.
The court is mindful that, in this circuit, it is an open question as to whether or not an infraction of the sixth amendment right to effective assistance can ever be treated
The Supreme Court has indicated that, when fundamental deprivations of the right to proficient counsel occur, the courts must turn a deaf ear to the siren call of harmless error; in those instances, a re-trial is in order even in the absence of a specific showing of prejudice. E.g., Holloway v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. 475, 98 S.Ct. 1173, 55 L.Ed.2d 426 (1978) (joint representation of co-defendants with conflicting interests); Herring v. New York, 422 U.S. 853, 95 S.Ct. 2550, 45 L.Ed.2d 593 (1975) (abridgement of defense counsel’s right to summation at trial). But, there are intimations in the Court’s opinions that, in less basic contexts, the harmless error doctrine may well be applicable to ineffective assistance of counsel claims. United States v. Morrison, 449 U.S. 361, 364-67, 101 S.Ct. 665, 667-69, 66 L.Ed.2d 564, reh’g denied, 450 U.S. 960, 101 S.Ct. 1420, 67 L.Ed.2d 385 (1981); Brooks v. Tennessee, 406 U.S. 605, 613, 92 S.Ct. 1891, 1895, 32 L.Ed.2d 358 (1972); Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 54, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 1982, 26 L.Ed.2d 419 reh’g denied, 400 U.S. 856, 91 S.Ct. 23, 27 L.Ed.2d 94 (1970). Cf. Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 22, 87 S.Ct. 824, 827, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 reh’g denied, 386 U.S. 987, 87 S.Ct. 1283, 18 L.Ed.2d 241 (1967).
Given this rather uncertain base, the circuit courts of appeal have adopted somewhat divergent approaches to the question. The Ninth Circuit has, de facto, aligned itself with the view that any denial of effective assistance mandates automatic reversal. Cooper v. Fitzharris, 551 F.2d 1162, 1164-65 (9th Cir.1977), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 974, 99 S.Ct. 1524, 59 L.Ed.2d 793 (1979). The majority view, however, is that, at least in some marginal types of cases, more than ineffective assistance must be demonstrated. E.g., Corn v. Zant, 708 F.2d 549, 561 (11th Cir.1983) (defendant must show ineffective assistance which worked to his prejudice); Washington v. Strickland, 693 F.2d 1243, 1258-61 (5th Cir.1982), cert. granted, — U.S.-, 103 S.Ct. 2451, 77 L.Ed.2d 1332 (1983) (en banc) (defendant must show actual and substantial disadvantage flowing from abridgement of the right to effective counsel; if the same is made out, the prosecution must then prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the outcome was not affected thereby); Coles v. Peyton, 389 F.2d 224, 226 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 849, 89 S.Ct. 80, 21 L.Ed.2d 120 (1968) (if ineffective assistance is demonstrated, the prosecution has the burden of proof as to want of prejudice).
The dogma of per se prejudice appears to this court to be at odds with the notion that the anodyne for a transgression of the right to satisfactory legal assistance should be crafted to fit the circumstance at hand. United States v. Morrison, 449 U.S. at 364-65, 101 S.Ct. at 667-68; Washington v. Strickland, 693 F.2d at 1259-60. Further, a rule demanding automatic reversal for every violation of the right to deft representation would unfairly penalize the government (and thus, the public) for a matter which — at least where private attorneys are involved — is beyond the ambit of its responsibility and control. Strickland, 693 F.2d at 1260; see McQueen v. Swenson, 498 F.2d 207, 219 (8th Cir.1974). In a criminal justice system “which strives to hold the balance between the prosecution and the prosecuted steady and true,” United States v. Kobrosky, 711 F.2d at 454, conferring of such a trouvaille upon the accused strikes a dissonant chord. Lastly, any notion which presumes prejudice in all contexts and under all circumstances perforce erodes the stability of judicial proceedings. As Justice Powell once noted:
No effective judicial system can afford to concede the continuing theoretical possibility that there is error in every trial and that every incarceration is unfounded.
*1438 At some point the law must convey to those in custody that a wrong has been committed, that consequent punishment has been imposed, that one should no longer look back with the view to resurrecting every imaginable basis for further litigation but rather should look forward to rehabilitation and to becoming a constructive citizen.
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 262, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 2065, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) (Powell, J., concurring) (footnote omitted).
