359 F. Supp. 2d 229 | D. Conn. | 2005
The SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND TELEPHONE COMPANY, Plaintiff,
v.
MCI WORLDCOM COMMUNICATIONS, INC., et al., Defendants.
United States District Court, D. Connecticut.
*230 Timothy P. Jensen, Tyler, Cooper & Alcorn, New Haven, CT, Michael C. D'Agostino, Bingham McCutchen, Hartford, CT, David L. Schwarz, Michael K. Kellogg, Kellogg, Huber, Hansen, Todd & Evans, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.
Timothy G. Ronan, Robert J. Sickinger, Cummings & Lockwood, Stamford, CT, Michael B. Desanctis, Jenner & Block, Washington, DC, Robert L. Marconi, Tatiana D. Eirmann, Attorney General's Office Public Utility Control, New Britain, CT, for Defendants.
RULING ON MOTION TO ALTER OR AMEND THE JUDGMENT
UNDERHILL, District Judge.
The Southern New England Telephone Company, now doing business as SBC Connecticut, ("SBC") has moved to amend or alter the judgment entered in this case on February 4, 2005. SBC believes the decision that led to that judgment, SNET v. MCI WorldCom, 353 F. Supp. 2d 287 (D.Conn.2005) ("the Decision"), erroneously held: (1) that the FCC's ISP Remand Order,[1] 2001 WL 455869, 16 F.C.C.R. 9151 (Apr. 27, 2001), applies to all ISP-bound traffic, and (2) that Foreign Exchange ("FX") traffic is subject to reciprocal compensation under 47 U.S.C. § 251(b)(5). Regarding the first point, I am not persuaded that the Decision was in error. Regarding the second point, the Decision did not decide the question whether FX traffic is subject to reciprocal compensation but left it for the Connecticut Department of Public Utility Control ("DPUC") to answer on remand. Accordingly, SBC's motion is denied.
I. ISP Remand Order
The following paragraph from the Decision pertains to SBC's first issue.
Finally, it is worth emphasizing that, unless and until the FCC changes its rules, ISP-bound traffic is never subject to section 251(b)(5) reciprocal compensation, regardless of whether or not it involves the use of FX service. The ISP Remand Order covers all ISP-bound traffic, without exception. See Global NAPS, Inc., 327 F.Supp.2d at 300 ("The FCC did not distinguish traffic between an ISP and its customer in different local calling areas from traffic between an ISP and its customer in the same local calling area."). Consequently, because the effective date of the ISP Remand Order predates the Final Decision, any decision the DPUC makes on remand regarding FX traffic will have no direct effect on ISP-bound traffic.
353 F.Supp.2d at 299. SBC argues that the ISP Remand Order does not cover all ISP-bound traffic, but only covers "local" ISP-bound traffic. Accordingly, SBC asks me to remove the second sentence just quoted and to change the final sentence to read "... any decision the DPUC makes on remand regarding FX traffic may have no direct effect on ISP-bound traffic." Presumably SBC intends the latter alteration to indicate that the DPUC may decide that FX traffic is not "local," and therefore ISP-bound FX traffic is not "local" ISP-bound *231 traffic covered by the ISP Remand Order.
In support of its contention that the FCC only intended the ISP Remand Order to cover "local" ISP-bound traffic, SBC makes three arguments. First, SBC argues that there is language in the FCC's order and the D.C. Circuit's decision reviewing that order that refers to ISPs in the same "local calling area" as the ISP subscriber. Second, SBC argues that the context of the ISP Remand Order makes clear that the FCC was discussing only local ISP-bound traffic. Third, SBC argues that interpreting the order as applying to all ISP-bound traffic will have unintended consequences, including the creation of new arbitrage opportunities.[2]
Before addressing SBC's arguments, I start by noting that, in the ISP Remand Order, the FCC did not use the term "local ISP-bound" traffic and did not impose any explicit restriction on the term "ISP-bound traffic." Moreover, as I explained in the Decision, the FCC expressly disavowed the use of the term "local," making it difficult to believe the Commission nevertheless intended that term to be implicitly read back into its ruling. ISP Remand Order at 2001 WL 455869, 16 FCC Rcd. at 9167, ¶ 34. ("We also refrain from generically describing traffic as "local" traffic because the term "local," not being a statutorily defined category, is particularly susceptible to varying meaning and, significantly, is not a term used in section 251(b)(5) or section 251(g)."). Put simply, the language of the ISP Remand Order is unambiguous the FCC concluded that section 201 gave it jurisdiction over all ISP-bound traffic, and it proceeded to set the intercarrier compensation rates for such traffic.
