Lead Opinion
Appellees move to dismiss 'this appeal herein which was taken from the judgment of the circuit court reversing an order made by the Florida Industrial Commission under the State Workmen’s Compensation Act. The question to be determined is whether under the Constitution there can be an appeal from the circuit court to the Supreme Court of Florida in cases where the judgment of the circuit court appealed from was rendered on a statutory appeal to the circuit court from an order of the; Florida Industrial Commission, a statutory administrative commission in which no judicial power has been vested by the Legislature under Section 1, Article V of the State Constitution, as amended in 1914.
Section 1, Article V, Florida Constitution, as amended *417 in 1914, provides that “the judicial power of the State shall be vested in” stated courts “and such other courts or commissions as the Legislature may from time to time ordain and establish.”
The governmental authority conferred upon the Florida Industrial Commission by the Workmen’s Compensation Acts of 1935 and 1937, Chapters 17481 and 18413, Laws of Florida, is not “judicial power” within the meaning of the above quoted provision of the Constitution, which “judicial power” (“except in cases expressly provided for by this Constitution,” Article II, Constitution) can legally be exercised only by duly authorized judicial officers and courts and by such “commissions as the Legislature may from time to time ordain and establish, “and vest” with “judicial power” under Section 1, Article V, as amended in 1914. See also the last clause of Section 35, Article V, Constitution, as amended in 1910.
Authority conferred and duties imposed upon the “Florida Industrial Commission” by Chapters 17481 and 18413, Laws of Florida, are essentially administrative in their nature, even though some portions of the authority so conferred may be regarded as
quasi
judicial, involving official judgment, which is not forbidden by the Constitution to be exercised by administrative officers with appropriate statutory authority and limitations in order to effectuate duly authorized governmental administrative functions. Some governmental functions that are not essentially
legislative or judicial powers
may by statute be conferred upon administrative officers, boards or commissions, to be exercised within appropriate statutory limitations, even though such governmental functions may also by statute be assigned to judicial or other proper officials who under the Constitution are vested with governmental powers. See State v. A. C. L
*418
R. R. Co.,
The Constitution permits some judgment and discretion to be exerted by the Legislature in enacting statutes authorizing administrative functions to be performed by administrative officers, boards or commissions when no provision of organic law is violated in making or administering such provisions. See Article II; Sections 17, 20, Article IV; Sections 1, 35, Article V; Section 30, Article XVI. The circuit courts have original jurisdiction and also appellate and supervisory jurisdiction in stated matters “and of such other matters as the Legislature may provide.” Section 11, Article V.
Such a State policy with reference to administrative determinations is becoming more and more essential to efficient government, since the processes of the legislative and judicial departments are not designed to perform the constant and expeditious functions necessary to administrative governmental regulations of expanding business, commercial, industrial, and social relations in the rapid progress and development of a great and growing State. See R. R. Comm. v. P. & A. R. R. Co.,
The Constitution prescribes the tribunals in which the judicial power of the State shall be vested, and also defines the jurisdiction of the courts severally, that is, prescribes what parts of the judicial power of the State shall be vested in the several classes of the courts. Constitutional definitions of jurisdictions control; but when such organic definitions of jurisdiction do not expressly or impliedly •forbid, statutes may add to the jurisdiction of courts, when not inconsistent with the Constitution.
When by amendment the Constitution provides that the judicial power of the State, both original and appellate, shall be vested in stated courts, which are by the Constitution given prescribed jurisdiction, and in “such other courts or commissions as the Legislature may from time to time ordain and establish,” and such' organic amendment does not prescribe the jurisdiction that may be vested in “such other courts or commissions,” such organic amendment by necessary implication and intendment contemplates that statutes should define the. jurisdiction of “such other courts or commissions,” provided no express or necessarily implied provision of the Constitution shall be violated in such statutory definitions of jurisdiction. Otherwise the object of the constitutional amendment to authorize “other courts or commissions” to be ordained and established by the Legislature could not be effectively accomplished, and the organic intent to authorize the Legislature to provide for supplying the growing needs of the State for statutory expansion of the judicial department would be frustrated and the need unsupplied.