This court finds the better-reasoned rule to be that which permits the application of the harmless-constitutional-error doctrine, Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. at 22, 87 S.Ct. at 827, to deprivations of efficacious assistance, in cases where (i) the violation does not run to a matter so basic as to trench inexorably, by its very nature, upon the elementary rights of the accused to a fair trial, e.g., Holloway, supra, (ii) the infraction is not the result of conduct fairly attributable to the government (i.e., the prosecution or the court), and (iii) the determination of the quantum and effect of disadvantagement can be made objectively, without “unguided speculation”. Id., 435 U.S. at 491, 98 S.Ct. at 1182.
The adoption of such an approach allows for a case-by-case examination of each instance wherein a shortfall in the quality of legal aid is alleged, so that a reviewing court can sensibly separate the wheat of fundamental deprivation from the chaff of technical or peripheral miscues. The approach recommends itself by its logical consistency with the “reasonably effective assistance” rule, and by its utility in optimizing constancy to constitutional principle without requiring substance to be sacrificed on the altar of stylistic ritual. Common sense and constitutional fidelity need not always be at loggerheads; as the Fifth Circuit has so aptly stated in Davis v. Alabama, 596 F.2d 1214, 1222 (5th Cir. 1979): “Not every variety of attorney ineffectiveness should be treated in the same way.”
The role of defense counsel in a sentencing procedure such as was here undertaken is, in all events, a limited one. This is not the sort of a case where a separate assessment-of-punishment trial has been botched. Cf. Vela v. Estelle, 708 F.2d 954 (5th Cir.), petition for cert. filed, 52 U.S.L.W. 3268 (Sept. 22, 1983) (No. 83-506). Defense counsel’s function was to marshal the facts and the arguments so as to place the accused and his malefactions in the most favorable light, to counter errors, exaggerations or misleading or extraneous material introduced by the prosecution and- or the probation officer, and skillfully to advocate the defendant’s position before the sentencing judge. Cicilline did not make himself available to perform these tasks, and Ruggiero — while a journeyman criminal lawyer — was inadequately prepared to do so in Sparfven’s case. Be that as it may, Sparfven did not suffer the inherent prejudice attendant upon, say, unwarranted interference by the court with his testimonial rights, e.g., Geders v.- United States, 425 U.S. 80, 96 S.Ct. 1330, 47 L.Ed.2d 592 (1976) (trial court foreclosed defense counsel from consulting with his client during an overnight recess immediately before cross-questioning of the accused was to commence), nor was he totally deprived of the services of competent counsel, e.g., Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 83 S.Ct. 792, 9 L.Ed.2d 799 (1963) (state refused to appoint counsel to aid in the defense of indigent). Sparfven’s complaint is of a discrete error in preparation by an admittedly seasoned attorney under circumstances such that there is no implicit adverse effect of constitutional dimensions which cries out for expungement, nor any palpable basis for a showing that more effective assistance would have altered the shape of the sentence imposed. The detriment, if any there was, is readily susceptible to classification as de minimis.
The facts which could have been assembled on the defendant’s behalf were in fact placed before the sentencing judge by means of a prolix letter authored by Sparfven — and authored by him, it should be noted, after consultation with Cicilline.
Sparfven’s present counsel virtually concedes as much, sub silentio. He (and his client) concentrate their fire almost exclusively on the Report. Yet, Sparfven read the report twice before inscribing his letter to the court. He was told by Probation Officer Flanagan that, if the Report was inaccurate in any respect, he should point out the error(s) — and she would correct it; he never did so,
It is also significant that Sparfven has already had a second bite at the sentencing apple by means of his Rule 35 motion. That motion, while it is described by Sparfven as a pro se instrument, was filed some six weeks after his present able counsel had entered an appearance on his behalf. Judge Boyle’s comments on the Rule 35 motion are revealing:
(T)he defendant does not now assert that there were any errors of substance in the ... Report or that facts and circumstances were omitted which would have substantially affected ... the Report.
Sparfven I, slip op. at 4.
And further, Judge Boyle observed:
Defendant’s motion also includes a general statement of facts which provides no basis for a reduction of sentence, ...
... (T)he court is satisfied that the sentence imposed is a just sentence reflecting the continuing nature of the offense, the injury to victims and the need to deter others from similar conduct.
Id. at 5.
Finally, it cannot be ignored that the sentence imposed was not far different than that which the prosecution agreed to — and did — recommend. Judge Boyle’s description of Sparfven as “the catalyst of this scheme”, MTA at 3, is fully borne out by the record. This court, having had the opportunity to review the indictments, the Report and the petitioner’s version of the facts and circumstances, is completely persuaded that the sentence was and is fair and just.
