218 F. 567 | 6th Cir. | 1914
This case is here on petition to revise and on appeal. In order to receive consideration, the appeal must be thought of as one pertaining to section 24a of the Bankruptcy Raw, since more than ten days elapsed after the entry of the order and before filing the petition for appeal, and an appeal under section 25a could confer no jurisdiction on this court.
, [2] Bejach, the bankrupt, had conducted, at Kerrville, Tenn., a general store, cotton gin, etc., and had been in the habit of buying cotton, seed. In April, 1910, the Southern Cotton Oil Company, the claimant or intervener herein (hereafter called the Company), loaned Bejach
At the time of the bankruptcy there was on hand, in this Kerrville warehouse of the Company, cotton seed of the agreed value of $563.-76. Of this a portion had been purchased by Bejach directly with the money from the special bank deposit; that is, he had paid for the same with his check drawn on that account. Another portion was ■Composed of seed which he had paid for either with goods from his store or with the services of his cotton gin. There is no method of ascertaining how much of the seed belonged in one and how much in the other class. After the bankruptcy, the trustee took possession of this seed, and the present intervention is to recover its value from the trustee. Both the report of the referee and the opinion of the District Judge go upon the theory that to so much of the seed as was purchased by Bejach from the store or from the gin he had full title free from any -claim by the Company, and that, since that part of the seed purchased with the so-called trust funds could not be separately identified, it followed that the intervener had no claim against any of the seed.
It is doubtless true that since the amendment of June, 1910, the test to be applied in such a controversy must be whether, under the law of the state, the intervening claimant could have maintained his claim, by
The matter would be differently presented if it was our duty to assume that the contract of April 11th contemplated and reached such purchases of seed as were made by Bejach in October, out- of money furnished under these later special limitations. It is perhaps a natural first impression that the contract was intended to cover and fix the rights of the parties with relation to all seed which Bejach should buy, either with the money then loaned or with his own money, or with future funds coming from the Company. Even in that view of the facts, the contract provision would seem to be merely an option extended to Bejach, and giving rise to a right on his part only on the happening of a condition'subsequent which never did happen, viz., that the Company would refuse to allow the maximum price.
We think the facts do not permit us to approve this first impression. While, if the October advances had been made in general form, it might be presumed that property purchased with them would be within the purview of the April contract, such presumption cannot survive the specific later understanding evidenced by the limitation on the face of the checks and by Bejach’s letter. These funds were not to be used to buy cotton seed which Bejach might ship where he wished. They were to be used only to buy seed “which seed must be shipped only to the Southern Cotton Oil Company.” The April contract still continued in force over what it purported to cover, viz., Bejach’s obligation to “ship all of his seed,” and this continued to refer to seed which he purchased with his own money or with money which he borrowed generally from any one. It did not, by anticipation, destroy a later specific contract between him and the Company, fixing their rights and duties regarding the later advances.
In reaching this conclusion, we are not embarrassed by any express finding of fact to the contrary by the referee or by the District Judge. It appears from the record and from the positions taken by counsel in this court that all parties have at all times understood that all of the seed, except an unknown portion, was purchased directly by the use of the special bank deposit, and we think any inference by the referee to the effect that such seed Bejach was at liberty to sell where he pleased was only a conclusion of law. The District Judge said that no question of fact, but only a question of law, was presented to him; and this question seems to have been whether the impossibility of tracing the specific special deposit money into specific seed in the warehouse defeated the intervening claimant’s theory of rights.
In the present case, if we consider the agreed value of all the seed as a credit on the special deposits, there should have been remaining in the bank deposit and belonging to this fund $432. There actually was on deposit $563; so there was no ultimate impairment. There could have been no intermediate depletion, because no deposits except these special ones were made after October 25th. It follows that, upon this record and as between these parties, the amounts which were from time to time drawn out and invested in this seed which was in the warehouse at the end are sufficiently identified — that is, identified by presumption as payments out of the trust fund — and as the seed which was so purchased was substituted for and stood in the place of the money which had bought it, the fund is sufficiently traced into the seed. This is the necessary result of the decisions of the Supreme Court and of this court to which we have referred. We find nothing in Tennessee to the contrary; and so we do not meet the question whether local decisions would make a rule of law so far affecting a creditor’s right to levy that they would be obligatory upon the federal courts.