*420
Prior to January 1, 1887, when the present State- Constitution became effective, there were in Florida very few State administrative boards or commissions. The most important administrative board being the Trustees of the Internal Improvement Fund created by Chapter 611, Laws of Florida, approved January 6, 1855, whose official acts in administering the trust property are subject to the equity jurisdiction of the courts. See Trustees I. I. Fund v. Bailey,
Since the present Constitution was adopted, there has been great need for, and development in, administrative law; and constant increases made in the number of statutory administrative commissions and boards, beginning with the Railroad Commission, which -was established in 1887, abolished in 1891, and re-established in 1897. The orders and regulations of the Railroad Commission and other administrative boards and commissions are subject to judicial review by mandamus, certiorari, injunction, or other duly authorized procedure; but the statutes perhaps did not effectively provide for appeals or writs of error from the proceedings of any administrative boards or commissions to the circuit court with a further appeal to the Supreme Court, until the enactment of the Florida Workmen’s Compensation Act, Chapter 17481, Laws of 1935, amended *421 by Chapter 18413, Acft of 1937. See 5966 (1), et seq., C. G. L. Perm. Supp. & Cum. Pocket Part.
Chapters 17481 and 18413 provide for an appeal from awards of the Florida Industrial (Workmen’s Compensation) Commission to the circuit courts and for an appeal from the circuit courts to the Supreme Court. Several such appeals to this Court have been heretofore adjudicated, no question as to the jurisdiction by statutory appeal of this Court in such cases being
presented
by the parties in any previous case. Maryland Cas. Co. v. Sutherland,
In those cases this Court considered it had jurisdiction, or the
appeals
to this Court from the circuit court would have been dismissed, though certiorari from this Court to the circuit court might in such cases be a remedy under the Constitution, where there is no appeal or writ of error provided by law. See Sec. 4605, C. G. L. See also Prettyman, Inc., v. Fla. Real Estate Comm.,
The question here is the Constitutional validity of the provisions of Chapter 18413, Acts of 1937, for such appeals to this Court from the circuit court.
The jurisdiction of the circuit court in statutory appeals from awards or orders of statutory administrative tribunals is not questioned, as the Constitution expressly provides that the circuit courts shall have original jurisdiction and
*422
also appellate and supervisory jurisdiction of stated matters “and of such other matters as the Legislature may provide.” Sec. 11, Art. V. See State
ex rel.
v. Duval County,
“Our State Constitution is a limitation upon power; and unless legislation duly passed be clearly contrary to some express or implied prohibition contained therein, 'the courts have no authority to pronounce it invalid.”
“While constitutional jurisdiction can not be restricted or taken away, it can be enlarged by the Legislature in all' cases where such enlargement -does not result in a diminution of the constitutional jurisdiction of some other court, or where such enlargement is not forbidden by the Constitution.” Headnotes 5, 6, Prettyman, Inc., v. Fla. R. R. Comm.,92 Fla. 515 ,109 So. 442 .
The Constitution provides that:
‘The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction in all cases at law and in equity originating in the circuit Courts.” Sec. 5, Art. V. First Nat. Bank v. Bebinger,99 Fla. 1290 ,128 So. 862 .
