delivered the opinion of the court:
Patricia Alesky (defendant), pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 306 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1975, ch. 110A, par. 306), appeals an order of the trial court setting aside a jury verdict and granting a new trial. The following issues are presented: (1) did the trial court abuse its discretion in granting a new trial; and (2) did the trial court err in directing a verdict in plaintiff’s favor as to contributory negligence.
The relevant facts follow. David Spankroy (plaintiff), a passenger in a car driven by Mark Lefler on June 19, 1972, was involved in an accident with a car driven by defendant. Lefler’s vehicle was traveling east on a pedestrian crosswalk in the parking lot of the Cermak Shopping Plaza (Berwyn, Illinois), when it was hit by defendant’s vehicle traveling in a southerly direction on a traffic lane which crossed this pedestrian crosswalk. As a result of this collision, plaintiff suffered a broken arm and brought suit against defendant seeking damages.
At the jury trial plaintiff testified that on June 19,1972, at about 2 p.m., he was riding in the front passenger seat of a car being driven by Lefler when that car was involved in an accident with a car being driven by defendant. Lefler’s car was traveling on a pedestrian crosswalk at a speed of about 10 miles per hour. The car had crossed two traffic lanes prior to the collision with defendant’s vehicle. Plaintiff testified that he did not tell Lefler to drive on the crosswalk, nor did he comment on Lefler’s doing so. Plaintiff first saw defendant’s car at the moment of impact.
Lefler testified that he was driving east on the pedestrian crosswalk and had crossed two traffic aisles before the accident; that plaintiff did not tell him to drive on the crosswalk; that he was traveling at about eight miles per hour when he came to the traffic aisle where the collision took place; that he had looked to the north when he was about 10 feet from the middle of the intersection and claimed he could see about 20 feet; that he looked again when the car was about two or three feet from the intersection and saw defendant’s white car coming toward them; and that he put his foot on the brake but did not have time to stop and did not blow his horn. He testified that he could not estimate defendant’s speed but thought her car was traveling rather fast. Lefler could not recall making any comment, in the presence of the defendant, to the police after the accident.
Defendant testified that on the afternoon in question, she was driving her father’s automobile in a southerly direction in a traffic lane of the Cermak Shopping Plaza. Defendant noted that there was a steady line of parked cars to her right as she drove down the aisle; that she was traveling at a speed of about 10 to 15 miles per hour; and that about 20 feet from the pedestrian crossing she noticed diagonal lines painted on the pavement and could see only about one or two feet to the east and west at that point. Defendant further testified that as the front of her car entered the crosswalk, she allegedly saw a blur out of the corner of her eye about five feet from her car; that she did not see any auto prior to the impact; that she had no time to apply her brakes, and the right front of her car collided with the left front of the Lefler vehicle; and that her car traveled about 20 feet southeast after the impact, and the front of her vehicle struck a parked car. Defendant also testified that Lefler had admitted liability for the accident to a police officer.
David Alesky, defendant’s brother, testified he was riding in the car driven by his sister at the time of the accident. He claimed that she was traveling at a speed of five to 10 miles per hour; and that the Lefler car was traveling at a speed of 35 miles per hour.
At the close of the evidence, the trial court denied plaintiff’s motion for a directed verdict as to liability, and directed a verdict for plaintiff on the issue of contributory negligence. In closing argument, defendant’s attorney argued that the negligence of Lefler was the sole cause of plaintiff’s injuries and implied that plaintiff contributed to that negligence. Plaintiff’s attorney objected to this argument. The trial court did not rule on the objection and ordered the parties to proceed.
The jury returned a verdict for defendant. Plaintiff moved for a new trial urging that the verdict was contrary to the law and the evidence; that the defendant’s closing argument was inflammatory and prejudicial, and that this argument created an inference in the minds of the jury that the negligence of the driver was imputable to plaintiff; and finally, that the verdict was contrary to the preponderance of the evidence. The trial court allowed this motion, set aside the jury verdict, and ordered a new trial, stating that ‘ I think the negligence of the defendant in this case by her own statement is compelling.”
I.
Our review of the case law in this State on motions for new trial in civil cases leads us to the conclusion that some confusion exists. (See Houston v. Zimmerman (4th Dist. 1975),
A.
