187 F. 72 | 4th Cir. | 1911
(after stating the facts as above). The question presented for our consideration is as to whether it was competent for the witness Adams to testify as to the correctness of the statements contained in the paper which was attached to his deposition and marked Exhibit F, and which purported to contain the weights of the cars at the time they were loaded for shipment. In other words, did the witness testify as to facts that were within his own knowledge, or did his testimony depend upon information received from another? The determination of the questions involved in this case depends entirely upon the proper answer to this inquiry.
It appears from the statement of facts that the plaintiff transmitted a list of the cars shipped over the initial carrier, from Denver, to H. A. Johnson, chief clerk of the general freight office of the Colorado-
“Your letter of April 23d attaching list of ears shipped over our line from Denver. I return you your memorandum and have noted on same weights of these cars as arrived at over our scales at Denver.”
This letter, together with the weights of the cars, were offered in evidence, and the same were identified by the witness. The substance of the testimony of the witness was that he wrote the letter in question ; but it should be borne in mind that there is no statement in this letter that the weights are correct. On cross-examination the witness testified that he did not prepare the paper designated “Exhibit E,” that he did not weigh the cars personally, and that he did not inspect any of the scales on which these cars were weighed. In other words, it clearly appears from the testimony of the witness that the cars were weighed by another, and that he was not present at the time they were weighed, and all he knew was that which appeared upon the slips of papers furnished him by the person in charge of the records of weight. No one had testified as to what occurred at the time the cars were weighed.
The evidence of the party who weighed the cárs could have been procured by the same means employed in securing the evidence of witness Adams, to wit, by deposition; but for some reason the plaintiff failed to avail itself of this testimony.
It is insisted by counsel for plaintiff that, where an unimpeached witness swears to a fact of his own knowledge, “it must be taken that he had competent means of information and knowledge, unless the contrary appears.” This proposition is undoubtedly correct; but such is not the state of facts before us. It should be borne in mind that the witness testified that he did not prepare the statement and that he was not present when the cars were weighed. Thus we are informed by the witness that his testimony was not as to facts within his own knowledge, but that his information was derived from a statement made by another in regard to a transaction about which he had no knowledge whatsoever. If, in this instance, the witness had actually weighed the cars and had prepared the statement offered in evidence, he could have referred to the same for the purpose of refreshing his memory as to what actually took place at the time the cars were weighed; but no such state of facts.exist, and it cannot therefore be contended that this is a memorandum used for the purpose of refreshing the memory of the witness. If Exhibit E had been eliminated, the witness, according to his own statements, would have been unable to testify as to any material fact connected with the weighing of the cars. In this case the witness on account of information which he had received from another believed that the statements contained in Exhibit E were correct. Evidence of this character is clearly incompetent.
In the case of Jones v. Railroad, 148 N. C. 449, 62 S. E. 521, among other things, the defendant, in order to show the condition of the stock when transferred from one freight conductor to another, on a different part of its system, offered in evidence “the original record of Conductor E. D. Skinner, handling the shipment of stock from
“Wo have held that a record containing entries made in the usual course of business on the train, sheets by the witness (a train dispatcher) from reports telegraphed to him by station agents as to the arrival and departure of trains is admissible for the purpose of showing the position of a train at a certain time. Insurance Company v. Railroad, 138 N. C. 42, 50 S. E. 452, 107 Am. St. Rep. 517. The evidence offered by defendant is far from coming within the principle of that decision. The record was made in that case by the witness himself, who was under oath and subject to cross-examination, and the witness identified it as the record made by him, showing the movement of trains. The report of the case shows that ‘the record was offered by defendant in corrobora ¡ion of wilness Hunt, and the court admitted it for that purpose, so instructing the jury.’
“Waiving the confusion in the record as to the identification by proof of this ‘original record.’ it is certain that the defendant did not offer Conductor Skinner to prove the condition of the animals on his run, and then offer his train record of that run for the purpose of corroborating his evidence.