Such organic provision does not expressly or by implication exclude appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in statutory proceedings that are within the jurisdiction of the circuit courts by the use of
statutory
appeals, any more than it would exclude such jurisdiction if the matter had “originated” in the circuit court by injunction, certiorari, prohibition, mandamus,,or other writs of which the Circuit Courts have jurisdiction. Statutes express the law unless the Constitution is thereby violated; and statutes should be made effective if they reasonably may be interpreted to be not inconsistent 'with applicable constitutional provisions. Moreover where statutory administrative proceeding's are had before administrative officers, boards, commissions, or
*423
other tribunals, with statutory appeals to the circuit courts, such proceedings may not appear in the judicial department of the State government as a judicial “case” until they are brought to the circuit court by appeals, therefore the “case” may fairly be regarded as “originating” in the circuit court through a statutory appeal from the administrative board as much as it would be so “originating” in the circuit court by injunction, certiorari, or other original writ. See 71 C. J. 1211, 1215; Mugge v. Warnell L. & V. Co.,
The circuit courts have, under the Constitution, final appellate jurisdiction in stated matters arising in inferior tribunals, Section 11, Article V; but such stated final appellate jurisdiction does not apply to statutory proceedings in administrative tribunals. In. the latter cases, circuit courts may by statute be given original or supervisory and appellate jurisdiction. Sec. 11, Art. V. Statutes prevail unless they clearly violate the Constitution. Section 5, Article V, does not forbid statutory appeals from circuit courts to the Supreme Court when the circuit court judgment is on appeal from an administrative board. Amendments have been made to Article V of the State Constitution of 1885 with a view to meet developments in statutory, judicial and administrative law which indicate an organic policy of expansion, rather than a contraction, in the exertion of judicial power by courts of this State; and original provisions of the Constitution should be interpreted in the light of the purpose of such organic amendments when the terms and clear intendments of the original organic provisions are not thereby violated. That is the situation here where a statutory appeal is provided for by Chapter 18413, Acts of 1937.
Section 5 of Article V does not expressly or by clear *424 implication forbid a statutory appeal from the circuit courts to the Supreme Court in cases appealed to the circuit courts from awards or orders of administrative boards or commissions. The express provision of Section- 5, Article V, of the Constitution that the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction “of appeals from the circuit courts in cases arising before judges of the county courts in matters pertaining to their probate jurisdiction and in the management of the estates of infants,” does not by implication forbid, statutory appeals to the Supreme Court from adjudications of the circuit courts rendered on statutory appeals from administrative orders made by statutory administrative tribunals as authorized by statute not shown to be clearly violative of the Constitution.
The provision of Section 11, Article V, that the circuit courts shall have final appellate jurisdiction of stated classes of cases in lower judicial courts, does not apply to statutory appeals from orders of statutory administrative tribunals. Section 11, Article V, also provides that “the circuit courts shall have exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases at law not cognizable by inferior courts.” No court inferior to the circuit court has original jurisdiction to review or enforce the awards made by the Industrial Commission. That jurisdiction is expressly conferred on the circuit courts by the statute and the Constitution does not forbid appeals from the circuit courts to the Supreme Court of cases in which the Industrial Commission hears the evidence and makes an award that may be re-heard, and enforced if a proper award, only by a circuit court, which is the first court in which the controversy may appear in the judicial department. Such first appearance of the cause in a court is on appeal from the administrative Commission to the circuit court.
*425
The Workmen’s Compensation law does not clearly confer “judicial power” upon the Florida Industrial Commission in administering the law, as may be done under Section 1, Article V, as amended; and such Commission now has administrative authority and duties only. Though the Commission has some procedular authority which may be regarded as quasi judicial to be exerted as an incident to, and in aid of, the administrative authority conferred, .such Commission is essentially an administrative body. It has no authorty to enforce its own orders or awards. This is done by the circuit courts in the exercise of original or supervisory jurisdiction under Section 11, Article V, Constitution. See statutory provisions in the Statement. First Nat. Bank v. Bebinger,
Under the Act of 1935 the circuit courts were authorized to try de novo cases from the Industrial Commission. This authority was eliminated in the amendments of the Act by Chapter 18413, Acts of 1937 but such amendment does not change the real nature of the proceedings in the Industrial Commission as being essentially administrative and not judicial. Nor does the amendment affect the acquisition of jurisdiction by the circuit court through the medium of statutory appeals expressly provided for by the enactment.