Bearing in mind that SBC bears a heavy burden in attempting to argue against the plain language of the FCC's order, I now turn to its arguments.
First, SBC argues that in a number of places the language of the ISP Remand Order makes clear that the FCC was discussing local ISP-bound traffic. SBC points to the FCC's statement that "the question arose whether reciprocal compensation obligations apply to the delivery of calls from one LEC's end-user customer to an ISP in the same local calling area," id. 2001 WL 455869, ¶ 13, 16 F.C.C.R. at 9158 (emphasis supplied), and to the D.C. Circuit's statement that the FCC held that it could "`carve out' from § 251(b)(5) calls made to internet service providers (`ISPs') located within the caller's local calling area," WorldCom v. FCC, 288 F.3d 429, 430 (D.C.Cir.2002) (emphasis supplied).
I agree that these statements indicate the FCC began by addressing the question whether ISP-bound traffic that would typically be subject to reciprocal compensation which at the time would have consisted of "local" ISP-bound traffic was nevertheless exempt. In other words, because at the time only "local" traffic was subject to reciprocal compensation, the question before the FCC was whether "local" ISP-bound traffic was exempt from reciprocal compensation. Other forms of ISP-bound traffic were already exempt because they were not "local."
What these statements, taken by themselves, do not reveal is how the FCC proceeded *232 to answer that question in the ISP Remand Order. In answering the question, the FCC: (a) disclaimed the use of the term "local," (b) held that all traffic was subject to reciprocal compensation unless exempted, (c) held that all ISP-bound traffic was exempted because it is "information access," (d) held that all ISP-bound traffic was subject to the FCC's jurisdiction under section 201, and (e) proceeded to set the compensation rates for all ISP-bound traffic. In short, though the FCC started with the question whether "local" ISP-bound traffic was subject to reciprocal compensation, it answered that question in the negative on the basis of its conclusion that all ISP-bound traffic was in a class by itself.
Second, SBC argues that the context of the ISP Remand Order makes clear that the FCC did not intend the order to cover ISP-bound traffic that was already subject to a compensation regime other than reciprocal compensation, such as the access charge regime. In support of this position, SBC quotes the FCC's observation that "Congress was concerned about the effects of potential disruption to the interstate access charge system...." ISP Remand Order 2001 WL 455869, ¶ 37 n. 66, 16 F.C.C.R. at 9168. SBC believes this quote indicates that the FCC did not intend to work any change in how the interstate access charge system would apply to ISP-bound traffic.
In the first place, this quotation only indicates the FCC's view that Congress did not want to disturb the FCC's regulation of access charges. It does not support the conclusion that the FCC did not want its own regulations to affect calls that are subject to the access charge regime. Even if it did support such a conclusion, it is not clear that a general indication of an agency's intent could override the clear language of the agency's order.
Moreover, there is actually some indication that, at the time it issued the ISP Remand Order, the FCC was interested in changing all intercarrier compensation regimes, including the access charge regime. On the same day that the ISP Remand Order was issued, the FCC also issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in which it sought to move all forms of intercarrier compensation away from so-called "Calling Party Network Pays" compensation, of which both reciprocal compensation and access charges are examples, towards some method of recovering costs directly from end users. In the Matter of Developing a Unified Intercarrier Compensation Regime, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 2001 WL 455872, 16 F.C.C.R. 9610 (Apr. 19, 2001); see also IN THE MATTER OF DEVELOPING A UNIFIED INTERCARRIER COMPENSATION REGIME, Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, FCC 05-33, 2005 WL 495087 (Mar. 3, 2005). Accordingly, it is at least arguable that the FCC intended to use the ISP Remand Order as a first step in its general plan to unify all intercarrier compensation, including access charges. See ISP Remand Order 2001 WL 455869, 16 F.C.C.R. at 9189-90, ¶ 83 ("The interim compensation regime, as a whole, begins a transition toward what we have tentatively concluded, in the companion NPRM, to be a more rational cost recovery mechanism under which LECs recover more of their costs from their own customers.").
