208 F. 385 | 9th Cir. | 1913
This is an action for damages growing out of the alleged negligent crushing of the leg of the defendant in error under a passenger train of the Southern Pacific Company. Verdict in favor of defendant in error, and the Southern Pacific Company brings error.
The injury occurred at the railroad station of the Southern Pacific Company at Paso Robles, Cal., on October 8, 1910, at about 11 p. m. Soldiers of the United States regular army and the state militia were engaged in joint maneuvers near Atascadero, a few miles south of Paso Robles; between 5,000 and 10,000 men participating. A considerable number of these soldiers, together with defendant in error, who was at that time a first lieutenant in the regular army, and other officers, had made the trip from Atascadero to Paso Robles on that day over the Southern Pacific Company’s road on round trip excursion tickets good for their return within two daj^s. The railroad company advertised the maneuvers at Camp Atascadero by means of1 posters done in colors, and published special schedules for its trains between Paso Robles and Atascadero for the time from October 1st to October 15th. The schedule showed eight trains daily between the two points' for the period mentioned, and this special schedule had been made generally public among the soldiers. Under this announced service several hundred regulars and militiamen went up to Paso Robles during the day of the 8th on various north-bound trains. At Paso Robles there were, among other amusements, band concerts and swimming contests.
At about 10 o’clock on the evening of October 8th, apparently after the amusements had ceased, a crowd began to gather at the Southern Pacific Company’s station in Paso Robles. This crowd is variously estimated by the different witnesses as from 450 to 1,000, composed largely of soldiers and containing in their midst several officers in uniform. Defendant iñ error, Captain (then Lieutenant) Ward, was one of these officers. The station grounds about the depot were open and
The crowd was orderly and gave no indication or sign of disorder until the train was pulling in. There was no one representing the Southern Pacific «Company who attempted in any way to guide or direct the crowd about boarding the train, and no warning or direction as to the manner in which the crowd should take the train was given. As the train came in, some 10 or 15 minutes late, there was a swaying of the crowd and movement toward the train, by reason of which Captain Ward was jostled and thrown, or fell, so that he went under the moving train; the wheels of one of the cars passitig over and crushing his right leg, thereby necessitating its amputation at the knee. Captain Ward was near the tracks, but there were a few persons between him and the train when the movement of the crowd began. One witness testified that he was directly next to Captain Ward when the train came in, that they were six or eight feet away from the tracks, and that when the engine went by there were a few persons ahead of him and both were surrounded on all sides by a crowd of people. Captain Light, an officer of the National Guard of California who was present, said:
“I saw the accident happen to Captain Ward. I was standing about between 10 and 12 feet to the rear of Captain Ward and the officer that he was talking to at the time the accident occurred. From the time that we saw the headlight, the train came on, as I say, at about 25 miles an hour; didn’t seem any more than the snap of your finger until the time it was past us, and of course the crowd started to move along, and I saw some one fall ahead of me. By that time I had closed, in a little closer to the crowd. And there were some people in between Captain Ward and the train, surging forward themselves to meet the train. * * * The train hadn’t stopped, but had kept moving until after Captain Ward was hurt. It hadn’t made a stop and then started again; the train was in motion when he got hurt. Be did not try to hoard it I know, because there was people' between him and the train.”
There was evidence tending to show that the train approached the station at a rate of speed variously estimated at from 18 to 25 miles an hour and that from this rate of speed members of the crowd gained the impression that it was not going to stop; that the train came in at the usual rate of speed and came to a stop in the usual and customary manner, and at the customary place; that the cars available for passengers, three in number, were well filled, and that before the train stopped it was apparent to the waiting passengers that the accommodations on the train were limited and insufficient for all that desired to return to Atascadero on that train. As the train left Paso Robles, the cars were crowded with people. A witness said:
“There were men sitting on the sides of the seats, standing in between the people that had occupied the train before it arrived at Paso Robles, standing in back of them and in front of them.”
Further details will be brought out as the various assignments of error are considered.
In his complaint Captain Ward charges the Southern Pacific Company with liability because of its negligent failure to prepare to accommodate the crowd, its neglect to anticipate a general movement and surging of the crowd to obtain and secure accommodations on the train, its failure to employ means to maintain order in the crowd, and its negligence in approaching the station at an excessive rate of speed and failure to have said train under instant control.
The Southern Pacific Company set up that the accident was not the proximate result of any negligence of the railroad company, and that whatever injuries were suffered by Captain Ward were proximately caused by his own negligence, and that his negligence contributed to cause the accident.
“It is obviously a reasonable rule, doclucible from the principles of law governing common carriers, that a carrier’s proposal through advertisement to conduct an excursion calculated to induce people to travel in unusual numbers implies that it will furnish greater facilities to accommodate and care for those who avail themselves of the proffer than its usual service requires. This applies to the stations and crowds assembling there, as well as to trans-Xjortation.”