“It has been held by the Supreme Court of Massachusetts that train dispatchers’ records, properly identified, are competent evidence to show the location of a train at a given time: but an examination of the case shows that ‘entries from the train sheet, with the testimony of the person who made them, were admitted to show that outward trains passed’ at certain hours. Donovan v. Railroad, 158 Mass. 450, 33 N. E. 583.
“These decisions rest upon the idea that as telegraphic messages are rend by sound, as well as automatically recorded in symbols, such entries stand upon the same footing as if made from oral statements uttered at the sending station and audible in the dispatcher’s office. These cases, for that reason, are to be distinguished from those bolding that entries by a servant on his master's books for goods sold are incompetent, unless the servant is called to support the charges and prove the delivery. Miller v. Shay, 145 Mass. 162, 13 N. E. 468. 1 Am. St. Rep. 449.
“There is nothing in the record of a train run or the logbook of a ship which takes the case from the general rule that the entries must be identified, and when so identified they are competent evidence in support of the person who made them.
“As the appellant failed to send up the ‘train record,’ we are unable to pH her exactly what it was expected to prove by it. As we understand it, the i „ ,-ord was silent as to the condition of the stock on Conductor Skinner’s run. liad he been examined as a witness, his record of the run would have been competent to corroborate and fortify his evidence. As he was not examined, the court properly excluded it.”
In the case of Stabler v. Clark, 155 Mich. 26, 118 N. W. 605, which was an appeal from a decree to foreclose a mortgage, the court, in referring to the refusal of the lower court to permit the defendant to testify as to an entry made by his wife showing a payment on the mortgage, said:
“It is to be noted that the book was not used at the hearing as an aid to the recollection of! the witness, nor was it claimed or assumed that it was more trustworthy than the present recollection of witnesses. Neither of the defendants professed that they had not exact, independent memory of the narrated facts. Quite the contrary. Mrs. Clark had indeed no knowledge that the money had been paid by her husband, except that she claims he told her ho had paid it, and she on the evening of the day in question made the written narrations in the book; nor is the book one of accounts kept in the usual course of a business. It is the settled law in this state that such evidence under such circumstances will not be received. Weaver v. Bromley, 65*76 Mich. 212 [31 N. W. 839]; Collins v. Shaw, 124 Mich. 474 [83 N. W. 146]. See Wigmore on Evidence, §§ 73-A-738.”
These cases are on all fours with the case at bar. There, as in this instance, it was sought to prove the correctness of a document by a witness who had not prepared the same and who had no knowledge of the transaction upon which the entries or statements were based. We are of opinion that the evidence as offered was clearly incompetent and that the court below erred in not excluding the same.
It further appears from the record that a cross-writ of error was taken from the judgment of the court below based upon the findings of the. jury in the sum of $5,000, in favor of the plaintiff below as damages for the loss and detention of the machinery described in the bills of lading. We will now consider the questions brought here for review by the cross-writ of error. The sixth paragraph of the complaint is in the following language:
“That two cars of said shipment of machinery have never yet been delivered to the plaintiff though demanded, and as plaintiff is informed and believed, same has never yet arrived at its destination; that upon the arrival of the remainder of said shipment same was greatly and badly injured, damaged, and destroyed to the great damage to the plaintiff in the sum of $13,161.16, together with interest as follows: From March 1, 1907, 'until paid, which said damage arose as follows: For machinery lost, injured and damaged in transit; for machinery lost or withheld from the plaintiff as aforesaid and never delivered; for machinery demolished and destroyed by the defendant in transit; for repairs to machinery to replace broken and damaged machinery, demurrage, freights, expenses incurred in connection with replacing broken and injured machinery- — all of which, together with said excessive freight charges, as set forth above, is shown in detail by itemized statement hereto attached, marked ‘Exhibit A’ and made a part of this complaint.”