Under Section 1, Article V, Constitution, as amended in 1914, statutes confer upon civil courts of record
judicial powers,
and “cases” arising in such
courts
are
judicial
in their nature and origin. The
statutes in effect
give circuit courts
final
appellate jurisdiction of cases arising in civil courts of record, as Section 11, Article V, of the Constitution gives circuit courts final appellate jurisdiction of cases arising in
stated inferior
courts; and the
statutes expressly provide
for review of circuit court judgments on appeal from civil courts of record to be by certiorari in the Supreme
*426
Court. See Am. Ry. Express Co. v. Weatherford,
Section 4605 (2900) C. G. L. provides that: “All proceedings to procure review by an appellate court of the proceedings of a lower court in cases at law shall be by writ of error, except in cases where certiorari or prohibition shall lie, or where it-shall be otherwise expressly provided.”
The Workman’s Compensation Law, Chapter 18413, Acts of 1937, expressly provides for an appeal from the award of the Florida Industrial Commission (an administrative tribunal not vested with judicial pozver), to the circuit court and for an appeal from the circuit court to the Supreme Court. Such latter provision is not shown to violate Section 5, Article V, of the Constitution, though the judgment of the circuit co.urt in such cases might be reviewed by the Supreme Court on certiorari if no statutory appeal be provided for. The apparent purpose of the statute is to have the judgments of circuit courts that are rendered on appeals from the Commission awards or orders reviewed by the Supreme Courts on writs of error to correct harmful errors, and not reviewed as on the discretionary constitutional writ of certiorari to quash the judgments if illegal or contrary to the essential requirement of the law with materially harmful results.
The exercise of jurisdiction under writ of certiorari is quite different from that exercised on appeal or writ of error. The former is a discretionary writ used to determine whether the essential requirements of the law have not been complied with to the material injury of petitioner. An
*427
appeal or writ of error is taken as matter of right to have determined whether harmful error has been committed. See Jacksonville T. & K. W. Ry. Co. v. Boy,
In American Railway Express Co. v. Weatherford,
The holding in this case is not inconsistent with the decision in State
ex rel.
v. City of Lakeland,
On March 31, 1938, the Florida Industrial Commission rendered and filed in its office an order denying the claims of the petitioners as beneficiaries oí a deceased employee. An appeal to the Circuit Court was taken April 1, 1938, returnable June 27, 1938. The circuit court reversed the order of the Florida Industrial Commission on September 27, 1938. On October 21, 1938, there was filed the following:
“Notice and Entry of Appeal
“South Atlantic Steamship Company of Delaware, a corporation, appellee in the above entitled cause, by its undersigned attorneys, hereby takes and enters this its appeal to the Supreme Court of the State of Florida from the order and Judgment entered in the above entitled cause by the Honorable Miles W. Lewis, Judge of said court, bearing the date of September 27, A. D. 1938, and filed in the office of the Clerk of said Circuit Court on said date, and said South Atlantic Steamship Company of Delaware, a corporation, makes this appeal returnable to said Supreme Court of Florida on the 7th day of January, A. D. 1939, and notice hereof is hereby given to the above named Sumter Tutson and Katie May Tutson, appellants.
“Dated this 21st day of 'October, A. D. 1938, at Jacksonville, Florida.”
In his brief counsel for appellees calls attention to the fact that the record shows the notice and entry of appeal from the judgment of the circuit court dated September 27, 1938, to this Court was filed on October 21, 1938, and made returnable to this Court January 7, 1939, which return day *429 was more than ninety days from the date of the judgment rendered herein by the circuit court.
Amended Section 27 of the statute, as shown in the Statement, provides:
“The appeal shall be returnable from the Commission to the circuit court or from the circuit court to the Supreme Court to a day more than thirty days and not more than ninety days from the date of the judgment or award appealed from.”
.After the rendition of the final order of September 27, 1938, by the Circuit Judge, he on October 20, 1938, made and signed the following order: “Counsel for South Atlantic Steamship Company of Delaware, a corporation, appellee in the above entitled cause, having represented to the court that the United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company, a corporation, is not a party to this cause and that said United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company, a corporation, was, through .inadvertance, named as one of the appellees in said cause, and the court having duly considered same and being fully advised in the premises, it is therefore, “Considered, Ordered and Adjudged that the order of this court made on the 27th day of September, A. D. 1938, in the above entitled cause be and the same is hereby amended by striking from the caption thereof, and from said order wherever same ajppears therein, the words ‘United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company, a corporation,’ and that said order solely insofar as United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company, a corporation, is concerned, is hereby declared to be null and void, but said order shall in all respects remain in full force and effect a-s entered against the appellee, South Atlantic Steamship Company of Delaware, a corporation.”