To the proposition upon which the case seems to have been decided below, viz., that although part of the seed was a substitute for the trust money, yet plaintiff could not recover because that part could not be identified, there seem to us to be two answers: One grows from the fact that the body of the seed in the warehouse was primarily characterized as seed purchased for and devoted to shipment to the Company. During the season up to this time many car loads had been purchased and so shipped. The Company had advanced for that purpose more than $6,000 before the advances of the $2,500 of October 25th and November 12th. Bejach had not shipped any seed anywhere else, and had not, apparently, ever contemplated diverting any of it. Indeed, such of the seed in dispute as was on hand November 12th only escaped shipment to the Company because the car then sent proved unexpectedly not large enough to hold it all, and this was “left over.” The suggestion that the Company, and Bejach were merely debtor and creditor, and that Bejach had the entire title and interest in the seed he bought with this money, can hardly survive the test of a supposed loss b3? fire. If, in such case, he had been sued by the Company as for money loaned, he could have truthfully answered:
*572 “X received the money from you to buy seed for you. I spent it for that purpose, and stored the seed in the agreed place, awaiting shipment to you. I have made no default.”
Such answer would seem to be a complete exoneration. Nor can it survive the test of applying the law forbidding preferences. If Bejach, being insolvent, had, within four months of adjudication, delivered to the Company seed which he had so purchased with these advances, would it have been an unlawful preference? If not, it must be because the Company had an interest in the seed entitling it to have the shipment made; and that it had such interest, and that in this conduct there would have been no preference, is the necessary result of Richardson v. Shaw, 209 U. S. 365, 28 Sup. Ct. 512, 52 L. Ed. 835, 14 Ann. Cas. 981; and Sexton v. Kessler, 225 U. S. 90, 32 Sup. Ct. 657, 56 L. Ed. 995. For these reasons, we think it clear that the character of the general mass was clearly fixed, and if Bejach had mingled with it some of his own seed, unidentifiable and undistinguishable, the doctrine of confusion of goods, as we have applied it in analogous cases, wduld cause his personal contribution to take the character of the mass. Holder v. Bank (C. C. A. 6) 136 Fed. 90, 92, 68 C. C. A. 554; Smith v. Township of Au Gres (C. C. A. 6) 150 Fed. 257, 260, 80 C. C. A. 145, 9 L. R. A. (N. S.) 876. The cases here cited, as well as those referring to a bank deposit, do not lose their analogy merely because they pertain, as some of them do, to the case of a tort-feasor. The tort only creates the trust; and it is the existence of the trust, not the manner of its creation, which gives rise to the presumption of identity and the rule of confusion of goods.
The other answer (perhaps not really distinct in principle) is that in. so far as Bejach had used otherwise than for buying seed any of the special deposits, and then had put into the warehouse seed which he had purchased out of his store or gin, he was clearly only doing his duty by making good the deficiency in this special fund or in the substitute special property which had resulted from his unlawful temporary devotion of some of the special fund to his general business. This-presents a situation substantially like that considered by the' Supreme Court in Gorman v. Fittlefield, 229 U. S. 19, on page 25, 33 Sup. Ct. 690, on page 692 (57 L. Ed. 1047), and makes pertinent the comments-of Mr. Justice Day:
“Furthermore, it was the right and duty of the broker, if he sold the certificates, to use his own funds to keep the amount good; and this he could do without depleting his estate to the detriment of other creditors who had no property rights in the certificates held-for particular customers. No creditor could justly demand that the estate be augmented by a wrongful conversion of the property of another in this manner or the application to the-general estate of property which never rightfully belonged to the bankrupt. * * * We think there should be no presumption that the stock was stolen- or embezzled with intent to deprive the rightful owner of it, and when the unclaimed shares are found in possession of the bankrupt it is only fair to accept the general presumption in favor -of fair dealing and to decide, in the-absence of countervailing proof, that the broker out of his funds has supplied the deficiency for the benefit of his customer, which he had a perfect right to do.”
It does not seem necessary to decide the full nature and extent of the claimant’s right to this seed; it is sufficient to say that it was su
The order must be reversed, and the case remanded, with instructions that the trustee pay to the claimant the value of the seed in controversy. The appellant will recover costs.