Rose, J.
In a prosecution by the state in the district court for Gage county, Francis South, defendant, was accused of mur*385der in the first degree. It was charged in the information that defendant, in attempting in Beatrice to rob Charles Wolf of $63, struck him on the head with a blunt instrument November 29, 1922, and that as a result of the- assault he died December 2, 1922. Defendant pleaded *not guilty and upon a trial of the case he was convicted of murder in the first degree, the jury fixing his punishment at imprisonment for life. The district court pronounced sentence on the verdict. Defendant, as plaintiff in error, presents for review the record of his conviction.
Invalidity of the proceedings resulting in the calling of the jury, failure to quash the panel and disqualification of jurors were propositions argued in the brief of defendant and presented orally at the bar. In these respects the record does not disclose error. The showing upon which the trial court acted in ruling against defendant on preliminary questions was not preserved in the manner required by statute. The affidavits upon which defendant relies are not in the bill of exceptions. The preliminary examination of jurors and the rulings relating to their qualifications do not appear in the record. There is no complaint of misconduct by any juror during the trial. Through mercy of the jury defendant escaped the penalty of death. When the evidence is considered with the verdict there is no reasonable inference that any juror was prejudiced or disqualified. The presumption of regularity in calling, selecting and impaneling jurors prevails in absence of an affirmative showing to the contrary.
Defendant challenges as error the overruling of a motion for a change of venue, but there is nothing to indicaté an abuse of discretion in this respect, the showing in support of the motion not appearing in the record in a form to he considered.
Some of the assignments of error are directed to the conduct of the trial judge in interrupting counsel by interrogating the witness on the stand, by limiting the examination of witnesses and by directing witnesses not to answer questions to which no objections were made. An *386examination of a group of assignments relating to these subjects fails to show any error. The criticised questions, rulings and remarks of the trial judge were confined to orderly procedure, to the proper ascertainment of issuable facts, to the exclusion of testimony having no bearing on the issues, to the unnecessary repetition of details already stated, and to the observance by counsel of recognized rules of evidence. In these particulars the rights of defendant were carefully protected. There was no general examination by the trial judge of any witness. No ruling has been found which deprived defendant of the benefit of any admissible proofs tending to throw light on his defense. It is equally clear that the evidence adduced by the state to prove the charge was confined to proper bounds. Untenable assignments of error relating to rulings on evidence were multiplied to an extent precluding a separate discussion of each, but all have been considered without finding a prejudicial error.
An assignment of error argued at considerable length presents for review extraneous remarks from the bench during the trial. After the state had made its case in chief by evidence tending to prove that defendant had participated in a shocking homicide while attempting to rob his victim of a roll of currency, the trial judge, in the presence of the jury, addressed the sheriff of Gage county and the chief of police of Beatrice as follows:
“I want you two to act in conjunction and I wish you would remove all prisoners from the lower floor and handcuff those for whom you have sufficient handcuffs, and make a careful examination of each bar on the lower floor and see how many have been sawed off, varnished and covered over, and see to the condition of all the bars on the lower floor, and you can do this best by removing all prisoners up to the upper floor. It is quite important because we don’t want to have any jail delivery or any outside influences come here into this county to relieve this county of any prisoners that have been convicted or are on trial, and I ask that you act in conjunction in this matter.”
*387The necessity for the- precautions thus directed will be presumed, since there is nothing to indicate the contrary, but there does not seem to be any justification for disclosing to the jury the views of the presiding judge on the necessity for the use of handcuffs in the jail or on the proper means to prevent the escape of prisoners. Should a new trial be granted on this ground ? The law seems to be that accused in a criminal prosecution should be free from shackles during his trial unless they are necessary to prevent violence or escape, but this rule does not extend to his custody outside of court: 16 C. J. 819, sec. 2075. The directions to the police officers did not require the. use of handcuffs’ in court. The use of shackles in conducting to and from couyt a prisoner accused of murder, or in inspecting a prison, is a reasonable precaution. The presiding judge had in mind general conditions relating to the prison and the prisoners therein. No direct reference to defendant was made. The police officers, not the jury, were addressed. The jury as sensible men would naturally see the situation in its true light. The subsequent charge of the court to the jury themselves not only required them to decide the case on the evidence, but went further and directed them not to construe any act or ruling of the judge as an intimation of his opinion as to the innocence or guilt of defendant. The record as a whole does not seem to justify the inference that the jury were misled or the defendant prejudiced by the remarks assailed. The evidence, of guilt was too convincing to suggest a resort by the jury in deliberating on their verdict to the extraneous orders directed by the presiding judge to the sheriff and the chief of police. The conclusion is that defendant is not entitled to a new trial on this ground.
In argument it is said defendant did not intend to kill Charles Wolf, and that the deliberate and premeditated malice essential to murder in the first degree was not proved. There is evidence that defendant united with two older malefactors in a common- purpose to rob Wolf of a roll of currency carried by him on his person, that in the. *388attempt to commit the robbery Wolff was fatally struck on the head with a blunt instrument, and that the sum of $54 was taken from him and distributed equally among the three robbers. There is evidence also that defendant participated directly in the robbery. Afterward there was human blood on his garments. This fact was shown by a scientific analysis in connection with oral testimony. The circumstances proved, when considered with the oral testimony of'witnesses, justified the jury in finding defendant guilty of murder in the first degree beyond a reasonable doubt. Homicide in committing, or in attempting to commit, a robbery is declared by statute to be murder in the first degree, the turpitude of the felonious act of robbery taking the place of deliberate and premeditated malice, and the purpose to kill being conclusively presumed from the criminal intention constituting the essence of robbery. Comp. St. 1922, sec. 9544; Thompson v. State, 106 Neb. 395" court="Neb." date_filed="1921-07-07" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/thompson-v-state-8032354?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8032354">106 Neb. 395; Rhea v. State, 63 Neb. 461" court="Neb." date_filed="1901-01-08" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/rhea-v-state-6654174?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6654174">63 Neb. 461; Morgan v. State, 51 Neb. 672" court="Neb." date_filed="1897-06-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/morgan-v-state-6651146?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6651146">51 Neb. 672. Within the meaning of the statute all elements of murder in the first degree were proved.
Assignments relating to rulings in excluding or in admitting evidence have been considered in detail without finding an error entitling defendant to a reversal of his conviction. ' The instructions as a whole are free from error. Finding no prejudicial error in the record the judgment is
Affirmed.