It will be.observed that this cause of action is based upon the common-law liability of the defendant as a common carrier by which it' is sought to fix the defendant with liability as an insurer; the only exceptions being loss or damage occasioned by the act of God, a public enemy, etc. The plaintiff contends that this action does not grow out of any contract of carriage and is therefore not for damages for any breach of contracts or stipulations embodied in bills of lading for the machinery in question. This contention is borne out by the fourth paragraph of the complaint, in which it is alleged that these shipments were accepted by the defendant under the then published through rates of the respective railroads and other connecting carriers forming-through lines, and that the defendant issued to the plaintiff original bills of lading to be produced by the plaintiff at the trial. It nowhere appears in the complaint that the plaintiff relies on any contract of carriage between the parties, nor does it appear that the plaintiff claimed the benefit of any stipulations contained in the various bills of lading. However, there is a reference to the bills of lading in the fourth paragraph of the complaint, and it is insisted by counsel for the defendant that by such reference the bills-of lading were incorporated in and became a part of the complaint and were relied upon by the plaintiff for the purpose of recovery; while, on the other hand, it is insisted by counsel for plaintiff that these bills of lading are referred to merely for the purpose of showing the date of shipment and identifying the
As to this cause of action the court submitted four issues to the jury; the first being as to what amount, if any, the plaintiff was entitled to recover of the defendant on account of lost or damaged property. In response to this issue the jury fixed the damages at $5,000. The remaining issues submitted were as to whether the plaintiff had preferred to the initial carrier or any of the intervening carriers over which the machinery was shipped claim for losses or damages to the machinery within the time stipulated in the bills of lading; the stipulation being 30 days in two instances and 10 in the other. The jury in response to these issues found that the plaintiff did not prefer its claim within the time stipulated.
Thereupon the plaintiff moved for judgment non obstante veredicto. The court refused to grant this motion, but held .that the stipulations contained in the various bills of lading issued by the various railroad companies, requiring the plaintiff to prefer notice of its claim for lost and damaged machinery within 30 days and 10 days after shipment, were void. In referring to this matter, the court said;
“The court holds as a principle of law that the time limits in the bills of lading, both the 30 days and 30 days, in which to file claim for loss, are unreasonably short, and therefore void.; but in view of the fact that plaintiff contracted to give notice of claim, although ihe time limit is not reasonable, yet the duty devolved upon plaintiff to give such notice within a reasonable time. Ordinarily what constitutes reasonable time within which to give such notice would be a question.of fact for the jury; but in this case the expiration of nine months without notice of claim and the bringing of this suit as the first notice to the defendant the court holds to be as a matter of law a delay so unreasonable as to estop plaintiff's right of recovery. This conclusion is based upon the line of reasoning pursued in Osterhoudt v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company, 47 App. Div. 146, 62 N. Y. Supp. 134, and upon the case of Deans & Brown v. Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company [67 S. E. 332], decided by the Supreme Court of North Carolina at the February term, 1910. In the North Carolina caso it will be seen that the court holds it to be the law that although the time limit in the bill of lading is unreasonably short, and therefore void, yet, in the face of such a stipulation, it becomes the duty of the shipper to give notice of loss of, or Injury to, property in transit to the carrier within 60 days.”
For the reasons stated, the court rendered judgment disallowing the damages found by the jury to be due the plaintiff upon the ground that the plaintiff had not preferred notice of its claim within a reasonable time.
The first assignment of error is as follows:
“The court ruled that by reason of contractual stipulations contained in said bills of lading, set up in defendant’s answer, requiring notice of claim, the plaintiff was required to prefer notice of its claim for loss and damage to said machinery within a reasonable time, and that plaintiff was estopped from recovering for failure to prefer notice of claim within a reasonable time, and that the delay from April 35, 3907, to commencement of action was unreasonable, and plaintiff in apt time excepted to said ruling and prayed that this bill of exceptions be signed and sealed, and the same is signed and sealed accordingly.”