No person representing the company made any effort to police the crowd or to manage it when those on the ground in front of the depot made a movement or surging towards the train. In Penn. Co. v. Stockton, 184 Fed. 422, 106 C. C. A. 433, the Circuit Court of Appeals of the Third Circuit discussed the duty of a railroad to a passenger about to board a train at a station. That case, like the one under consideration, presented the question of duty in an action for damages for negligence in causing the death of a passenger on the platform at the height of the summer excursion travel. There the crowd pushed the. decedent under the train while he was attempting to get upon it. The court held that the situation was not one which the railroad company had no reason to anticipate. Said the court:
“The crowd was not extraordinary, ft was one from which, uncontrolled, an accident might result, and the railroad, although equipped to control it and proving it was its duty to handle Hie crowd properly, simply left it to take care of itself. Under this situation, a jury might fairly infer that absence of any cafe was a lack of due care, and negligence is the lack of due care under the circumstances.”
Nor can it he held that this case is one of contributory negligence. Captain Ward did not know in advance that the train would he late. He did not know that it would be apparent to the crowd that the accommodations would be inadequate. ILc did not know, and had no reason to believe, that he was in a position of unusual danger.. He had a right to assume that the company would perform its duty and that it would take every necessary and reasonable precaution to protect its passengers rightfully upon the station grounds. The suggestion that, as an officer of the army, he could have commanded the soldiers, is 'not sound. The men were not there as soldiers under military orders, but went in their private capacities and are to be regarded as persons and passengers rightfully about a depot awaiting an expected train. The speed at which the train came into the depot was a circumstance
“I also instruct you that it is the duty of every public carrier of passengers to employ sufficient servants for the protection of such passengers, and it is under obligations -to take due care to secure the safety of a passenger who is upon its premises peaceably for the purpose of boarding its trains.”
Counsel for the company contend that the language employed means that it is obligatory upon a railroad to furnish complete security by the employment of servants adequate to secure such security, and hence that the rule as expressed by the court goes beyond the requirement that the highest degree of care shall be employed. But when we examine all of the instructions which were given pertaining to the degree of care which the railroad owed to one about to board its train, surely the jury could not have misunderstood the application of the whole instruction. The court of its own motion charged that, the degree of care which one person owes to another depends in a measure upon the relationship which exists between the parties, and that a common carrier — ■
“owes to its passengers tlie duty to exercise tlie highest degree of care for their protection and safety which is consistent with the practical operation of its road; and if you find from the testimony in this ease that the plaintiff was on the platform to take a train with a ticket in his pocket, he was within*391 tlie meaning o£ tlie rule * * * a passenger. That is, the railroad company owed him the same degree of care and protection that it owes to a passenger in actual transit.”
The court made its meaning clearer by giving the following instruction :
“Where a railroad company, by reason of an advertisement of reduced rates, induces an unusual crowd to collect at its stations, it is bound to use such means as are reasonably necessary to prevent injury to individuals from the conduct or pressure of the crowd in passing to and from its trains.”
Furthermore, at the request of the railroad company, the court charged that while the company was obliged to exercise the highest degree of care and caution to avoid injuries to its passengers, it was not required to guarantee or insure protection from the disorder or violence of mobs or immense and unruly crowds. The court co?i-tinued:
“The impossible is not required of such companies. If you believe from the evidence that at the time of plaintiff’s said accident he was pushed under the said car by an unruly crowd which the defendant was nnable to control or restrain, and was thereby and without fault of the defendant injured, then l instruct you that * s: * defendant is not liable therefor.”
And again, at the company’s request, the court told the jury if they believed from the evidence that plaintiff was injured by reason of being pushed under the train by a sudden onrush, if any, of persons towards the train, which the defendant did not know or could not anticipate in advance of the happening of sucfi event, but that such sudden onrush did occur and was the sole cause of the accident, then plaintiff could not recover damages. At defendant’s request, the court also stated that, as there was nothing to indicate disorder in the crowd at the station prior to the time the train pulled in, the defendant was under no obligation to police or restrain or attempt to- control the crowd prior to the arrival of the train; and, continuing, said:
“If, at that time, the injury to plaintiff resulted from a sudden movement or rushing of a portion of .said crowd, which the said defendant could not reasonably hare anticipated or could not have guarded against by the exercise of any degree of care reasonable under the circumstances, then « * * defendant is not to he held liable in this action.”
Under the general doctrine that the instructions must be regarded as a whole, we believe the law was made clear enough, and that absolute security was not made the criterion for guidance. This court, in the case of Belsea v. Tindall, 190 Fed. 440, 111 C. C. A. 244, quoting from Magniac v. Thompson, 7 Pet. 348, 389 (8 L. Ed. 709) used this language :
“In examining the charge for the purpose of ascertaining its correctness in point of law, the whole scope and bearing of it must be taken together. It is wholly inadmissible to take up single and detached passages, and to decide upon them, without attending to the context, or without incorporating such qualifications and explanations as naturally flow from the language of other parts of the charge. In short, we are to construe the whole, as it must have been understood, both by the court and the jury, at the time when it was delivered.”
The court, among other things, charged that, if it were shown that two parties had contributed to the injury of a third person, then, notwithstanding the act of one of said two parties might have been reckless and that of the other merely manifesting the want of ordinary care, neither of said parties is relieved 'of liability for the injury to
These views cover the principal points of the case. We have also carefully examined the several other assignments of error upon which plaintiff in error bases its arguments, but do not find that any of them demonstrates prejudicial error.
The judgment is therefore affirmed.