Finally, SBC argues that, if the ISP Remand Order does cover all ISP-bound traffic, it would have the effect of eliminating the payment of access charges for ISP-bound traffic, resulting in increased opportunity for regulatory arbitrage, despite the FCC's intention that the order should curtail those opportunities. Assuming, without *233 deciding, that SBC is correct that application of the ISP Remand Order to all ISP-bound traffic will result in a change in the access charges applicable to such calls[3] and that such a change will give rise to arbitrage opportunity, that is not a sufficient reason to amend the Decision. This court must apply the clear language of an FCC order, even if the result of that application might be harm to certain elements of the telecommunication industry.[4]
II. FX Traffic
The following paragraph from the Decision pertains to SBC's second issue.
No one argues that FX traffic is an information access service. It is also difficult to see how FX traffic could be exchange access. FX service is not a toll service; FX calls are billed exactly the same as local calls. Moreover, the DPUC has specifically declined to subject FX calls to access charges. Consequently, because it appears that FX traffic is not information access or exchange access (or exchange services for such access), it is not exempt from the reciprocal compensation requirement of section 251(b)(5), and the DPUC's determination to the contrary is in conflict with federal law.
SBC reads this language as precluding the DPUC from revisiting the question of reciprocal compensation for FX traffic. That, SBC contends, would be a mistake. SBC argues it should have the opportunity to demonstrate on remand that FX traffic is "exchange access," as defined by 47 U.S.C. § 153, because the called party is billed "a separate charge not included in contracts with subscribers for exchange service." 47 U.S.C. § 153(48).
I agree with SBC that the DPUC should be free to consider that argument on remand.[5] It was not my intention to foreclose such a possibility. I held that, because the DPUC had not offered any explanation for why FX traffic fell into one of the categories excluded from reciprocal compensation and because the record contained no indication that FX traffic would fall into one of those categories, the DPUC's decision to exempt such traffic from reciprocal compensation was in conflict with federal law. In other words, I held that the DPUC's decision to exempt FX traffic violated federal law, not that FX traffic is, as a matter of federal law, always subject to reciprocal compensation.
*234 SBC's motion to amend or alter the judgment (doc. # 76) is DENIED.
It is so ordered.
NOTES
[1] The full name is Implementation of the Local Competition Provisions in the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Intercarrier Compensation for ISP-Bound Traffic, Order on Remand and Report and Order.
[2] SBC also points to an unpublished decision in the Global NAPS case, a case cited in the Decision, in which the District of Vermont amended its conclusion that the ISP Remand Order covered all ISP-bound traffic. That Court did not decide the issue one way or another; it merely declined to address the issue. I do not believe the posture of this case affords me that opportunity.
[3] I confess that I am not sure why SBC believes the ISP Remand Order would relieve ISPs of the obligation to pay any access charges. SBC Brief at 6 n. 6. The order imposes a cap on intercarrier compensation; it does not eliminate compensation.
[4] I acknowledge that the FCC focused its analysis in the ISP Remand Order specifically on the arbitrage opportunities surrounding ISP-bound traffic that was previously subject to reciprocal compensation, and, accordingly, reasonable people could take the position that the FCC simply overlooked the effect its order would have on other types of ISP-bound traffic (although, as discussed above, there is evidence supporting the contrary position as well). Nevertheless, the FCC's failure to consider all the ramifications of its order if indeed there was such a failure is not something I can rectify.
[5] This argument appears to involve factual, as well as legal, questions, making it an appropriate subject for the DPUC to address on remand, rather than for this court to address in the current proceeding. There is a factual question regarding how subscribers are billed for FX service (there does not appear to be a dispute that the called party pays something for FX service), and there is a legal question whether the manner of that billing constitutes a charge "included in contracts with subscribers for exchange service." 47 U.S.C. § 153(48).