In the case of Peary Tee Moss v. North Carolina Railroad Company, 122 N. C. 889, 29 S. E. 410, the court thus states the rule:
“ * * * A defendant is called upon to answer the accusations made against him, but he is not called upon, and it would be unreasonable to do so, to anticipate and come prepared to defend any other accusation. It is a settled maxim of law that proof without allegation is as unavailable as allegation without proof. There is nothing in the answer to assist the complaint, if the facts were as the charge assumes them to be. Conley v. Railroad Company, 109 N. C. 692 [14 S. E. 303]. ‘A complaint proceeding upon one theory will not authorize a recovery upon another and entirely distinct and independent theory.’ 4 Elliott on Railroads, § 1954.”
This rule applies to a defendant as well as a plaintiff where a defense of this character is relied upon. Even if this were a valid defense, the defendant could not avail- itself of such defense without specifically pleading the same. As we have said, there being no pleading of any character which justified an issue of this kind, the court below was in error in ruling as it did upon this question. Hoye v. Pa. R. R. et al., 191 N. Y. 101, 83 N. E. 586, 17 L. R. A. (N. S.) 641.
It appears that there were nine bills of lading issued by the Union Pacific Railroad Company as an initial carrier which contained no stipulations as to claims for lost or damaged machinery. It also further appears that a considerable proportion of the machinery was shipped over this line, and there is evidence tending to show that much of this machinery was damaged or lost.- There was nothing in the pleadings upon which to base an issue as to this phase of the question, and evidence^ relating to the same was submitted to the jury, and it is reasonable to assume that these shipments were considered by the jury in determining the amount found to be due the plaintiff in response to the second issue.
The court below evidently based its ruling upon the case of Deans v. A. C. T. Ry. Co., reported in 67 S. E. (N. C.) 332. Plowever, we think that case is easily distinguished from the case at bar. There the stipulation was in the following language:
“Claims for loss or damage must be made in writing to tbe agent at point of delivery promptly after tbe arrival of tbe property, and if delayed for more than thirty days after the delivery of the .property, or after due time for-the delivery thereof, the carrier hereunder shall be liable in any event.”
However, the only stipulations contained in the bills of lading in this case are to the effect that claims must be preferred within 10 and 30 days respectively, and this provision was declared to be void by the court below in conformity with the decisions of the Supreme Court of North Carolina. The court having held that these stipulations were void, nothing remained in the stipulations upon which to base the contention that claim should have been preferred within a reasonable time. The ruling of the court in this respect is in harmony with the North Carolina decisions.
The case of the Dixie Cigar Co. v. Southern Express Company, 120 N. C. 348, 27 S. E. 73, 58 Am. St. Rep. 795, was instituted for the recovery of the value of a package which plaintiff delivered to the defendant in April, 1893, to lie shipped to Ratan, Mexico, and which was not delivered as agreed. The receipt given by the express company contained the following stipulation:
“In no event shall the Southern Express Company be liable for any loss or damage, unless the claim therefor shall be presented to them in writing at this office within thirty days after this date, in a statement to which this receipt shall he attached.”
The trial court held that the stipulation in the receipt as to giving 30 days’ notice was unreasonable, and that the failure of the plaintiff to comply therewith would not prevent a recovery. There was a verdict in favor of the plaintiff. The Supreme Court in that case said:
“The stipulation here being void, and the action having been brought within three years, the plaintiff was entitled to recover.”
Also, in the case of the United States Watch Case Company v. Southern Express Company, reported in 120 N. C. 351, 27 S. E. 74, the defendant relied upon a stipulation which was held to be void. At the close of the case .the court said:
“The action having been brought within three years, the plaintiff is entitled to recover.” -
The decision in the case of Deans v. A. C. E. Ry. Co., supra, does not conflict with the principles announced in the foregoing cases.
It appearing that the bills of lading in this case contained no provision other than the one declaring that no claim can be made unless
For the reasons stated, these judgments brought here on writ of error and cross-writ of error, respectively, are reversed, and the same are remanded for further proceedings in accordance with the views herein expressed.
McDOWELU, District Judge, concurs in the conclusion reached.