In a jury trial of a civil matter, it is well settled that the standard used by the jury is the preponderance of the evidence. 18 Ill. L. & Prac. Evidence §345 (1956); see Reivitz v. Chicago Rapid Transit Co. (1927),
However, our research reveals that it is not clear what standard the trial court may apply to set aside a jury verdict and order a new trial. Various criteria such as weight of the evidence (Payne v. Kingsley (2nd Dist. 1965),
Preponderance of the evidence, as defined in Moss-American, Inc. v. Fair Employment Practices Com. (5th Dist. 1974),
“[T]he greater weight of the evidence, not necessarily in numbers of witnesses, but in merit and worth that which has more evidence for it than against it is said to be proven by a preponderance. Preponderance of the evidence is sufficient if it inclines an impartial and reasonable mind to one side rather than the other.”
Manifest weight of the evidence is a more stringent standard. This court has defined that standard as follows:
“Manifest weight means the clearly evident, plain and indisputable weight of the evidence.” Gettemy v. Grgula (1st Dist. 1975),25 Ill. App. 3d 625 , 628,323 N.E.2d 628 .
We also note that preponderance of the evidence is frequently used synonymously with weight of the evidence.
1
Cleveland, C. C. & St. L. Ry. Co. v. Trimmell (3d Dist. 1898),
It is well established that the' granting of a motion for new trial is discretionary with the trial court, and that its ruling will not be reversed unless a clear abuse of discretion is shown on the record. (Doerr v. Palm (1st Dist. 1971),
In discussing the standard of review to be used in the trial court’s granting of a motion for new trial, Gavin v. Keter (1st Dist. 1934),
“The allowance or refusal of a new trial on the weight of the evidence is peculiarly within the discretion of the trial court and he is warranted in granting a new trial if a plaintiff has failed to sustain his claim by a preponderance of the evidence. In passing upon the question as to whether or not the trial court in such case was justified in granting a new trial, we must bear in mind that there are many things which a trial judge observes on a trial that do not appear from the printed record, — the appearance of a witness, his or her manner of testifying, and other circumstances that greatly aid the trial court in determining the credibility of a witness and the weight, if any, that should be attached to his or her testimony.”
In reversing the trial court’s allowance of a motion for new trial in Biel v. Wolff (1st Dist. 1970),
The Fifth Appellate District has recently criticized the preponderance of the evidence standard in Stringer v. McHugh (5th Dist. 1975),
Since a jury is instructed to use the preponderance of the evidence test, in our opinion, the trial court in reviewing the jury determination should use the same standard of review. This is not to say that the trial court may set aside a verdict where the factual controversy could be resolved in favor of either party. A motion for new trial is not an opportunity for the trial court to substitute its opinion for the jury’s — this would be an abuse of discretion. (See Finley v. New York Central R.R. Co. (1960),
We note our supreme court has set forth the manifest weight of the evidence test in affirming an appellate court decision which reversed a trial court’s allowance of a judgment notwithstanding the verdict as well as a new trial. (Bank of Marion v. Robert “Chick” Fritz, Inc. (1974),
“In this case we do not find that the verdict of the jury was against the manifest weight of the evidence.”
However, the appellate court in reversing the order allowing a new trial in this case had stated:
“We find there is no reasonable basis for a new trial being ordered either on the issue of damages or on the entire case.” (9 Ill. App. 3d 102 , 110,291 N.E.2d 836 .) (Emphasis added.)
It appears to us that the appellate corut was using the preponderance standard, while the supreme court applied the manifest weight of the evidence test.
In Mizowek v. De Franco (1976),
“On a motion for a new trial a court will weigh the evidence and set aside the verdict and order a new trial if the verdict is contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. Heideman v. Kelsey,414 Ill. 453 , 466; Millikin National Bank of Decatur v. Shellabarger Grain Products Co.,389 Ill. 196 , 200; Hunt v. Vermilion County Childrens Home,381 Ill. 29 , 34; 3A Nichols, Illinois Civil Practice sec. 3887, at 402 (1961).”