Such amendment merely struck from the final order the *430 name of a corporation not a party to the cause, and the order is concluded by the following:
“* * * Said order solely insofar as United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company, a corporation, is concerned, is hereby declared to be null and void, but said order shall in all other respects remain in full force and effect as entered against the appellees, South Atlantic Steamship Company, of Delaware, a corporation.”
There was no amendment of the final order of September 27, 1938, affecting the cause as brought to this Court. The cases cited by counsel, Robinson v. F. & M. Bank,
The statute mandatorily requires the return day of the appeal to be “to a day more than thirty days and not more than ninety days from the date of the judgment or award appealed from;” not from the date of the entry of the judgment or order appealed from. . The order of the circuit court is required by the statute to be filed in the office of the Commission. The cause is a statutory proceeding, not an equity cause. The order was recorded in the Minute Book of the court, September 27, 1938.
In this case the judgment of the circuit court appealed from was dated September 27, 1938. The appeal was taken October 21, 1938, and made returnable January 7, 1939, which was more than ninety days from the date of the judgment appealed from.
While the potential appellate jurisdiction of courts is vested by the Constitution or by statute, such appellate jurisdiction must be invoked in particular cases by the use of the process of appeal of writ of error, or other means, as may be provided by controlling law in the particular classes of cases. If this is not done, the appellate court
*431
does not acquire jurisdiction of the cause or of the parties thereto in particular cases, unless under the law the jurisdictional prerequisites to obtaining appellate jurisdiction may be and are waived as to the cause or as to the parties, or as to both, as the appellate process may be ineffectual to give appellate jurisdiction as to one or to both the cause and the parties. Provident Savings Bank & Tr. Co. v. Devito,
Amendments of an entry of appeal as to the return day thereof cannot be made if the time for taking the appeal has expired, at least unless the entry of appeal as originally filed, is sufficient in law to give the Court jurisdiction of the cause, and the. parties all appear or consent to the amendment.
In this class of cases the statute mandatorily requires an appeal from the circuit courts to the Supreme Court to be returnable more than thirty days' and not more than ninety days from the date of the judgment appealed from, not from the date of the appeal; and as a proper return day must be stated in the appeal as taken; this Court does not acquire appellate jurisdiction of a cause in which the appeal is made returnable to this Court more than ninety days from the date of the judgment of the circuit court from which the appeal to this Court is taken; and the appearance of the appellees in the cause in this Court by counsel cannot give this Court appellate jurisdiction of the cause.
As this Court has potential appellate jurisdiction in this class of cases, the motion to dismiss the appeal on the ground that under Section 5, Article V, of the Constitution,
*432
the statute cannot confer upon this Court appellate jurisdiction by appeal in this class of cases, is denied; but as the appeal is made returnable on January 7, 1939, which is more than ninety days from the date of the judgment of the circuit court which was rendered September 27, 1938, this Court did not acquire appellate jurisdiction
of the
cause, and the appeal being legally ineffectual, is dismissed. Ayers v. Daniels,
It is so ordered.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring specially).' — Even if it should be conceded that Section 5 of Article V defines and also limits the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, the statutory provision allowing appeals to this Court from the judgments of the Circuit Court reviewing awards made by the Florida Industrial Commission could be sustained as pointed out by Mr. Justice Whitfield upon the very reasonable theory that no “case” within the meaning of the Constitution came into existence until the award reached the circuit court for review. There, as a “case,” it originated in the circuit court. The meaning of this word, as used in the Constitution, is set for the First National Bank v. Bebinger, cited in the foregoing opinion.