It has accurately been said that “(t)he sentencing process consists of weighing mitigating and aggravating factors, and making adjustments in the severity of the sentence consistent with this calculus.” Vela v. Estelle, 708 F.2d at 966. There is an utter absence here of any hint either that alleviatory material existed which was not called to the attention of the sentencing judge, or that unfairly provocative matter was allowed to infiltrate the sentencing proceeding. The court, on this record, need not engage in conjecture or vaticination to conclude that any ineffectiveness on the part of Sparfven’s counsel did not result in actual or substantial disadvantage: assuming, without deciding, that the burden of proof as to want of prejudice lies with the prosecution,
Conclusion
It would serve no useful or legitimate purpose to vacate Sparfven’s sentence, and to order resentencing. Nor is any such result mandated on these facts or under applicable law. Thus, for the reasons articulated above, Sparfven’s application for collateral post-conviction relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 must be, and it hereby is, denied and dismissed.
It is so ordered.
. See, e.g., FT at 12, where the accused answered in the affirmative the chief judge’s specific inquiry: "Do you understand those charges?’’. Sparfven’s puerile effort to explain away this admission by suggesting that his counsel had instructed him that all of the judge’s questions would be basic and would require simply "yes” responses insults the fact-finder’s intelligence. Not surprisingly, this ploy drew no corroboration from Cicilline.
. This affidavit was also submitted by Sparfven as Exhibit III to his Rule 35 motion.
. Ruggiero compounded the problem by leading the sentencing judge to believe that he was satisfactorily prepared and equipped to represent Sparfven for purposes of sentencing. He strove to fashion — and did in fact create — a "business as usual” climate. Sparfven, too, raised no objection. And, the import of Ruggiero’s testimony was that Sparfven acquiesced, during the brief prc-scntencing meeting between them, in going forward with Ruggiero by his side. Sparfven, according to Ruggiero’s uncontradicted testimony, did not appear upset or angered by Cicilline’s absence.
. This testimony was, of course, of variance with Sparfven’s assurance to the court that no one had made any "prediction” or "prophecy” to him as to what his sentence might be. FT at 17.
. Indeed, Judge Boyle made this crystal clear when Sparfven’s change of plea was accepted; and Sparfven then affirmed his complete understanding of that facet of the matter. FT at 17.
. See Plummer v. Abbott Laboratories, 568 RSupp. 920, 925 n. 4 (D.R.U983).
. Although Sparfvcn equivocates on this point, this finding is a fair inference from the evidence
. Sparfven attributed this failure to Flanagan’s statement that “the Report could not be changed.” Flanagan denied having made this remark, and, in fact, testified that she invited Sparfven’s input for corrective purposes. Flanagan was a model of candor, and the court credits her testimony rather than the petitioner’s on this point.
. The petitioner makes much of the fact that Sparfvcn's sentence exceeded those imposed by Judge Boyle on two of the co-conspirators (Fradin and Kaplan). But, Sparfven takes nothing by this argument. He well knew at the change-of-plea hearing that the government was recommending lesser sentences for these two co-defendants; and he offers no facts to rebut the plain illation to which the subject indictments and attendant circumstances give rise: he merited the sentence which he received. Kaplan, a first offender, was sucked into the scam, principally by Sparfven. E.g., Transcript of May 20, 1983 hearing, morning session (“MTM”), at 5-6. Fradin, unlike Sparfven, had cooperated fully with the government from and after the time that the first indictment was handed up. E.g., MTM at 1. Each received a sentence in line with what the prosecutor recommended.
. In view of the lop-sided weight of the evidence on the point al issue, it is unnecessary for this court to choose between the conflicting approaches of the circuit courts as to allocation of the burden of proof. Instead, the court has opted to apply the Fourth Circuit rule, that being the most hospitable to Sparfven's contention. While leaving the question open for a later date, however, the court notes that there is a clear trend toward requiring that the defendant sustain, at the very least, the initial burden of demonstrating actual and substantial detriment. E.g., Corn v. Zant, 708 F.2d at 561; Washington v. Strickland, 693 F.2d at 1262; United States v. Cooper, 580 F.2d 259, 263 n. 8 (7th Cir.1978). Cf. United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 168, 102 S.Ct. 1584, 1594, 71 L.Ed.2d 816 (1982). And, this trend has gained considerable momentum in light of the reversal of position on the question reflected by the recent pronouncements of the much-respected District of Columbia Circuit. Compare DeCoster I, 487 F.2d at 1204 (once ineffective assistance has been shown, burden is on the government to establish lack of prejudice) with United States v. Decoster, 624 F.2d 196, 238 (D.C.Cir.1979) (en banc) ("Decoster III") (“(A) mere breach of duty to an accused is not a constitutional violation unless the defendant proves that he was prejudiced.”).