While it is true the verdict will be set aside when it is against the manifest weight of the evidence, in our opinion, the trial court may also set it aside when it is against the preponderance of the evidence. It is interesting to review the citations in the referenced quote from Mizowek. Kelsey states:
“On a motion for new trial the court may weigh the evidence for the purpose of determining whether the verdict is contrary to the weight of the evidence, and, if the court so finds, a new trial should be granted.” (414 Ill. 453 , 466, Ill N.E.2d 538.)
Millikin remanded a matter to the appellate court for a determination of the questions raised by the appellant’s motion for a new trial. That court noted:
“A motion for a new trial, however, raises other questions than those which can be determined upon a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. 6 # # And, in addition, and perhaps the most important of all, the court has a right to determine whether the evidence is sufficient to justify the verdict.” (389 Ill. 196 , 200,58 N.E.2d 892 .)
Hunt said:
“On a motion for a new trial the court may weigh the evidence for the purpose of determining whether the verdict is contrary to the weight of the evidence, and, if the court so finds, a new trial should be granted.” (381 Ill. 29 , 34,44 N.E.2d 609 .)
Nichols, cited in Mizowek, explains that in addition to being able to set aside the verdict when it is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the trial court may also set aside the verdict and order a new trial when that verdict is contrary to the clear preponderance of the evidence, or is the result of prejudice or misconception of the evidence. As stated above, Nichols also points out that the decision to grant a new trial is peculiarly within the discretion of the trial court.
Based on our review of the question, it is our opinion that the standard to be used by the trial court in determining a motion for new trial is the preponderance of evidence test.
B.
We next consider the standard to be used by this court in reviewing the action of the trial court in granting or denying a motion for new trial. Based on our research we believe the following cases set forth principles that should be applied by the reviewing courts.
In City of Monticello v. LeCrone (1953),
Stilfield v. Iowa-Illinois Gas & Electric Co. (2ndDist. 1960),
“We cannot say that the finding of the jury on the matter of the plaintiff’s due care is so unreasonable, arbitrary and unsupported on the evidence that it would justify the trial court in granting the defendant a new trial. The finding of the jury is binding on this court under the facts and the law as disclosed by this record and should not be disturbed. The plaintiff is entitled to have the benefit of his verdict.”25 Ill. App. 2d 478 , 490.
Where the trial court has denied a motion for new trial, the reviewing court will not disturb the findings of the jury unless the verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Cora v. Chicago Housing Authority (1st Dist. 1971),
Pertinent to this discussion is the principle that a court of review will not disturb a trial court’s finding in a bench trial and substitute its own opinion unless the holding of the trial court is “manifestly against the weight of the evidence.” Schulenburg v. Signatrol (1967),
C.
We now turn to the facts of this case to determine if the trial court abused its discretion in determining that the verdict was contrary to the preponderance of the evidence. The only reason stated by the trial court in setting aside the jury verdict was that the negligence of the defendant is compelling and “the verdict of the jury * * * missed the point.” The trial court later declined to specify the reasons for granting the new trial. We note it would have aided this court in its determination if the trial court had specified the reasons on which it based its decision. (See Gavin v. Keter (1st Dist. 1934),
The evidence before the court was that plaintiff was riding in a car traveling down a crosswalk and defendant was driving down a traffic lane. Defendant admitted not seeing the car in which plaintiff was traveling, although she knew she was approaching a crosswalk and did see some sort of blur at the crosswalk before entering it. Furthermore, the court instructed the jury that no negligence could be imputed to plaintiff, a passenger, because Lefler was driving in the crosswalk. Based on the evidence we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in granting plaintiff’s motion for new trial. We also believe the ruling was not against the manifest weight of the evidenced
II.
Next we consider the directed verdict as to the issue of contributory negligence. Since we agree this matter must be remanded for a new trial, we only note that if sufficient evidence is introduced to raise a question as to plaintiff’s contributory negligence during the new trial, this issue should be submitted to the jury. Gettemy v. Grgula (1st Dist. 1975),
The judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed and the matter is remanded to the trial court for a new trial.
Judgment affirmed.
STAMOS and JIGANTI, JJ., concur.
Notes
We note the Illinois Appellate Reports headnote in Johnson v. Chicago Transit Authority (1st Dist. 1975),
Pedrick v. Peoria & Eastern R. R. Co. (1967),